Dési Bouterse

Dési Bouterse
9th President of Suriname
Assumed office
12 August 2010
Vice President Robert Ameerali
Ashwin Adhin
Preceded by Ronald Venetiaan
President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
In office
30 August 2013 – 4 December 2014
Preceded by Ollanta Humala
Succeeded by José Mujica
Personal details
Born Desiré Delano Bouterse
(1945-10-13) 13 October 1945
Domburg, Surinam
Political party National Democratic Party
Spouse(s) Ingrid Figueira (divorced)
Ingrid Waldring (1990–present)
Children Dino
Peggy
Jen-ai
Religion Pentecostalism

Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse[1] (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbʌutərsə]; born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese politician who has been President of Suriname since 2010. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's de facto leader after conducting a military coup of the country and establishing military rule.

Bouterse is the chairman of the Surinamese political combination Megacombinatie (Megacombination) and the leader of the National Democratic Party (NDP), which is part of the Megacombination. On 19 July 2010, Bouterse was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes[2] and on 12 August 2010 he was inaugurated.[3]

Bouterse is a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numerous human rights violations committed during the military rule in the 1980s. Most notable was the December murders in 1982 of fifteen leading opposition figures. (He was prosecuted in these murders and a trial was initiated, but in 2012 the National Assembly extended amnesty to him.) He is also suspected of having directed the Moiwana massacre in 1986 during the civil war by the Maroons, led by his former bodyguard.

In 2000, Bouterse was sentenced in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking 474 kilos of cocaine.[4] Bouterse always protested his innocence; he claimed that the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government.

According to WikiLeaks cables released in 2011, Bouterse was active in the drug trade until 2006.[5] Europol has issued an arrest warrant for him. As Suriname's president, he enjoys national immunity from arrest in his country. Because Bouterse was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as Head of State, he enjoys no international immunity on these charges.[6]

Biography

Early years

Desiré Delano Bouterse was born on 13 October 1945 in Domburg, located in Wanica District of Suriname. His family were of multi-ethnic Amerindian, Afro-Surinamese, Dutch, French, and Chinese ancestry.[7][8] As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capital Paramaribo, where he was raised by an aunt. He attended the St Jozef boarding school and later the Middelbare Handelsschool (roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.[8][9]

In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into the armed forces of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Krijgsmacht). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as a non-commissioned officer at the Koninklijke Militaire School in Weert. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team.[10]

In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy and Dino. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base in Seedorf, Germany.[10]

On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands. He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request by Roy Horb to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa; Bond voor Militair Kader).

Sergeants Coup

Bouterse as the head of the military of Suriname in 1985

On 25 February 1980, Bouterse, Horb and fourteen other sergeants overthrew the Henck Arron government with a violent military coup d'état, now known as Sergeants Coup. This marked the beginning of the military dictatorship that dominated Suriname from 1980 to 1991. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as the Groep van zestien (group of sixteen). Bouterse was the leader of the Groep van zestien. After the coup, he became chairman of the National Military Council of Suriname, which replaced the democratic government, and effectively ruler of the government.

On the day of the coup, Bouterse's soldiers shot and burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution." Annually on 25 February, the coup is commemorated.

The military dictatorship imposed an evening curfew, and curtailed freedom of press (only one newspaper, de Ware Tijd, was allowed to continue publishing, but they were subject to heavy censorship). In 1985 it banned political parties and restricted freedom of assembly. It was characterized by a high level of government corruption and the summary executions of political opponents.[11] After the 'December murders' of fifteen opposition leaders in late 1982, Bouterse closed the University of Suriname.

From the beginning of the dictatorship until 1988, the titular presidents were essentially army-installed by Bouterse, who ruled as a de facto leader of Suriname. After the coup, Bouterse initially sought support from Cuba, Grenada, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, and later from Libya.

Drug trafficking

In July 1999, Bouterse was convicted in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms of cocaine.[12] Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-called Suri kartel, which is held responsible for the trafficking and smuggling of large amounts of cocaine from Suriname and Brazil into Europe (especially into the Netherlands) in the 1980s and 90s.

Since 1999 Europol has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to the United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, since Bouterse was convicted before his election as Head of State in 2010, he has no immunity under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law.[13]

In 2011, Wikileaks published a few cables in which the United States embassy confirmed Bouterse's involvement in the drugs trade through 2006, together with that of top Guyanese criminal Roger Khan.[14] The opposition in the Surinamese parliament demanded that President Bouterse respond to these reports but he said that he would not respond to "rumours from Wikileaks."

In April 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, former fellow soldier of Bouterse and also a suspect in the December 1982 murders, said that in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bouterse supplied the FARC of Colombia with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy (published by Wikileaks) reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC.

