Cross of Peñalba

The Cross of Peñalba is a 10th-century votive cross given by Ramiro II of Leon to Genadio of Astorga, abbot of the monastery of Santiago de Peñalba, in gratitude for the assistance of St James in the Battle of Simancas in 939 against Abd-ar-Rahman III.

Bibliography

García Gómez, Emilio (1950). Una Crónica anónima de Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-00271-8
Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (1969). León y su historia: miscelánea histórica. Tomo I. Centro de Estudios e Investigación San Isidoro/Patronato José María Cuadrado. ISBN 978-84-87667-56-5
Grau Lobo, Luis A. (1993). Cruz votiva de Santiago de Peñalba. Instituto de Estudios Bercianos/Museo de León.
Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1998). Ramiro II, rey de León. La Olmeda. ISBN 978-84-89915-01-5
Menéndez Pidal, Marcelino (2011). Historia de España. El Buey Mudo. ISBN 978-84-938040-9-1

Crux gemmata

Form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.

6th-9th century	Cross of Justin II Cross of the Angels Cross of Agilulf Cross of Gisulf Cross of Desiderius Treasure of Guarrazar Ardennes Cross

10th century	Victory Cross Cross of Otto and Mathilde Cross of Lothair Cross of Peñalba

11th century	Cross of Mathilde Essen cross with large enamels Imperial Cross Cross of Theophanu Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes Cross of Stift Enger

12th century	Cross of Cong Cross of Adelheid Cross of Chersonesus

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