Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo
Viceroy of Naples
In office September 1532 – 1552
Monarch	Charles V
Preceded by	Pompeo Cardinal Colonna
Succeeded by	Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio
Personal details
Born	July 13, 1484 Madrid, Spain
Died	February 21, 1553 (aged 68) Florence, Italy
Spouse(s)	Maria Osorio, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo
Religion	Catholic

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga, jure uxoris Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo (Spanish: Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga, Marqués de Villafranca del Bierzo; July 13, 1484 – February 21, 1553) was a Spanish politician. The first effective Spanish viceroy of Naples, in 1532–1552, he was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban change in the city and southern Italian kingdom, in general.

Biography

Early life

He was born in 1484 near Salamanca in Spain, the second son of Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba.^[1] His paternal grandmother was Maria Enriquez, the sister of Juana Enríquez, Queen Consort of Aragon through her marriage to widower king of Aragon Juan II of Aragon, and the mother of Ferdinand II of Aragon and ancestress of Habsburgs. Through this relation, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was a second cousin of Don Pedro.

Viceroy of Naples

Spain took over the Kingdom of Naples in 1503 and solidified her grasp after the final, failed attempt by France in 1529 to retake the kingdom. For the first three decades of the century, a succession of inconsequential viceroys ruled the vicerealm. Don Pedro arrived as viceroy in September 1532.

Don Pedro’s rebuilding of the city went on for years. Old city walls were expanded and an entirely new wall was built along the sea front. Fortresses along those walls and further up and down the coast from the city were modernized, and the Arsenale—the naval shipyards—were expanded considerably. Don Pedro also built the viceregal palace as well as a dozen blocks of barracks nearby, a square grid of streets lined with multi-storied buildings—unique in Europe for its time. Today, that section of Naples is still called the “Spanish Quarter”. The goal was to make not just the city of Naples, but the Gulf of Naples and eventually, the entire vice-realm invulnerable—that is, the entire southern Italian peninsula.

Eleanor of Toledo, daughter of marquis Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Viceroy of Naples, 1532- 1553, was the wife, since 1539, of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence. Portrait by Angelo Bronzino, oil on wood, 115x96 cm. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

Don Pedro ruled harshly. In 1542 he closed the Accademia Pontaniana. He instituted summary execution for petty theft on public streets and made it a capital crime to go armed at night in the city. He was ruthless in dealing with feudal barons in the countryside and encouraged their moving into the city within reach of a central authority. This breaking-up of land holdings began a trend to urbanization as both the landed class and the landless peasant class poured into Naples. By 1550, the population of 200,000 was second only to Paris in all of Europe. Within the city, he centralized administration, moving all courts onto the same premises, the Castel Capuano, also known as the "Vicaria".

Don Pedro is remembered as the viceroy who tried without success to institute the Spanish Inquisition in Naples, in 1547. When the announcement of the Inquisition finally came in May 1547, the protest was immediate, turning violent very quickly. It was not a "popular" revolution, but rather a revolt by many of the landed nobility in and around Naples and Salerno, property owners who knew that the Inquisition had a reputation for confiscating the wealth and property of those whom it questioned.

Don Pedro, upon the order of the emperor Charles V, backed down and the Inquisition was called off. In 1552, Charles V calmed the populace further by sending Toledo off to Siena to handle a local problem. The viceroy died in Florence, where one of his daughters, Eleanor of Toledo was duchess consort of Medici the following year.

Don Pedro's reputation as a city-builder has stood the test of time. The city of Naples still bears his stamp in countless places. He was supposed to be entombed in the church of San Giacomo degli Spagnoli in Naples, but his sudden death in Florence meant he was buried in the Cathedral of Florence then.^[2]

Family

Ancestry

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo's ancestors in three generations

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo	Father: Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Duke of Alba	Paternal Grandfather: García Álvarez de Toledo 1st Duke of Alba	Paternal Great-grandfather: Fernán Álvarez de Toledo, Count of Alba de Tormes
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Mencia Carrillo, Lady of Bercimuelle
		Paternal Grandmother: María Enriquez	Paternal Great-grandfather: Fadrique Enriquez, Admiral of Castile
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Teresa de Quiñones
	Mother: Isabel de Zuñiga y Pimentel	Maternal Grandfather: Álvaro de Zuñiga Duke of Plasencia	Maternal Great-grandfather: Pedro de Zúñiga, Count of Ledesma
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Isabel de Guzmán
		Maternal Grandmother: Leonor de Pimentel	Maternal Great-grandfather: Juan Alfonso Pimentel, Count of Mayorga
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Elvira de Zuñiga

Descendants

Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo married in 1508 Maria Osorio Pimentel, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo. They had seven children:

• Eleanor of Toledo, married in 1539 Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. With issue.
• Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, 3rd Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo; (1510 - 1569). 3rd Marquis on the death of his mother in 1539. He married Inés Pimentel, but no issue.
• García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, a.k.a. García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio (1514–1577, in Naples, Italy) became the 4th Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo in 1569, when his brother Fadrique died without issue, albeit being married. He married Vittoria Colonna, having issue, Pedro, who survived till 1627.
• Ana de Toledo, married Lopo de Moscoso Osório, 4th count of Altamira.
• Juana Álvarez de Toledo, married Fernando Ximenez de Urrea, 2nd Count of Aranda
• Isabel de Toledo, married Gian Battista Spinelli, 2nd Prince of Cariati
• Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, interim Viceroy of Naples for 2 months in 1552, commander in the Order of Santiago.

Through the marriage of his youngest daughter, Eleanor of Toledo with the Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1539, Don Pedro Álvarez de Toledo became an ancestor of Bourbon Kings of France and Spain, Habsburg-Lorraine Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, Austria and Austria-Hungary and Grand Dukes of Tuscany, several Stuart Kings and Queens of England and Scotland, Kings of Italy from the House of Savoy, and other noble families. He is also the direct ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, as well as of her son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the future King of Great Britain.

References

Citations

1. Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. Los judeoconversos en España y América (in Spanish). As with many Castilian noble families of the time, converso ancestry has been attributed. However, detailed genealogical analysis has suggested a mozarab origin
2. (Italian)Via Toledo in Naples, information

Other sources

• Amabile, Luigi (1892). Il santo Officio della Inquisizione in Napoli (in Italian). Città di Castello, Italy: S. Lapi.
• Croce, Benedetto (1915). Storia del Regno di Napoli (in Italian). Bari, Italy.
• De Seta, Cesare (1981). Le Città nella Storia d'Italia: Napoli, 'Il Viceregno' (in Italian). Bari, Italy: Laterza. pp. 106–128.
• Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio (1971). Los judeoconversos en España y América (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain.
• "Don Pedro de Toledo". Around Naples Encyclopedia. September 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
• Cawley, Charles, title-date=September 2008 Table 15: Ancestors of Leonora Alvarez de Toledo (1522-1562) Check |url= value (help), Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,
• Tejada, Francisco Elías (1958). Nàpoles hispanico (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain.