Storm Prediction Center
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The logo of the Storm Prediction Center. | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 1995 |
| Preceding agencies |
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| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
| Headquarters | Norman, Oklahoma |
| Employees | 43 |
| Agency executive |
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| Parent agency | National Centers for Environmental Prediction |
| Website |
www |
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) is a government agency that is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the control of the National Weather Service (NWS),[1] which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of Commerce (DoC).[2]
Headquartered at the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma, the Storm Prediction Center is tasked with forecasting the risk of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes in the contiguous United States. It issues convective outlooks, mesoscale discussions, and watches as a part of this process. Convective outlooks are issued for the following eight days (issued separately for Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, and Days 4–8), and detail the risk of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes during the given forecast period, although tornado, hail and wind details are only available for Day 1. Days 2 and 3, as well as 4–8 use a probabilistic scale, determining the probability for a severe weather event in percentage categories.
Mesoscale discussions are issued to provide information on certain individual regions where severe weather is becoming a threat and states whether a watch is likely and details thereof, particularly concerning conditions conducive for the development of severe thunderstorms in the short term, as well as situations of isolated severe weather when watches are not necessary. Watches are issued when forecasters are confident that severe weather will occur, and usually precede the onset of severe weather by one hour, although this sometimes varies depending on certain atmospheric conditions that may inhibit or accelerate convective development.
The agency is also responsible for forecasting fire weather (indicating conditions that are favorable for wildfires) in the contiguous U.S., issuing fire weather outlooks for Days 1, 2, and 3–8, which detail areas with critical or extremely critical fire conditions.
History
The Storm Prediction Center began in 1952 as SELS (Severe Local Storms Unit), a special unit of forecasters at the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington, D.C. In 1954, the unit moved its forecast operations to Kansas City, Missouri. SELS began issuing convective outlooks for predicted thunderstorm activity in 1955, and began issuing radar summaries in three-hour intervals in 1960;[3] with the increased duties of compiling and disseminating radar summaries, this unit became the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) in 1966,[4] remaining headquartered in Kansas City.
In 1968, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center began issuing status reports on weather watches; the agency then made its first computerized data transmission in 1971.[3] On April 2, 1982, the agency issued the first "Particularly Dangerous Situation" watch, which indicates the imminent threat of a major severe weather event over the watches' timespan.[3] In 1986, the NSSFC introduced two new forecast products: the Day 2 Convective Outlook (which include probabilistic forecasts for outlined areas of thunderstorm risk for the following day) and the Mesoscale Discussion (a short-term forecast outlining specific areas under threat for severe thunderstorm development).[3]
In October 1995, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center relocated its operations to Norman, Oklahoma, and was rechristened the Storm Prediction Center. At that time, the guidance center was housed at Max Westheimer Airport (now the University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport), co-located in the same building as the National Severe Storms Laboratory and the local National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (the latter of which, in addition to disseminating forecasts, oversees the issuance of weather warnings and advisories for the western two-thirds of Oklahoma and western portions of North Texas, and issues outline and status updates for SPC-issued severe thunderstorm and tornado watches that include areas served by the Norman office).[1] In 1998, the Center began issuing the National Fire Weather Outlook to provide forecasts for areas potentially susceptible to the development and spread of wildfires based on certain meteorological factors.[3] The Day 3 Convective Outlook (which is similar in format to the Day 2 forecast) was first issued on an experimental basis in 2000, and was made an official product in 2001.[3]
