East Pakistan

East Pakistan
পূর্ব পাকিস্তান
مشرقی پاکستان
Former eastern wing of Pakistan
1955–1971
Capital Dacca
Languages Bengalia (official)
English
Religion Islam
Government Socialist state (1954–58)
Presidential republic (1960–69)
Military government (1969–71)
Administrator
 •  1960–1962 Azam Khan
 • 1962–1969 Abdul Monem Khan
 • 1969–1971 Syed Mohammad Ahsan
 • 1971 Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi
Chief Minister
 • 1955–1956, 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar
 • 1956–1958 Ataur Rahman Khan
Governors
 • 1955–1956 Amiruddin Ahmad
 • 1956–1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq
 • 1958–1960 Zakir Husain
Legislature Legislative Assembly
Historical era Cold War
 •  Established 1955
 • Final settlement 22 November 1954
 • Bangladesh Liberation War 26 March 1971
 • Indo-Pakistani War 3 December 1971
 •  Surrender of Pakistan 16 December 1971
Area 147,570 km² (56,977 sq mi)
Currency Pakistani rupee
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
East Bengal
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Today part of  Bangladesh
a. Second National Language - Dominion of Pakistan: 29 February 1956

East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Pūrbô Pākistān; Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان‎ Mas̱ẖriqī Pākistān IPA: [məʃrɪqiː pɑːkɪst̪ɑːn]), present-day Bangladesh, was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in the Bengal region of the northeast of South Asia from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme that laid the existence of East Pakistan.[1]

During the partition of India in 1947, the British Empire divided the region of Bengal into East and West Bengal, separating the eastern areas with a Muslim majority from the western areas with a Hindu majority.[2] Inter-religious violence during the partition drove Bengali Muslims and Hindus further apart, leading to political upheaval in Bengal.[2] In 1947, districts of Bengal with a Muslim majority favoured division after approving the 3 June Plan presented by the Viceroy of India Lord Mountbatten, and merged with the new province of East Bengal of the Dominion of Pakistan.[3] From 1947 until 1954, East Bengal was an independent administrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin.[3] In 1955, the Bengali Prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra devolved the province of East Bengal and established the state of East Pakistan with Dhaka as its state capital.[1] In the 1954 elections the Pakistan Muslim League led by the United Front coalition of the Awami League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Democratic Party and Nizam-e-Islam were completely defeated.[4][5][6] The Awami League gained the control of East Pakistan after appointing Huseyn Suhrawardy for the office of prime minister.[7][8] This authoritarian period that existed from 1958 until 1971, is often regarded as period of mass repression, resentment, and political neglect and ignorance.[9][10] Allying with the population of West Pakistan, the East's population unanimously voted for Fatima Jinnah during the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan.[11] The elections were widely believed to be heavily rigged in the favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage and intimidation to influence the indirectly elected electoral college.[11] The economic disparity, impression that West Pakistan, despite being less populated than East Pakistan, was ruling and prospering at its cost further popularize the Bengali nationalism.[12] The support for state autonomy grew when the Awami League introduced the Six point movement in 1966,[13] and participated with full force in the 1970 general elections in which the Awami League had won and secured the exclusive mandate of East-Pakistan.[14][15]

After the general elections, President General Yahya Khan attempted to negotiate with both Pakistan Peoples Party and Awami League to share power in the central government but talks failed when President Yahya Khan authorised an armed operation (codename Searchlight) to attack the Awami League.[14] As response to this operation, the Awami League announced the declaration of independence of East Pakistan on 26 March 1971 and began an armed struggle against Pakistan.[15]

East Pakistan had an area of 147,570 km2 (56,977 mi2). India bordered it on three sides (East, North, and West) with the Bay of Bengal to the South. East Pakistan was one of the largest provincial states of Pakistan, with the largest population, the largest political representation, and the largest economy.[10] A nine-month-long war ended on 16 December 1971, when the Pakistan Armed Forces were overrun in Dhaka, ultimately signing the instrument of surrender which resulted in the largest number of prisoners of war since World War II.[15] Finally, on 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was officially disestablished and was succeeded by the independent state of Bangladesh.[15]

