Cotinis nitida
| Cotinis nitida | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Subfamily: | Cetoniinae |
| Tribe: | Gymnetini |
| Genus: | Cotinis |
| Species: | C. nitida |
| Binomial name | |
| Cotinis nitida (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Cotinis nitida, commonly known as the green June beetle, June bug or June beetle or Ai's beetle,[1] is a beetle of the family Scarabaeidae. It occurs in the eastern United States, where it is most abundant in the south. It is sometimes confused with the related southwestern species figeater beetle Cotinis mutabilis, which is less destructive.
The green June beetle is active during daylight hours. The adult is usually 15–22 mm (0.6–0.9 in) long with dull, metallic green wings; its sides are gold and the head, legs and underside are very bright shiny green. Their habitat extends from Maine to Georgia, and as far west as Kansas, with possible population crossover in Texas with their western cousin, the figeater beetle.
Life cycle
The complete life cycle for the green June beetle is one year.[2]
Egg
Mating occurs in the early morning. The male is attracted by a strongly scented milky fluid secreted by the female. Mating last only a few minutes after which the female enters her burrow or crawls under matted grass. Once the mating process has taken place, the female will lay between 60 and 75 eggs underground during a two-week period. The eggs, when first laid, appear white and elliptical in shape, gradually becoming more spherical as the larvae develop. The eggs hatch in approximately 18 days into small, white grubs.
Larva
The grubs will grow to about 40 mm (1.6 in) and are white with a brownish-black head and brown spiracles along the sides of the body. The larvae will molt twice before winter. The fully grown larva color is glassy yellowish white shading toward green or blue at the head and tail. The larva has stiff ambulatory bristles on its abdomen which assist movement. The larva normally travels on its back. The underground speed is considered more rapid than any other known genus of Scarabaeidae in the United States and is comparable to that of the hairy caterpillar. The larvae feed largely on humus and mold but can do considerable damage to plant root systems. Injury has been reported to vegetables and ornamental plants, particularly those which have been mulched. The larvae are considered pests when they cause damage to lawns or turf grasses. The insect is considered more injurious in its larval stages than as a beetle. Pupation occurs after the third larval stage, which lasts nearly nine months. The pupal stage occurs in an oval cocoon constructed of dirt particles fastened together by a viscid fluid excreted by the larva. The pupa is white when first formed but develops greenish tints just before emergence.
Adult
The adults begin to appear in June after 18 days of the pupation period. The adult is from 15–22 mm (0.6–0.9 in) in length and 12 mm (0.5 in) in width. The color if from dull brown with green stripes to a uniform metallic green. The margins of the elytra vary from light brown to orange yellow. The adult beetle will feed upon a variety of fruits including berries, grapes, peaches, nectarines, apples, pears and figs. Adults are particularly attracted to rotting fruit which often occurs after an initial damage to sound fruit.
Predation
The grub of the beetle is largely held in control by natural enemies.[2]
Insect
The larva stage of the friendly fly or large flesh fly (Sarcophaga aldrich) have been observed attached near the base of the head and thorax of the adult beetle. The fly larva have been observed inside the devoured throax and abdomen of the beetle.
The flesh fly (Sarcophaga Helicobia) has been observed to prey on both the larva and adult stage of the June Bug.
The digger wasp (Discolia dubia) attacks the larva stage of the beetle. The female will crawl into the larva burrow and lay her eggs on the grub.
Mammals
Below ground large number of larva are consumed by moles. During rainy periods, when the burrows of the larva are flooded, the larva will crawl to the surface. At these times the larva are subject to predation by raccoons, gophers, skunks, opossums, chipmunks and birds. Birds will also attack the adult, the most important of which are the common crow, common grackle, mocking bird and blue jay.
Control
One of the most effective controls is used during the larva stage. Beetle larva can be controlled using milky spore disease (Bacillus popilliae),[3] which occurs naturally in some larva. Milky spore treatment was first developed by the USDA in the 1930s to combat the Japanese Beetle but milky spore controls the June bug and Oriental beetles as well. Milky spore treatment was the first microbial product ever registered in the US.[4] Milky spore begins working after treatment wherever larva are feeding. In warm climates milky spore disease can achieve control in 2–3 years. Colder climates may require longer. The soil is inoculated annually for from 3 to 5 years and once the treatment is established, it is effective for 10 years or more dependent upon climate conditions.
References
- ↑ http://www.entsoc.org/common-names?title=&field_sciname_value=Cotinis+nitida&tid=&tid_1=&tid_2=&tid_3=&tid_4=
- 1 2 Chittenden, F. H.; Fink, D. E. (July 28, 1922). The Green June Beetle (Bulletin No. 891 ed.). US Department of Agriculture.
- ↑ Dutky, S. R. (July 1, 1940). "TWO NEW SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA CAUSING MILKY DISEASES OF JAPANESE BEETLE LARVAE". Journal of Agricultural Research. 61 (1).
- ↑ Couch, Gary (Fall 2000). "Does Milky Spore Disease Work?". CORNELL UNIVERSITY TURFGRASS TIMES.