Bouterse's son Dino Bouterse was sentenced in 2005 to eight years imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior. The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role.[15]

On August 29, 2013, Dino was arrested by the DEA in Panama while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to the United States and taken to New York City. He was prosecuted and in March 2015, he was sentenced to a 16-year prison term on convictions of drug smuggling and trying to help Hezbollah set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, Dino Bouterse insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only to make several million dollars. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting in Greece and Panama with people posing as Hezbollah operatives and Mexican drug traffickers.[16]

December murders

On 7 and 8 December 1982, 15 prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse's military dictatorship or were connected with the coup d'état attempt on March 11, 1982, were brought to Fort Zeelandia (then headquarters of Bouterse), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as the December murders.

The 15 victims were:

On December 10, 1982 Bouterse stated on STVS television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia".[17] Years later Bouterse said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the commander of the battalion, Paul Bhagwandas, who died in 1996. Bouterse accepted political responsibility as leader, but still denied any direct involvement.[18]

The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until November 30, 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In an interview with Al Jazeera in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, Bouterse's party member Andre Misiekaba said, during a debate in the Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed."[19]

Amnesty for December Murders

On February 1, 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about the December Murders because he wanted to clear his name before he died. (He was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live).[20] After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, the court-martial decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for March 23, 2012.

On March 19, five members of Bouterse's political party Megacombinatie and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party Pertjajah Luhur proposed a law in the parliament, which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the December Murders, including Dési Bouterse.[21][22] The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial.[22][23] The parliamentary voting was to be held on March 23, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in court that Bouterse personally killed two of 15 victims of the December Murders: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus.[24][25] That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue.[26]

On April 4, 2012, after three days of strong and emotional debate, the Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed. The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of Bouterse's coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community."[27] The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law.

The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects of the December Murders. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop.[28]

On April 13, 2012, the public prosecutor in the December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court decided whether the trial would continue or not.[29]

Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven.[30] Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial.[31]

Thousands of people in Paramaribo conduct a silent march on April 10, 2012 against the amnesty law

The controversial amnesty law was protested both nationally and internationally. Organizations such as the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Reporters Without Borders and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the law and urged the Surinamese judges and the Public Prosecutor's Office to continue the trial.[17][32][33][34][35] On 19 April 2012, Human Rights Watch demanded an immediate retraction of the law.[34]

Reaction from the Netherlands

After passage of the amnesty law, the Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid that was planned to be given to Suriname.[36] President Bouterse was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you 20 million euro, we have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars."[37] The Dutch Labour Party and the then ruling People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MP Rashied Doekhi, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairs Uri Rosenthal did not agree with these requests.[38]

On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial).[39]

Moiwana massacre of 1986

Moiwana is a Maroon village in the Marowijne District in the east of Suriname.

The Suriname Guerrilla War (1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by Dési Bouterse, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, a guerrilla Maroon group better known as the Jungle Commando, led by Bouterse's former bodyguard Ronnie Brunswijk. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across the Marowijne river to neighbouring French Guiana.[17][40]

The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event. It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre.

Herman Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation.

The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative. It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing.

In August 2005, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered Suriname to pay 3 million USD in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a 1.2 million USD fund for the development of Moiwana.[41] The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished;[42] however, previous governments, and Bouterse's current government, have failed to do so.

President of Suriname

After the return of democratic government, led in succession by Ronald Venetiaan, Jules Wijdenbosch, and Venetiaan again, Bouterse tried repeatedly to return to power through elections. In the 2010 Surinamese legislative election, Bouterse and his coalition, the Mega Combination (Mega Combinatie) became the biggest party in Suriname, gaining 23 of the 51 seats in the parliament. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the votes necessary to become President, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former archenemy, Ronnie Brunswijk, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (Volks Alliantie) of Paul Somohardjo (6 seats), a politician of Javanese descent who had left the ruling New Front party before the election.[43]

On July 19, 2010, Bouterse was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of the 51 votes; he was installed to the office on August 12, 2010. His running mate was the current Vice President of Suriname, Robert Ameerali.