Geographical history

Many notable Muslim Bengali figures were among the Founding fathers of present date, State of Pakistan. The country came into existence on 14 August 1947 confronted by seemingly insurmountable problems. As many as 12 million people Muslims leaving India for Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs opting to move to India from the new state of Pakistan which had been involved in the mass transfer of population between the two countries, and perhaps two million refugees had died in the violence that had accompanied the migrations in the borders of West Pakistan. Until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by 1,600 km of Indian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. Many Bengali Hindus left for Calcutta after independence,[16] and their place, particularly in commerce, was taken mostly by Muslims who had migrated from the Indian state of Bihar or by West Pakistanis from different provinces.

Political history

Bengal was divided into two provinces on the midnight of 14 August 1947 following the Radcliffe Line. The two provinces each had their own chief ministers and governors. In August 1947, the West Bengal became part of India and East Bengal became part of Pakistan. Throughout this time, the tensions between East Bengal and the West Pakistan led to the One-Unit policy by Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra. In 1955, most of the western wing was combined to form a new West Pakistan province (which contained four provinces and four territories) while East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan (a single provisional state). In 1955, Bogra appointed communist leader Abu Hussain Sarkar as chief minister and Amiruddin Ahmad as governor.

Following the promulgation of 1956 Constitution, Prime Minister Bogra appointed Bengali bureaucrat and retired Major-General Iskander Mirza as Interior minister and the Army Commander of army General Ayub Khan as the Defence minister while Muhammad Ali remained Economic minister. The main objective of the new government was to end disruptive provincial politics and to provide the country with a new constitution. After a revision, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared that the Pakistan Constituent Assembly must be called. Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad was unable to circumvent the order, and the new Constituent Assembly, elected by the provincial assemblies, met for the first time in July 1955. Bogra, who had little support in the new assembly, fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry. Ghulam Mohammad, plagued by poor health, was succeeded as governor-general in September 1955 by Mirza.

Language Movement and 1954 provincial elections

The communist parties were influential in staging the massive protests for the Bengali Language Movement which led the destruction of PML in East Pakistan, 1950s.

Previously in 1952, then Chief Minister Nurul Amin who was firmly against the agitation, stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[17] All over the country, the political parties had favored the general elections in Pakistan except for the Muslim League.[18] The military, bureaucracy and the United States was nervous with good reasons where the support for the Soviet Union began to rise in both East and West.[18] Finally, in 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[18] Unlike in West, not all the Hindu population migrated to India, instead many Hindus remained.[18] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party of Pakistan and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting severe defeat to the Muslim League.[18] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[18]

In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief Minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[18]

Martial law

In East Pakistan, the political impasse culminated in 1958 in a violent scuffle in the East-Pakistan parliament between the members of the Pakistan Muslim League and the East-Pakistan police, in which the deputy speaker was fatally injured and two ministers badly wounded. Uncomfortable with the workings of democratic system, unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections and the threat of Baloch separatism in West Pakistan, Bengali President Iskandar Ali Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished all political parties in both West and East Pakistan, abrogated the two-year-old constitution, and imposed the first martial law in the country on 7 October 1958.

President Iskandar Mirza announced that "the martial law would be a temporary measure, lasting only until a new constitution was to be drafted". On 27 October, President Mirza swore in a twelve-member cabinet that included Army Commander General Ayub Khan as Defence Minister as well as chief martial law administrator of the country, along with three other senior military officers in ministerial positions. The cabinet included among the eight civilians, one of them being Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former Karachi University lecturer.

Roughly after two weeks, President Mirza's relations with Pakistan Armed Forces deteriorated leading Army Commander General Ayub Khan relieving the president from his presidency and forcefully exiling President Mirza to the United Kingdom. General Ayub Khan justified his actions after appearing on national radio declaring that: "the armed forces and the people demanded a clean break with the past...". Until 1962, the martial law continued while Field Marshal Ayub Khan purged a number of politicians and civil servants from the government and replaced them with military officers. Ayub called his regime a "revolution to clean up the mess of black marketing (sic), and corruption.".