In 2006, the Storm Prediction Center, National Severe Storms Laboratory and National Weather Service Norman Forecast Office moved their respective operations into the newly constructed National Weather Center, near Westheimer Airport.[3][5] Since the agency's relocation to Norman, the 557th Weather Wing at Offutt Air Force Base would assume control of issuing the Storm Prediction Center's severe weather products in the event that the SPC is no longer able to issue them in the event of an outage (such as a computer system failure or building-wide power disruption) or emergency (such as an approaching strong tornadic circulation or tornado on the ground) affecting the Norman campus; on April 1, 2009, the SPC reassigned responsibilities for issuing the center's products in such situations to the 15th Operational Weather Squadron based out of Scott Air Force Base.[6]
Overview
The Storm Prediction Center is responsible for forecasting the risk of severe weather caused by severe thunderstorms, specifically those producing tornadoes, hail of one inch (2.5 cm) in diameter or larger, and/or winds of 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) or greater. The agency also forecasts hazardous winter and fire weather conditions. It does so primarily by issuing convective outlooks, severe thunderstorm watches, tornado watches and mesoscale discussions.[7]
There is a three-stage process in which the area, time period, and details of a severe weather forecast are refined from a broad-scale forecast of potential hazards to a more specific and detailed forecast of what hazards are expected, and where and in what time frame they are expected to occur. If warranted, forecasts will also increase in severity through this three-stage process.[7]
The Storm Prediction Center employs a total of 43 personnel, including five lead forecasters, ten mesoscale/outlook forecasters, and seven assistant mesoscale forecasters.[8] Many SPC forecasters and support staff are heavily involved in scientific research into severe and hazardous weather. This involves conducting applied research and writing technical papers, developing training materials, giving seminars and other presentations locally and nationwide, attending scientific conferences, and participating in weather experiments.[9]
Convective outlooks
The Storm Prediction Center issues convective outlooks (AC), consisting of categorical and probabilistic forecasts describing the general threat of severe convective storms over the contiguous United States for the next six to 192 hours (Day 1 through Day 8). These outlooks are labeled and issued by day, and are issued up to five times per day.[10]
The categorical risks are TSTM (for Thunder Storm: light green shaded area – rendered as a brown line prior to April 2011 – indicating a risk for general thunderstorms), "MRGL" (for Marginal: darker green shaded area, indicating a very low but present risk of severe weather); "SLGT" (for Slight: yellow shaded area – previously rendered as a green line – indicating a slight risk of severe weather); "ENH" (for Enhanced: orange shaded area, which replaced the upper end of the SLGT category on October 22, 2014); "MDT" (for Moderate: red shaded area – previously rendered as a red line – indicating a moderate risk of severe weather); and "HIGH" (pink shaded area – previously a rendered as a fuchsia line – indicating a high risk of severe weather). Significant severe areas (referred to as "hatched areas" because of their representation on outlook maps) refer to a threat of increased storm intensity that is of "significant severe" levels (F2/EF2 or stronger tornado, 2 inches (5.1 cm) or larger hail, or 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) winds or greater).[11]
In April 2011, the SPC introduced a new graphical format for its categorical and probability outlooks, which included the shading of risk areas (with the colors corresponding to each category, as mentioned above, being changed as well) and population, county/parish/borough and interstate overlays. The new shaded maps also incorporated a revised color palette for the shaded probability categories in each outlook.
In 2013, the SPC incorporated a small table under the Convective Outlook's risk category map that indicates the total coverage area by square miles, the total estimated population affected and major cities included within a severe weather risk area.[12]
Public severe weather outlooks (PWO) are issued when a significant or widespread outbreak is expected, especially for tornadoes. From November to March, it can also be issued for any threat of significant tornadoes in the nighttime hours, noting the lower awareness and greater danger of tornadoes at that time of year.[13]
Categories