The current cabinet consists of the following members:

Ministry Minister

Labor, Technological Development & Environment

Michael Miskin

Interior Affairs

Edmund Leilis

Foreign Affairs

Winston Lackin (NDP)

Defense

Lamure Latour (NDP)

Finance & Planning

Andy Rusland (NDP)

Trade & Industry

Don soejit Tosendjojo (abop)

Justice & Police

Edward Belfort (ABOP)

Agriculture

Soeresh Algoe

Natural Resources

Jim Hok (PALU)

Education

Ashwin Adhin (NDP)

Public Works & Traffic

Rabin Parmessar (NDP)

Regional Development

Stanley Betterson (ABOP)

Spatial Planning, Land- & Forest Management

Steven Relyveld (NDP)

Social Affairs & Housing

Alice Amafo (ABOP)

Sport- & Youth Affairs

Ismanto Adna (KTPI)

Transport, Communication & Tourism

Falisie Pinas (ABOP)

Public Health

Michel Blokland

The first minister of Spatial Planning Martinus Sastroredjo (KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded by Simon Martosatiman, also a member of the political party KTPI. The second minister to leave office due to personal reasons was Miss Wonnie Boedhoe, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet.

By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They included Paul Abena (Sport- & Youth Affairs), Martin Misiedjan (Justice & Police), Celsius Waterberg (Public Health), Linus Diko (Regional Development), and Simon Martosatiman. The ministers Raymond Sapoen, Michael Miskin and Ginmardo Kromosoeto were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed. Mahinder Gopie had served as the secretary of the president and was made the deputy minister of Regional Development. Abigail Lie A Kwie, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairman Paul Somohardjo, started as the deputy minister of Public Works & Traffic, but was moved in October 2012 to the ministry of Agriculture.

The president's four top advisors are Jules Wijdenbosch, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs; Errol Alibux, who advises the president about foreign affairs and international laws; Eddy Jozefzoon, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; and Andy Rusland, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointed Cliffton Limburg as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installed Gilmore Hoefdraad, a former International Monetary Fund (IMF) official, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Suriname.

Controversial honouring the coup

After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent 1980 Surinamese coup d'état; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star, the highest honor of Suriname. This action was met with international outrage, as all nine (and Bouterse) were accused of involvement in the December murders of 1982.[44]

After becoming president, Bouterse designated February 25, the anniversary of the coup d'état, as a national holiday.[17] Former president Ronald Venetiaan has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning.

Pardons

In December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader. Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence.

The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends, should not get a pardon" said former justice minister Chan Santokhi. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon. According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU). Dino Bouterse, son of President Bouterse, was appointed to head this unit.

Bouterse has hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former military Etienne Boerenveen and Hans Jannasch. "Such people now circulate around the state power", said Ronald Venetiaan, former president of Suriname.[45][46][47]

Meriba was arrested again on March 23, 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub.[48] He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.[49]

After the 2015 Surinamese legislative election, Bouterse's NDP won 26 seats; he was reelected unopposed on 14 July 2015.[50]

WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks cables released in 2011 reveal that US diplomats believed that Bouterse was involved in drug-trafficking until 2006. The cables report the connection between Bouterse and top Guyanese criminals Roger Khan and Eduardo Beltran.[5] Khan was believed to help Bouterse's financial situation by giving him the means to supplement his income through narcotics trafficking. According to the cables, Bouterse met Roger Khan several times in Nickerie at the house of MP Rashied Doekhi, who is prominent member of Bouterse's political party.[51] The cables also reported that Bouterse and Khan were plotting to assassinate minister of Justice Chan Santokhi and attorney general Subhaas Punwasi.

Khan, who is known as the "Guyanese Pablo Escobar," and whose name is mentioned in almost 200 murders in Guyana[52] was arrested in Paramaribo in June 2006 in a sting operation by the Surinamese police. By order of then-Minister of Justice Chan Santokhi, he was deported to the United States of America. There he was prosecuted and convicted, then sentenced to 40-year imprisonment on charges of smuggling large amounts of cocaine into the United States of America, witness tampering, and illegal possession of firearms.[52][53] Eduardo Beltran is a major regional narcotics logistics/transportation handler operating out of Venezuela. Beltran reportedly traveled to Suriname on a monthly basis.