Presidential republic and economy

Martial law continued until 1962 when the government of Field Marshal Ayub Khan commissioned a constitutional bench under Chief Justice of Pakistan Muhammad Shahabuddin, composed of ten senior justices, each five from East Pakistan and five from West Pakistan. On 6 May 1961, the commission sent its draft to President Ayub Khan. He thoroughly examined the draft while consulting with his cabinet. In January 1962, the cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution, promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1 March 1962, which came into effect on 8 June 1962. With the success of the 1962 constitution, East Pakistan became a presidential republic and abolished all parliamentary institutions in East Pakistan. The 1962 constitution created a presidential system in both West and East Pakistan. Each state ran their own separate presidential provincial governments. The constitution clearly defined a division of powers between the central government and the provinces.

The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4.4% in the West Pakistan versus 2.6% in East Pakistan from 1960 to 1965. Bengali politicians pushed for more autonomy, arguing that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan from the exportation of Bengali jute and tea. As late as 1960, approximately 70% of Pakistan's export earnings originated in East Pakistan, although this percentage declined as international demand for jute dwindled. By the mid-1960s, East Pakistan was accounting for less than 60% of the nation's export earnings, and by the time Bangladesh gained its independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50%. In 1966, Mujib demanded that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas. By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress" with its successful green revolution in wheat and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level. Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, the seat of the national government, received more foreign aid.

Military government

With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969, Commander of the Pakistani Army, General Yahya Khan became the country's second ruling chief martial law administrator. Both Bhutto and Mujib strongly disliked General Khan, but patiently endured him and his government as he had promised to hold an election in 1970. During this time, strong nationalistic sentiments in East Pakistan were perceived by the Pakistani Armed Forces and the central military government. Therefore, Khan and his military government wanted to divert the nationalistic threats and violence against non-East Pakistanis. The Eastern Military High Command was under constant pressure from the Awami League, and requested an active duty officer to control the command under such extreme pressure. The high flag rank officers, junior officers and many high command officers from the Pakistan's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East-Pakistan, and the assignment of governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High Military Command.

Civil disobedience

East Pakistan's Armed Forces, under the military administrations of Major-General Muzaffaruddin and Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, used an excessive amount of show of military force to curb the uprising in the province. With such action, the situation became highly critical and civil control over the province slipped away from the government. On 24 March, dissatisfied with the performance of his generals, Yahya Khan removed General Muzaffaruddin and General Yaqub Khan from office on 1 September 1969. The appointment of a military administrator was considered quite difficult and challenging with the crisis continually deteriorating. Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy, had previously served as political and military adviser of East Pakistan to former President Ayub Khan. Having such a strong background in administration, and being an expert on East Pakistan affairs, General Yahya Khan appointed Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan as Martial Law Administrator, with absolute authority in his command. He was relieved as Chief of Naval Staff, and received extension from the government. On 1 September Admiral Ahsan assumed the command of the Eastern Military High Command, and became a unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan. Under his command, the Pakistani Armed Forces were removed from the cities and deployed along the border. The rate of violence in East Pakistan dropped, nearly coming to an end. Civil rule improved and stabilised in East Pakistan under Martial Law Administrator Admiral Ahsan's era. The next year, in 1970, it was in this charged atmosphere that parliamentary elections were held in the country in December 1970.

Position towards West Pakistan

1971 documentary film about East Pakistan

The tense diplomatic relations between East and West Pakistan reached a climax in 1970 when the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, (Mujib), won a landslide victory in the national elections in East Pakistan. The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the Parliament. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form an absolute government. Khan invited Mujib to Rawalpindi to take the charge of the office, and negotiations took place between the military government and the Awami Party. Bhutto was shocked with the results, and threatened his fellow Peoples Party members if they attended the inaugural session at the National Assembly, famously saying he would "break the legs" of any member of his party who dared enter and attend the session. However, fearing East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded Mujib to form a coalition government. After a secret meeting held in Larkana, Mujib agreed to give Bhutto the office of presidency with Mujib as prime minister. General Yahya Khan and his military government were kept unaware of these developments and under pressure from his own military government, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan. This increased agitation for greater autonomy in East Pakistan. The Military Police arrested Mujib and Bhutto and placed them in Adiala Jail in Rawalpindi. The news spread like a fire in both East and West Pakistan, and the struggle for independence began in East Pakistan.

