F. W. Woolworth Company

F. W. Woolworth Company

Trading name	Woolworth's or Woolworth & Co
Former type	Privately owned
Traded as	Private
Industry	Retail
Fate	Department stores closed. Name changed in 1997 to Venator Group, and in 2001 to Foot Locker[1]
Successor	Foot Locker
Founded	February 22, 1878 Utica, New York, United States
Founder	Frank Winfield Woolworth (President)
Defunct	July 1997
Headquarters	Woolworth Building, New York City, New York, United States
Key people	F.W. Woolworth (Founder/CEO) Charles Woolworth (Chairman)
Products	Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, consumer electronics and housewares
Owner	Independent (until 1997)
Parent	Woolworth Corporation, LLC.
Subsidiaries	Woolworths Group F. W. Woolworth Ireland Woolworth Canada Woolworth GmbH Woolworth Mexicana Kinney Shoe Company Woolco Woolworth Athletic Group Richman Brothers
Website	www.footlocker-inc.com

The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's, or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime, setting trends and creating the modern retail model which stores follow worldwide today.

The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Using the sign from the Utica store, Woolworth opened his first successful "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" on July 18, 1879, in Lancaster. He brought his brother, Charles Sumner Woolworth, into the business.

The two Woolworth brothers pioneered and developed merchandising, direct purchasing, sales, and customer service practices commonly used today. Despite its growing to be one of the largest retail chains in the world through most of the 20th century, increased competition led to its decline beginning in the 1980s. The chain went out of business in July 1997, when the company decided to focus on the Foot Locker division and renamed itself Venator Group. By 2001, the company focused exclusively on the sporting goods market, changing its name to the present Foot Locker, Inc. (NYSE: FL)

Retail chains using the Woolworth name survive in Austria, Germany, Mexico and, until the start of 2009, the United Kingdom. The similarly named Woolworths supermarkets in Australia and New Zealand are operated by Australia's largest retail company, Woolworths Limited, a separate company with no historical links to the F. W. Woolworth Company or Foot Locker, Inc. However, Woolworths Limited did take their name from the original company, as it had not been registered or trademarked in Australia at the time. Similarly, in South Africa, Woolworths Holdings Limited operates a Marks & Spencer-like store and uses the Woolworth name, but has never had any connection with the American company. The property development company Woolworth Group in Cyprus began life as an offshoot of the British Woolworth's company, originally operating Woolworth's department stores in Cyprus. In 2003, these stores were rebranded Debenhams, but the commercial property arm of the business retained the Woolworth's name.

History

Door handle of a mid-20th century Woolworth's store

Origin

The F.W. Woolworth Co. had the first five-and-dime stores, which sold discounted general merchandise at fixed prices, usually five or ten cents, undercutting the prices of other local merchants. Woolworth, as the stores popularly became known, was one of the first American retailers to put merchandise out for the shopping public to handle and select without the assistance of a sales clerk. Earlier retailers had kept all merchandise behind a counter and customers presented the clerk with a list of items they wished to buy.^[2]

After working in Augsbury and Moore dry goods store in Watertown, New York, Frank Winfield Woolworth obtained credit from his former boss, William Moore, along with some savings, to buy merchandise and open the "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store" in Utica, New York, on February 22, 1878. The store failed and closed in May 1878, after Frank earned enough money to pay back William Moore. Frank soon made a second attempt, and opened his "Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store", using the same sign, on June 21, 1879, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster proved a success, and Frank never forgot the city for the rest of his life. Frank wanted to open a second store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and so he asked his brother Charles Sumner "Sum" Woolworth to join him by managing it. The Harrisburg store opened as, "5¢ Woolworth Bro's Store" on July 19, 1879. After a falling-out with the landlord, that store moved to York, Pennsylvania, opening in March 1880. That store did not last long either, closing three months later. Frank searched for a larger, low-rent building. He found an ideal location in Scranton, Pennsylvania, at 125 Penn Avenue, and opened their "5¢ & 10¢ Woolworth Bro's Store" on November 6, 1880, with Sum as manager. The Scranton store is where Sum fully developed the brothers' "5¢ & 10¢" merchandising model. Sum spent a lot of time working the sales floor, talking with customers and employees. He often personally served customers. Sales grew steadily. By 1881, at Frank's suggestion, Sum bought out his brother's share of the Scranton store in two installments, in January 1881 and 1882. This made Sum the first Woolworth Bro's franchisee.^[3][4][5][6]

In 1884, confident enough to open another store, Sum partnered with his longtime friend Fred Kirby to open a store in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, a neighboring town to the west of Scranton. Fred had been working as the head of wholesale operations at Augsbury and Moore of Watertown, New York. Each man put up $600 to launch the Wilkes-Barre store called "Woolworth and Kirby". Fred managed the new store and, while sales were initially poor, the store soon caught on. By 1887 he used his profits to buy out Sum and expand the store under his name; Sum and Fred remained the best of friends. During this time, Frank was expanding with more stores. Sum's approach was different; he worked to perfect the look and feel of his Scranton store. It had mahogany counters with glass dividers and glass-fronted showcases. The store was brightly lit, new, and the wooden floor was polished to a lustrous shine. The layout was soon adopted by Frank for his F. W. Woolworth stores and became the standard as the two brothers persuaded family members and former co-workers from Moore's to join them in forming a "friendly rival syndicate" of five-and-ten-cent stores. Each of the syndicate chain's stores looked similar inside and out, but operated under its founder's name. Frank Woolworth provided much of the merchandise, encouraging the rivals to club together to maximize their inventory and purchasing power.