A marginal risk day indicates storms of only limited organization, longevity, coverage and/or intensity, typically isolated severe or near-severe storms with limited wind damage, large hail and perhaps a tornado. Wind gusts of at least 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and hailstones of around 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter are common storm threats within a marginal risk; depending on the sufficient wind shear, a tornado – usually of weak (EF0 to EF1) intensity and short duration – may be possible. This category replaced the "SEE TEXT" category on October 22, 2014.[11]
A slight risk day typically will indicate that the threat exists for scattered severe weather, including scattered wind damage (produced by straight-line sustained winds and/or gusts of 60 to 70 mph), scattered severe hail (varying in size from .25 inches (0.64 cm) to 1.75 inches (4.4 cm)) and/or isolated tornadoes (often of shorter duration and varying weak to moderate intensity, depending on the available wind shear and other sufficient atmospheric parameters). During the peak severe weather season, most days will have a slight risk somewhere in the United States. Isolated significant severe events are possible in some circumstances, but are generally not widespread.[10]
An enhanced risk day indicates that there is a greater threat for severe weather than that which would be indicated by a slight risk, but conditions are not adequate for the development of widespread significant severe weather to necessitate a moderate category. Severe storms are expected to be more concentrated and of varying intensities. These days are quite frequent in the peak severe weather season and occur occasionally at other times of year. This risk category replaced the upper end of "slight" on October 22, 2014, although a few situations that previously warranted a moderate risk were reclassified as enhanced (i.e. 45% wind or 15% tornado with no significant area).[11]
A moderate risk day indicates that more widespread and/or more dangerous severe weather is possible (sometimes with major hurricanes), with significant severe weather often more likely. Numerous tornadoes (some of which may be strong and potentially long-track), more widespread or severe wind damage and/or very large/destructive hail (up to or exceeding 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter) could occur. Major events, such as large tornado outbreaks or widespread straight-line wind events, are sometimes also possible on moderate risk days, but with greater uncertainty. Moderate risk days are not terribly uncommon, and typically occur several times a month during the peak of the severe weather season, and occasionally at other times of the year. Slight and enhanced risk areas typically surround areas under a moderate risk, where the threat is lower.[10]
A high risk day indicates a considerable likelihood of significant to extreme severe weather, generally a major tornado outbreak or (much less often) an extreme derecho event. On these days, the potential exists for extremely severe and life-threatening weather, including widespread strong or violent tornadoes – some of which may be on the ground for a half-hour or longer – and/or very destructive straight-line winds (hail cannot verify or produce a high risk on its own, although such a day usually involves a threat for widespread very large and damaging hail as well). Many of the most prolific severe weather days were high risk days. Such days are rare; a high risk is typically issued (at the most) only a few times each year (see List of SPC High Risk days). High risk areas are usually surrounded by a larger moderate risk area, where uncertainty is greater or the threat is somewhat lower.[10]
The Storm Prediction Center began asking for public comment on proposed categorical additions to the Day 1-3 Convective Outlooks on April 21, 2014, for a two-month period.[14] The Storm Prediction Center broadened this system beginning on October 22, 2014 by adding two new risk categories to the three used originally. The new categories that were added are a "marginal risk" (replacing the "SEE TEXT" contours, see below) and an "enhanced risk" (which is used to delineate areas where severe weather will occur that would fall under the previous probability criteria of an upper-end slight risk, but do not warrant the issuance of a moderate risk). In order from least to greatest threat, these categories are ranked as: marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate and high.[15][16][17]
Issuance and usage
Note: SIGNIFICANT SEVERE area needed where denoted by bold italic type – otherwise default to next lower category.
| Outlook probability | TORN | WIND | HAIL |
|---|---|---|---|
| No thunderstorms | No Thunder | ||
| < 2% | No Severe | not used | not used |
| 2% | See Text | not used | not used |
| < 5% | not used | No Severe | No Severe |
| 5% | SLGT | See Text | See Text |
| 10% | SLGT | not used | not used |
| 15% | MDT | SLGT | SLGT |
| 30% | HIGH | SLGT | SLGT |
| 45% | HIGH | MDT | MDT |
| 60% | HIGH | HIGH | MDT |
| Outlook probability | TORN | WIND | HAIL |