The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party. Bhutto later distanced himself from Yahya Khan after he was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib. Soon after the arrests, a high level meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan. During the meeting, high commanders of Pakistan Armed Forces unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action. East Pakistan's Martial Law Administrator Admiral Ahsan, unified commander of Eastern Military High Command (EMHC), and Air Marshal Mitty Masud, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), were the only officers to object to the plans. When it became obvious that a military action in East Pakistan was inevitable, Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as martial law administrator in protest, and immediately flew back to Karachi, West Pakistan. Disheartened and isolated, Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in Karachi. Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal commenced, Air Marshal Masud flew to West Pakistan, and unlike Admiral Ahsan, tried to stop the violence in East Pakistan. When he failed in his attempts to meet General Yahya Khan, Masud too resigned from his position as Commander of Eastern Air Command, and took retirement from Air Force.

Final years and war

Separatist/nationalistic flag of East Bengal

Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan was sent into East Pakistan in emergency, following a major blow of the resignation of Vice Admiral Ahsan. General Yaqub temporarily assumed the control of the province, as he was made the unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces. General Yaqub mobilised the entire major forces in East Pakistan, and were re-deployed in East Pakistan.

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the undisputed leader of the 75 million people of Bangladesh, in due fulfillment of the legitimate right of self-determination of the people of Bangladesh, duly made a declaration of independence at Dacca on 26 March 1971. All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighbouring India and an exile government was formed headed by Mujibur Rahman. While he was in Pakistan Prison, Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting president with Tazuddin Ahmed as the prime minister. The exile government took oath on 17 April 1971 at Mujib Nagar, within East Pakistan territory of Kustia district and formally formed the government. Colonel MOG Osmani was appointed the Commander in Chief of Liberation Forces and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed by eleven sector commanders. All sector commanders were Bengali officers who had defected from the Pakistan Army. This started the Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters, joined in December 1971 by 400,000 Indian soldiers, faced the Pakistani Armed Forces of 365,000 plus Paramilitary and collaborationist forces. An additional approximately 25,000 ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bloody guerrilla warfare ensued in East Pakistan.

Dissolution of East Pakistan

The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. Poorly trained and inexperienced in guerrilla tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were successfully sabotaged by the Bangladesh Liberation Forces. On April 1971, Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan succeeded General Yaqub Khan as Commander of unified forces. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and massacre campaigns in the region. He is held responsible for killing hundreds of thousands of Bengali people in East Pakistan, mostly civilians and unarmed peoples. For his role, General Tikka Khan gained the title as "Butcher of Bengal". General Khan faced an international reaction against Pakistan, and therefore, General Tikka was removed as Commander of Eastern front. He installed a civilian administration under Abdul Motaleb Malik on 31 August 1971, which proved to be ineffective. However, during the meeting, with no high officers willing to assume the command of East Pakistan, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced and the large magnitude of this assignment, the government sent Vice-Admiral Mohammad Shariff as second-in-command of General Niazi. Admiral Shariff served as the deputy unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan. However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Therefore, General Niazi and Air Marshal Enamul Haque, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), failed to launch any operation in East Pakistan against Indian or its allies. Except Admiral Shariff who continued to press pressure on Indian Navy until the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff's effective plans made it nearly impossible for Indian Navy to land its naval forces on the shores of East Pakistan. The Indian Navy was unable to land forces in East Pakistan and the Pakistan Navy was still offering resistance. The Indian Army, entered East Pakistan from all three directions of the province. The Indian Navy then decided to wait near the Bay of Bengal until the Army reached the shore.

The Indian Air Force dismantled the capability of Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan. Air Marshal Enamul Haque, Commander of Eastern Air Force Command (EAFC), failed to offer any serious resistance to the actions of the Indian Air Force. For most part of the war, the IAF enjoyed complete dominance in the skies over East Pakistan.

Surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces

Signing of Pakistani Instrument of Surrender by Pakistan's Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi in the presence of Indian military officers in Dhaka on 16 Dec' 1971.