References

  1. ↑ According to the Statutes of the DNP written as Desiré. Ndp.sr (2004-04-24). Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  2. ↑ Bouterse gekozen tot president Suriname – NRC Handelsblad (Dutch)
  3. ↑ Omstreden Bouterse beëdigd als president – De Volkskrant (Dutch)
  4. ↑ "NOVA – detail – Nieuws – Hoge raad bevestigt veroordeling bouterse". novatv.nl.
  5. 1 2 "Cable Viewer". wikileaks.org.
  6. ↑ Brader, Peggy (21 July 2010). "Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk". Radio Nederland archive. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  7. ↑ Bouterse achterachterkleinkind van Zeeuwse boerenzoon. Waterkant.net (Dutch)
  8. 1 2 Joost Oranje, Desi Bouterse is al een mythe: sportleraar, legerleider, zakenman, NRC Handelsblad, 14 May 2005 (in Dutch)
  9. ↑ "Suriname" (PDF). unesco.org. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  10. 1 2 "Desi Bouterse (1945)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-04.. historiek.net. 25 februari 2010
  11. ↑ "Timeline: Suriname". BBC News. 14 September 2012.
  12. ↑ Neilan, Terence (17 July 1999). "World Briefing". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  13. ↑ (Dutch) "Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk", Radio Nederland, 21 July 2010
  14. ↑ Viewing cable 06PARAMARIBO399, DESI BOUTERSE AND SHAHEED ROGER KHAN ACTIVITIES. wikileaks.org. Created 2006-06-23. Released 2011-08-30
  15. ↑ "Suriname 2016 Country Review", Countrywatch; Retrieved on 2016-08-26
  16. ↑ Neumeister, Larry (10 March 2015). "Suriname leader's son sentenced to over 16 years in prison". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "The Cutting Edge". thecuttingedgenews.com.
  18. ↑ "Ex-Suriname head faces murder trial". Al Jazeera. 2009-02-21.
  19. ↑ "Misiekaba: Dit is een politiek proces". NOS (Netherlands).
  20. ↑ Parbode Surinaams opinie maandblad – Ruben Rozendaal
  21. ↑ "Amnesty law change may end current trial". amnesty.ch.
  22. 1 2 "Starnieuws – Breaking news: Amnestie voor 8 december 1982". starnieuws.com.
  23. ↑ "The Surinamese amnesty act is a blessing for Bouterse". RNW.
  24. ↑ "Starnieuws – "Bouterse heeft Daal en Rambocus doodgeschoten"". starnieuws.com.
  25. ↑ Stabroek editor (24 March 2012). "'Rambocus and Daal killed by Bouterse' – witness tells Suriname hearing – Stabroek News – Georgetown, Guyana". Stabroek News.
  26. ↑ "President Bouterse works to put ", Miami Herald, 22 March 2012
  27. ↑ "BEP-fractie liep weg". dbsuriname.com.
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ "Bouterse vraagt mogelijk vergeving". NU.
  30. ↑ "Geen moleculen van bloed aan mijn vingers". Waterkant.Net.
  31. ↑ "Starnieuws – Alleen Wim Carbière vraagt om voortzetting proces". starnieuws.com.
  32. ↑ "Grote teleurstelling over goedkeuring amnestiewet". amnesty.nl.
  33. ↑ "Reporters Without Borders tegen amnestie". Waterkant.Net.
  34. 1 2 "Human Rights Watch: 'Trek de Amnestiewet in' 19-4-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws". dewest-online.com.
  35. ↑ "Starnieuws – Human Rights Watch: Amnestiewet is belediging". starnieuws.com.
  36. ↑ Redactie. "Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op". De Volkskrant.
  37. ↑ "Bouterse: "Nederland, de tijden zijn veranderd"". Waterkant.Net.
  38. ↑ Announcement | Mededeling | Radio Netherlands Worldwide
  39. ↑ Redactie. "Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op – Amnestiewet Suriname – VK". Volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  40. ↑ The NGO Development Foundation » Moiwana Human Rights Organization. Ngocaribbean.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  41. ↑ "Moiwana", Abeng Central, Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  42. ↑ Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case of the Moiwana Community v. Suriname
  43. ↑ "Enorme winst voor Bouterse in Suriname", Volkskrant.nl, 26 May 10
  44. ↑ "Bouterse eert plegers staatsgreep 1980",BN De stem
  45. ↑ Bouterse geeft bevriende roofmoordenaar gratie – Buitenland – VK. Volkskrant.nl. (2011-12-30) Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  46. ↑ "Controversy as Bouterse grants pardon to foster son", Stabroek News – Guyana, 30 December 2011; Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  47. ↑ Bouterse grants pardon to foster son | 2010 Elections in Suriname. Verkiezingensuriname.nl (2011-12-30). Retrieved on 2012-01-08.
  48. ↑ "Starnieuws – Meriba aangehouden voor mishandeling". starnieuws.com.
  49. ↑ "Meriba weer vrij 31-03-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws". dewest-online.com.
  50. ↑ Suriname's Bouterse Secures Second Presidential Term Voice of America, 14 July 2015
  51. ↑ "Cable Viewer". wikileaks.org.
  52. 1 2 "ROGER KHAN PLEADS GUILTY TO ALL CHARGES". Kaieteur News.
  53. ↑ "Roger Khan gets 40 years". Kaieteur News.
Political offices
Preceded by
Ronald Venetiaan		 President of Suriname
2010–present 		Incumbent
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