|---|---|---|---|
| No thunderstorms | No Thunder | ||
| < 2% | No Severe | not used | not used |
| 2% | MRGL | not used | not used |
| < 5% | not used | No Severe | No Severe |
| 5% | SLGT | MRGL | MRGL |
| 10% | ENH | not used | not used |
| 15% | MDT | SLGT | SLGT |
| 30% | HIGH | ENH | ENH |
| 45% | HIGH | MDT | MDT |
| 60% | HIGH | HIGH | MDT |
| Outlook probability | Combined TORN, WIND, and HAIL |
|---|---|
| No thunderstorms | No Thunder |
| < 5% | No Severe |
| 5% | See Text |
| 15% | SLGT |
| 30% | SLGT |
| 45% | MDT |
| 60% | HIGH |
| Outlook probability | Combined TORN, WIND, and HAIL |
|---|---|
| No thunderstorms | No Thunder |
| < 5% | No Severe |
| 5% | MRGL |
| 15% | SLGT |
| 30% | ENH |
| 45% | MDT |
| 60%* | HIGH |
| Outlook probability | Combined TORN, WIND, and HAIL |
|---|---|
| < 30% | No Area |
| 30% | Severe |
| Outlook probability | Combined TORN, WIND, and HAIL |
|---|---|
| < 15% | No Area |
| 15% | Severe (15%) |
| 30% | Severe (30%) |
Convective outlooks are issued by the Storm Prediction Center in Zulu time (also known as Universal Coordinated Time or UTC).[18]
The categories at right refer to the risk levels for the specific severe weather event occurring within 25 miles (40 km) of any point in the delineated region, as described in the previous section. The Day 1 Convective Outlook, issued five times per day at 0600Z (valid from 1200Z of the current day until 1200Z the following day), 1300Z and 1630Z (the "morning updates," valid until 1200Z the following day), 2000Z (the "afternoon update," valid until 1200Z the following day), and the 0100Z (the "evening update," valid until 1200Z the following day), provides a textual forecast, map of categories and probabilities, and chart of probabilities. The Day 1 is currently the only outlook to issue specific probabilities for tornadoes, hail or wind. It is the most descriptive and highest accuracy outlook, and typically has the highest probability levels.[10]
Day 2 outlooks, issued twice daily at 0600Z and 1730Z, refer to predicted risks of convective weather for the following day (1200Z to 1200Z of the next calendar day; for example, a Day 2 outlook issued on April 12, 2100 would be valid from 1200Z on April 13, 2100 through 1200Z on April 14, 2100) and include only a categorical outline, textual description, and a probability graph for severe convective storms generally. Day 2 moderate risks are fairly uncommon, and a Day 2 high risk has only been issued twice (for April 7, 2006 and for April 14, 2012).[10]
Day 3 outlooks refer to the day after tomorrow, and include the same products (categorical outline, text description, and probability graph) as the Day 2 outlook. As of June 2012, the SPC forecasts general thunderstorm risk areas.[21] Higher probability forecasts are less and less likely as the forecast period increases due to lessening forecast ability farther in advance. Day 3 moderate risks are quite rare; these have been issued only fourteen times since the product became operational (most recently for May 9, 2015).[10][22] Day 3 high risks are never issued and the operational standards do not allow for such. This is most likely because it would require both a very high degree of certainty (60%) for an event which was still at least 48 hours away and a reasonable level of confidence that said severe thunderstorm outbreak would include significant severe weather (EF2+ tornadoes, hurricane-force winds, and/or egg-sized hail).
Day 4–8 outlooks are the longest-term official SPC Forecast Product, and often change significantly from day to day. This extended forecast for severe weather was an experimental product until March 22, 2007, when the Storm Prediction Center incorporated it as an official product. Areas are delineated in this forecast that have least a 15% or 30% chance of severe weather in the Day 4–8 period (equivalent to a slight risk and an enhanced risk, respectively); as forecaster confidence is not fully resolute on how severe weather will evolve more than three days out, the Day 4–8 outlook only outlines the areas in which severe thunderstorms are forecast to occur during the period at the 15% and 30% likelihood, and does not utilize other categorical risk areas or outline where general (non-severe) thunderstorm activity will occur.[10]
Local forecast offices of the National Weather Service, radio and television stations, and emergency planners often use the forecasts to gauge the potential severe weather threats to their areas.[10] Even after the marginal and enhanced risk categories were added in October 2014, some television stations have continued to use the original three-category system to outline forecasted severe weather risks (though stations that do this may utilize in-house severe weather outlooks that vary to some degree from the SPC convective outlooks), while certain others that have switched to the current system have chosen not to outline marginal risk areas.