On 16 December 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the joint liberation forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian army, headed by Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Arora, the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. Lieutenant General AAK Niazi, the last unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces' Eastern Military High Command, signed the Instrument of Surrender at about 4:31 pm. Over 93,000 personnel, including Lt. General Niazi and Admiral Shariff, were taken as prisoners of war.

On 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was liberated from Pakistan as the newly independent state of Bangladesh. The Eastern Military High Command, civilian institutions and paramilitary forces were disbanded. Bangladesh gained recognition from most countries soon after the signing of the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan. In 1974, Bangladesh joined the United Nations.

Military

The border of -Indo-East Pakistan border as shown by the U.S. Army, c. 1960.

Since its unification with Pakistan, the East Pakistan Army had consisted of only one infantry brigade made up of two battalions, the 1st East Bengal Regiment and the 1/14 or 3/8 Punjab Regiment in 1948. These two battalions boasted only five rifle companies between them (an infantry battalion normally had 5 companies).[19] This weak brigade was under the command of Brigadier-General Ayub Khan (local rank Major-General – GOC of 14th Army Division), together with the East Pakistan Rifles, which was tasked with defending East Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.[20] The PAF, Marines, and the Navy had little presence in the region. Only one PAF combatant squadron, No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers, was active in East Pakistan. This combatant squadron was commanded by Air Force Major Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi, who later became a four-star general. The East Pakistan military personnel were trained in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics by the advisers from the Special Service Group (Navy) who were also charged with intelligence data collection and management cycle.

The East Pakistan Navy had only one active-duty combatant destroyer, the PNS Sylhet; one submarine Ghazi (which was repeatedly deployed in West); four gunboats, inadequate to function in deep water. The joint special operations were managed and undertaken by the Naval Special Service Group (SSG(N)) who were assisted by the army, air force and marines unit. The entire service, the Marines were deployed in East Pakistan, initially tasked with conducting exercises and combat operations in riverine areas and at near shoreline. The small directorate of Naval Intelligence (while the headquarters and personnel, facilities, and directions were coordinated by West) had vital role in directing special and reconnaissance missions, and intelligence gathering, also was charged with taking reasonable actions to slow down the Indian threat. The armed forces of East Pakistan also consisted the paramilitary organisation, the Razakars from the intelligence unit of the ISI's Covert Action Division (CAD). All of these armed forces were commanded by the unified command structure, the Eastern Military High Command, led by an officer of three-star rank equivalent.

Governors

TenureGovernor of East Pakistan[1] Political Affiliation
14 October 1955 – March 1956Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League
March 1956 – 13 April 1958A. K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League
13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958Muhammad Hamid Ali (acting) Awami League
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PA Military Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969Major-General Muzaffaruddin,[21] PA Military Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN Military Administration
7 March 1971 – 6 April 1971Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
6 April 1971 – 31 August 1971Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PA Military Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA Military Administration
16 December 1971Province of East Pakistan dissolved

Chief ministers

TenureChief Minister of East Pakistan[1]Political Party
August 1955 – September 1956Abu Hussain SarkarShramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
September 1956 – March 1958Ataur Rahman KhanAwami League
March 1958Abu Hussain SarkarShramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
March 1958 – 18 June 1958Ataur Rahman KhanAwami League
18 June 1958 – 22 June 1958Abu Hussain SarkarShramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal
22 June 1958 – 25 August 1958Governor's Rule
25 August 1958 – 7 October 1958Ataur Rahman KhanAwami League
7 October 1958Post abolished
16 December 1971Province of East Pakistan dissolved

Memorials and legacy

The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived – a psychological setback,[22] complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces.[22][23][24] The governor and martial law administrator Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi was defamed, his image was maligned and he was stripped of his honors.[22] The people of Pakistan could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat, and spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests erupted on the streets of major cities in (West) Pakistan.[22] General Yahya Khan surrendered powers to Nurul Amin of Pakistan Muslim League, the first and last Vice-President and Prime minister of Pakistan.[22]