Generally, the convective outlook boundaries or lines – general thunderstorms (light green), marginal (dark green), slight (yellow), enhanced (orange), moderate (red) and high (purple) – will be continued as an arrow or line not filled with color if the risk area enters another country (Canada or Mexico) or across waters beyond the United States coastline. This indicates that the risk for severe weather is also valid in that general area of the other side of the border or oceanic boundary.
Mesoscale discussions
SPC mesoscale discussions (MDs) once covered convection (mesoscale convective discussions [MCDs]) and precipitation (mesoscale precipitation discussions [MPDs]); MPDs are now issued by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). MCDs generally precede the issuance of a tornado or severe thunderstorm watch, by one to three hours when possible.[23] Mesoscale discussions are designed to give local forecasters an update on a region where a severe weather threat is emerging and an indication of whether a watch is likely and details thereof, as well as situations of isolated severe weather when watches are not necessary.[23] MCDs contain meteorological information on what is happening and what is expected to occur in the next few hours, and forecast reasoning in regard to weather watches.[23] Mesoscale discussions are often issued to update information on watches already in effect, and sometimes when one is to be canceled. Mesoscale discussions are occasionally used as advance notice of a categorical upgrade of a scheduled convective outlook.[23]
Example
MESOSCALE DISCUSSION 0685 NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK 0253 PM CDT FRI MAY 04 2007 AREAS AFFECTED...WRN KS...PARTS OF WRN OK/ERN TX PNHDL CONCERNING...SEVERE POTENTIAL...TORNADO WATCH LIKELY VALID 041953Z - 042200Z TRENDS ARE BEING CLOSELY MONITORED FOR SIGNS OF CONVECTIVE INITIATION. ALTHOUGH TIMING IS STILL A BIT UNCERTAIN...ONE OR MORE TORNADO WATCHES WILL PROBABLY BE REQUIRED LATE THIS AFTERNOON. MOISTENING SOUTHERLY LOW-LEVEL FLOW AND STRONG DAYTIME HEATING ALONG SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS DRY LINE...INTO THE VICINITY OF WEAK SURFACE LOW OVER SOUTHWEST KANSAS...IS CONTRIBUTING TO STRONG DESTABILIZATION. RUC GUIDANCE INDICATES MIXED LAYER CAPE IS INCREASING INTO THE 3000-4000 J/KG RANGE...THOUGH MID-LEVEL SUBSIDENCE/SHORT WAVE RIDGING ALOFT IS CURRENTLY INHIBITING CONVECTIVE DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER...MID/UPPER FORCING ASSOCIATED WITH AN IMPULSE LIFTING OUT OF AMPLIFIED WESTERN TROUGH IS BEGINNING TO SHIFT EAST OF THE CENTRAL/SOUTHERN ROCKIES. AND...LATEST RUC GUIDANCE SUGGESTS WEAK LOWER/MID TROPOSPHERIC COOLING HAS OCCURRED ACROSS WESTERN KANSAS INTO THE TEXAS PANHANDLE ASSOCIATED WITH IMPULSE ALREADY LIFTING NORTHWARD THROUGH THE NORTH CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS. ALTHOUGH UNCERTAINTY DOES EXISTS CONCERNING TIMING OF CONVECTIVE INITIATION...MUCH OF MODEL GUIDANCE SUGGESTS THAT THIS COULD OCCUR AS EARLY AS 22-23Z. THIS SEEMS MOST PROBABLE WHERE FORCING WILL BE STRONGEST NEAR SURFACE LOW...BUT INITIATION OF WIDELY SCATTERED STORMS MAY QUICKLY FOLLOW SUIT. STORM DEVELOPMENT/INTENSIFICATION WILL LIKELY BE VERY RAPID ONCE CAP BREAKS. AND...LARGE CLOCKWISE CURVED LOW-LEVEL HODOGRAPHS BENEATH 40-50 KT CYCLONIC WEST SOUTHWESTERLY 500 MB FLOW WILL BE FAVORABLE FOR TORNADOES...IN ADDITION TO THE RISK OF VERY LARGE HAIL. ISOLATED STRONG TORNADOES ARE POSSIBLE...PARTICULARLY AS LOW-LEVEL:JET STRENGTHENS NEAR/SHORTLY AFTER 04/00-01Z. ..KERR.. 05/04/2007 ATTN...WFO...ICT...OUN...GID...DDC...GLD...LUB...AMA...