Prime Minister Amin invited then-President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party to take control of Pakistan. In a color ceremony where, Bhutto gave a daring speech to the nation on national television.[22] At the ceremony, Bhutto waved his fist in the air and pledged to his nation to never again allow the surrender of his country like what happened with East Pakistan. He launched and orchestrated the large-scale atomic bomb project in 1972.[25] In memorial of East Pakistan, the East-Pakistan diaspora in Pakistan established the East-Pakistan colony in Karachi, Sindh.[26] In accordance, the East-Pakistani diaspora also composed patriotic tributes to Pakistan after the war; songs such as Sohni Dharti (lit. Beautiful land) and Jeevay, Jeevay Pakistan (lit. long-live, long-live Pakistan), were composed by Bengali singer Shahnaz Rahmatullah in the 1970s and 1980s.

To Western observers, the loss of East Pakistan was a blessing[25]— but it has never been seen that way in Pakistan.[25] In the book "Scoop! Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present", Pakistan-born Indian politician Kuldip Nayar opined, "Losing East Pakistan and Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy – as if there was no liberation war."[27] Bhutto's policy, and even today, the policy of Pakistan is that "she will continue to fight for the honor and integrity of Pakistan. East Pakistan is an inseparable and inseverable part of Pakistan".[27]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Bangladesh". Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Partition of Bengal". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  3. 1 2 "The June 3rd Plan". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  4. ↑ Rahman, Syedur (2010). Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh. USA: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group. p. 300. ISBN 978-08108-6766-6.
  5. ↑ U.S. Government (1 June 2004). Pakistan, a country study. USA: U.S. Government. pp. 236pp. ISBN 9781419139949.
  6. ↑ Ali, Tariq (2003). The Clash of Fundamentalisms. United Kingdom: Verso Books. pp. 181–237, 342pp. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
  7. ↑ "H. S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  8. ↑ Trived, Rabindranath. "The Legacy of the plight of Hindus in Bangladesh". Original date: Sun, 2007-07-22 01:09 pm. Rabindranath Trived, Asian Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  9. ↑ Jalil, Amar (7 January 2007). "United front against the Bengalis". Dawn. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  10. 1 2 Jalil, Amar (28 March 2004). "An unforgivable front". Dawn. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Presidential Election". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  12. ↑ Asif Haroon Raja. "After East Pakistan, another global conspiracy in the offing in Balochistan". Asif Haroon Raja. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  13. ↑ "Awami League's Six-Point Program". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  14. 1 2 "General Elections 1970". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "The Separation of East Pakistan". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  16. ↑ James Sadler Hamilton (1994). Sitar Music in Calcutta: An Ethnomusicological Study. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. p. xiv.
  17. ↑ Nair, Bhaskaran (1990). Politics in East Pakistan. New Delhi, India: Northern Book Center. ISBN 9788185119793.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ali, Tariq (2003). The Clash of Fundamentalism. United Kingdom: Verso Books. p. 395. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
  19. ↑ Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp49
  20. ↑ Major Nasir Uddin, Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata, pp47, pp51
  21. ↑ (acting martial law administrator and governor as he was the GOC 14th Infantry Division)
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1., Chapter 3, pp 87.
  23. ↑ Burke, Samuel Martin (1974). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies. University Of Minnesota Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-8166-5714-8.
  24. ↑ Ali, Tariq (1997). Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State. Verso Books. ISBN 978-0-86091-949-0.
  25. 1 2 3 Langewiesche, William (November 2005). "The Wrath of Khan". The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 July 2016. Thirty-four years later it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing—but it is still not seen so today in Pakistan, and it was certainly not seen so at the time ... One month after the surrender of Pakistan's army in Bangladesh [Bhutto] called a secret meeting of about seventy Pakistani scientists ... He asked them for a nuclear bomb, and they responded enthusiastically.
  26. ↑ Abbas Naqvi (17 December 2006). "Falling back". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Few people in Karachi's Chittagong Colony can forget Dec 16, 1971 – the Fall of Dhaka
  27. 1 2 Nayar, Kuldip (1 October 2006). Scoop! : Inside Stories from Partition to the Present. United Kingdom: HarperCollins. pp. 213 pages. ISBN 978-8172236434.

External links

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