Weather watches
Watches (WWs) issued by the SPC are generally less than 20,000–50,000 square miles (52,000–129,000 km2) in area and are normally preceded by a mesoscale discussion.[25] Watches are intended to be issued preceding the arrival of severe weather by one to six hours.[25] They indicate that conditions are favorable for thunderstorms capable of producing various modes of severe weather, including large hail, damaging straight-line winds and/or tornadoes. In the case of severe thunderstorm watches organized severe thunderstorms are expected but conditions are not thought to be especially favorable for tornadoes (although they can occur in such areas where one is in effect, and some severe thunderstorm watch statements issued by the SPC may note a threat of isolated tornadic activity if conditions are of modest favorability for storm rotation capable of inducing them), whereas for tornado watches conditions are thought to be favorable for severe thunderstorms to produce tornadoes.[25]
In situations where a forecaster expects a significant threat of extremely severe and life-threatening weather, a watch with special enhanced wording, "Particularly Dangerous Situation" (PDS), is subjectively issued.[26] It is occasionally issued with tornado watches, normally for the potential of major tornado outbreaks, especially those with a significant threat of multiple tornadoes capable of producing F4/EF4 and F5/EF5 damage and/or staying on the ground for long-duration – sometimes uninterrupted – paths.[26] A PDS severe thunderstorm watch is very rare and is typically reserved for derecho events impacting densely populated areas.[26]
Watches are not "warnings", where there is an immediate severe weather threat to life and property. Although severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings are ideally the next step after watches, watches cover a threat of organized severe thunderstorms over a larger area and may not always precede a warning; watch "busts" do sometimes occur should thunderstorm activity not occur at all or that which does develop never reaches the originally forecast level of severity. Warnings are issued by local National Weather Service offices, not the Storm Prediction Center, which is a national guidance center.[25]
The process of issuing a convective watch begins with a conference call from SPC to local NWS offices. If after collaboration a watch is deemed necessary, the Storm Prediction Center will issue a watch approximation product which is followed by the local NWS office issuing a specific county-based watch product. The latter product is responsible for triggering public alert messages via television, radio stations and NOAA Weather Radio. The watch approximation product outlines specific regions covered by the watch (including the approximate outlined area in statute miles) and its time of expiration (based on the local time zone(s) of the areas under the watch), associated potential threats, a meteorological synopsis of atmospheric conditions favorable for severe thunderstorm development, forecasted aviation conditions, and a pre-determined message informing the public of the meaning behind the watch and to be vigilant of any warnings or weather statements that may be issued by their local National Weather Service office.[25]
Watch outline products provide a visual map depiction of the issued watch; the SPC typically delineates watches within this product in the form of "boxes," which technically are represented as either squares, rectangles (horizontal or vertical) or parallelograms depending on the area it covers. Jurisdictions outlined by the county-based watch product as being included in the watch area may differ from the actual watch box; as such, certain counties, parishes or boroughs not covered by the fringes of the watch box may actually be included in the watch and vice versa. Watches can be expanded, contracted (by removing jurisdictions where SPC and NWS forecasters no longer consider there to be a viable threat of severe weather) or canceled before their set time of expiration by local NWS offices.[25]
Example
URGENT — IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
TORNADO WATCH NUMBER 232
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
955 AM CDT SAT MAY 5 2007
THE NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER HAS ISSUED A
TORNADO WATCH FOR PORTIONS OF
PARTS OF WESTERN AND CENTRAL KANSAS
PARTS OF SOUTHWEST AND CENTRAL NEBRASKA
EFFECTIVE THIS SATURDAY MORNING AND EVENING FROM 955 AM UNTIL
1000 PM CDT.
...THIS IS A PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION...
DESTRUCTIVE TORNADOES...LARGE HAIL TO 4 INCHES IN DIAMETER...
THUNDERSTORM WIND GUSTS TO 90 MPH...AND DANGEROUS LIGHTNING ARE
POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS.
THE TORNADO WATCH AREA IS APPROXIMATELY ALONG AND 100 STATUTE
MILES EAST AND WEST OF A LINE FROM 45 MILES NORTH NORTHWEST OF
BROKEN BOW NEBRASKA TO 55 MILES SOUTHWEST OF RUSSELL KANSAS. FOR
A COMPLETE DEPICTION OF THE WATCH SEE THE ASSOCIATED WATCH
OUTLINE UPDATE (WOUS64 KWNS WOU2).
REMEMBER...A TORNADO WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR
TORNADOES AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH
AREA. PERSONS IN THESE AREAS SHOULD BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR
THREATENING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND LISTEN FOR LATER STATEMENTS
AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
DISCUSSION...VERY POTENT TORNADIC SUPERCELL PATTERN IN PLACE ACROSS
WATCH AREA AS AIR MASS IS EXTREMELY UNSTABLE WITH VERY FAVORABLE
SHEAR PROFILES. WITH LITTLE INHIBITION REMAINING ALONG E OF DRY
LINE...STORMS WILL RAPIDLY BECOME SEVERE BY EARLY THIS AFTERNOON WRN
KS INTO SWRN NEB. TORNADIC SUPERCELLS WILL DEVELOP WITH POTENTIAL
FOR LONG TRACK/VIOLENT TORNADOES. AS DRY LINE REMAINS WRN KS THRU
THE AFTERNOON...ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TORNADIC SUPERCELLS ARE
LIKELY OFF THE DRY LINE THRU THE EVENING HOURS.
AVIATION...TORNADOES AND A FEW SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL
SURFACE AND ALOFT TO 4 INCHES. EXTREME TURBULENCE AND SURFACE
WIND GUSTS TO 80 KNOTS. A FEW CUMULONIMBI WITH MAXIMUM TOPS TO
600. MEAN STORM MOTION VECTOR 22040.
...HALES
Source:[27]
Fire weather products
| Outlook probability | CRITICAL | DRY TSTM |
|---|---|---|
| < 10% | not used | No Area |
| 10% | not used | MARGINAL |
| < 40% | No Area | not used |
| 40% | MARGINAL | CRITICAL |
| 70% | CRITICAL | not used |
The Storm Prediction Center also is responsible for issuing fire weather outlooks (FWD) for the continental United States. These outlooks are a guidance product for local, state and federal government agencies, including local National Weather Service offices, in forecasting the potential for wildfires.[29] The outlooks issued are for Day 1, Day 2, and Days 3–8. The Day 1 product is issued at 4:00 a.m. Central Time and is updated at 1700Z, and is valid from 1200Z to 1200Z the following day. The Day 2 outlook is issued at 1000Z and is updated at 2000Z for the forecast period of 1200Z to 1200Z the following day. The Day 3–8 outlook is issued at 2200Z, and is valid from 1200Z two days after the current calendar date to 1200Z seven days after the current calendar date.[29]
There are four types of Fire Weather Outlook areas: "See Text", a "Critical Fire Weather Area for Wind and Relative Humidity", an "Extremely Critical Fire Weather Area for Extreme Conditions of Wind and Relative Humidity", and a "Critical Fire Weather Area for Dry Thunderstorms".[30] The outlook type depends on the forecast weather conditions, severity of the predicted threat, and local climatology of a forecast region.[29] "See Text" is a map label used for outlining areas where fire potential is great enough to pose a limited threat, but not enough to warrant a critical area, similar to areas using the same notation title that were formerly outlined in convective outlooks. Critical Fire Weather Areas for Wind and Relative Humidity are typically issued when strong winds ( > 20 mph (32 km/h)) and low relative humidity (usually < 20%) are expected to occur where dried fuels exist, similar to a slight or moderate risk of severe weather. Critical Fire Weather Areas for Dry Thunderstorms are typically issued when widespread or numerous thunderstorms producing rainfall of little accumulation to provide sufficient ground wetting ( < 0.10 inches (2.5 mm)) are expected to occur where dried fuels exist. Extremely Critical Fire Weather Areas for Wind and Relative Humidity are issued when very strong winds and very low humidity are expected to occur with very dry fuels. Extremely Critical areas are rarely issued, similar to the very low frequency of high risk areas in convective outlooks (see List of SPC extremely critical fire days).[30]
See also
- National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma – the Weather Forecast Office located adjacent to the Storm Prediction Center within the National Weather Center, which serves central and western Oklahoma and northwestern Texas
- Severe weather terminology (United States)
References
- 1 2 Stephen F. Corfidi (December 27, 2009). "A brief history of the Storm Prediction Center". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ↑ "NOAA's National Weather Service". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roger Edwards; Fred Ostby (2009). "Timeline of SELS and SPC". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
- ↑ Stephen F. Corfidi (August 1999). "The Birth and Early Years of the Storm Prediction Center". Weather and Forecasting. American Meteorological Society. 14 (4): 507–525. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..507C. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0507:TBAEYO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
- ↑ Greg Carbin; Roger Edwards; Greg Grosshans; David Imy; Mike Kay; Jay Liang; Joe Schaefer; Rich Thompson. "Storm Prediction Center Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ↑ "Operational weather squadron picks up new responsibilities". AFWeather. April 1, 2009.
- 1 2 "About the Storm Prediction Center: The Severe Storms Forecast Process: Outlook to Mesoscale Discussion to Watch to Warning". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ↑ "Storm Prediction Center Employees". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
- ↑
This article incorporates public domain material from the Storm Prediction Center document "About the Storm Prediction Center". - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chris Novy; Roger Edwards; David Imy; Stephen Goss (November 13, 2008). "Storm Prediction Center and its Products: Convective Outlooks". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grams, Jeremy; Bunting, Bill; Weiss, Steve (October 22, 2014). "SPC Convective Outlooks". Storm Prediction Center. Norman, Oklahoma: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
- ↑ "Jun 12, 2013 2000 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Glossary — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service: Public Severe Weather Outlook". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 25, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ↑ "Experimental SPC Day 1, 2, 3 Convective Outlook Change Public Comment Page". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
- ↑ "Forecasters Adding New Layers of Storm Outlooks". ABC News. The Walt Disney Company. Associated Press. January 17, 2014.
- ↑ "Forecasters adding layers of storm outlooks". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Associated Press. January 17, 2014.
- ↑ "A better outlook: SPC revises its severe categories". WUSA. Gannett Company. March 28, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 Storm Prediction Center Day 1, 2 and 3 Convective Outlooks. Storm Prediction Center (Report). National Weather Service. February 14, 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ↑ http://products.weather.gov/PDD/SPC_Day_1to3_Cat_Conv_Outlook.pdf
- ↑ "SCN for SPC MD Format". Nws.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
- ↑ "Service Change Notice 12-26". National Weather Service, D.C. Headquarters. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
- ↑ "SPC Day 3 Moderate Risk for Severe Thunderstorms: Just How Rare is it?". National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Chris Novy; Roger Edwards; David Imy; Stephen Goss (November 13, 2008). "Storm Prediction Center and its Products: Mesoscale Discussions". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ↑ Brynn Kerr (May 4, 2007). "Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion 685". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chris Novy; Roger Edwards; David Imy; Stephen Goss (November 13, 2008). "Storm Prediction Center and its Products: Severe Weather Watches". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- 1 2 3 "Glossary — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service: PDS". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 25, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- 1 2 Jack Hales (May 5, 2007). "Storm Prediction Center PDS Tornado Watch 232". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ↑ "Storm Prediction Center Day 3–8 Fire Weather Forecast Issued on Apr 21, 2013". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- 1 2 3 Chris Novy; Roger Edwards; David Imy; Stephen Goss (March 25, 2010). "Storm Prediction Center and its Products: Fire Weather Outlooks". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
- 1 2 This article incorporates public domain material from the Storm Prediction Center document "Fire weather outlooks".
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Coordinates: 35°10′53″N 97°26′25″W / 35.18139°N 97.44028°W