At the same time, using his preference to have someone he could trust, Frank brought in their cousin, Seymour H. Knox I, to open a store in Reading, Pennsylvania, under the name "Woolworth and Knox". Seymour had been managing a general store in Michigan.^[7]

Rise and expansion

The Woolworth Building, New York City, c. 1913

By 1904, there were six chains of affiliated stores operating in the United States and Canada. Between 1905 and 1908, members of the Woolworth Syndicate followed Frank's lead to incorporate their businesses; Sum maintained that he did not need to incorporate his stores. In 1912 the syndicate agreed to a scheme crafted by Frank Woolworth: to join forces and incorporate as one corporate entity under the name "F. W. Woolworth Company" in a merger of all 596 stores. The stock flotation raised over $30 million for the five founders of the merged chains. They all swallowed their pride and accepted Frank's name above the door, with Frank as President of the new Corporation. Sum Woolworth, Fred Kirby, Seymour Knox, Earle Charlton, and William Moore each became a Director and Vice-President. One of the "friendly rival" predecessor chains included several stores initially opened as Woolworth & Knox stores starting as early as September 20, 1884 as well as S. H. Knox & Co. 5 & 10 Cent Stores opened after an 1889 buyout by his cousin, Seymour H. Knox I. Knox's chain grew to 98 U.S. and 13 Canadian stores by the time of the corporate consolidation. Fred M. Kirby added 96 stores, Earle Charlton added 35, Charles Sumner Woolworth added 15, and William Moore added two.

Sum Woolworth continued to maintain his home base in Scranton, PA. He was not the type to get embroiled in the politics, as executives of the different chains sought to establish themselves in the merger. As he did from the beginning, Sum concentrated on improving stores, particularly in his native Pennsylvania, and training up-and-coming managers. Those managers eventually dispersed across the entire company, setting the style and tone of Woolworth stores worldwide.

In 1900, Frank launched his first development plan in the city of his first success, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Rather than just enlarging his store on North Queen Street, he bought up properties along the street in an area which was not considered a "good" side of town. By keeping his plans quiet, Frank saw to it that real estate prices would not be inflated in that area. When he finished the real estate purchases, he announced his plan to build a skyscraper, a building with five floors of offices above a large store. The roof had a garden and an open-air theater. The theater was a huge hit in town, and soon became the city's social center. This project was something of a dress rehearsal for his next venture.

Tea cup ballet, a 1935 photograph by Olive Cotton with some inexpensive cups and saucers from Woolworths

Second successful "Woolworth Bros" store, Scranton, PA. Later bought by brother Charles "Sum", becoming the first "C. S. Woolworth" store, and eventually merged into the F. W. Woolworth Company.

In 1910, Frank Woolworth took another leap and commissioned the design and construction of the Woolworth Building in New York City. A pioneering early skyscraper, it was designed by American architect Cass Gilbert, a graduate of the MIT architecture school.^[8] The building was entirely paid for in cash. It was completed in 1913 and was the tallest building in the world until 1930. It also served as the company’s headquarters until it was sold by the F.W. Woolworth Company’s successor, the Venator Group (now Foot Locker), in 1998.

FW Woolworth store in Providence, RI, c. 1930–1945

Frank Woolworth, president of F. W. Woolworth, Corporation, died in 1919, in Glen Cove, New York. Sum's demeanor made him the perfect candidate to head the F. W. Woolworth Corporation after the death of his brother. He was non-confrontational, as everyone else positioned themselves in the company. The Board of Directors unanimously asked Sum to take on the Presidency. With his infamous modesty he declined. He did, however, agree to take the new role of Chairman. Company Treasurer, Hubert Parson, took the Presidency. Over the following twenty-five years, Sum saw four Presidents come and go. He gave each one quiet-spoken advice and good counsel. As Chairman, he facilitated debate and ensured issues were properly confronted and argued out by the Board.

For many years the company did a strictly "five-and-ten cent" business, but in the spring of 1932 a 20-cent line of merchandise was added. On November 13, 1935 the company's directors decided to discontinue selling-price limits altogether.^[9]

The stores eventually incorporated lunch counters after the success of the counters in the first store in the UK in Liverpool that served as general gathering places, a precursor to the modern shopping mall food court. A Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina became the setting for the 1960 Greensboro sit-ins during the Civil Rights Movement.

The Woolworth's concept was widely copied, and five-and-ten-cent stores (also known as five-and-dime stores or dimestores) became a 20th-century fixture in American downtowns. They would serve as anchors for suburban shopping plazas and shopping malls in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Criticisms that five-and-dime stores drove local merchants out of business would repeat themselves in the early 21st century, when big-box discount stores became popular. However, many five-and-dime stores were locally owned or franchised, as are many dollar stores today.

Diversification

In the 1960s, the five-and-dime concept evolved into the larger discount department store format. In 1962, Woolworth's founded a chain of large, single-floor discount stores called Woolco. Some of these stores were branded as Winfields, after the founder's middle name.

1962 was the same year that Woolworth's competitors opened similar retail chains that sold merchandise at a discount: the S.S. Kresge Company opened Kmart, Dayton's opened Target, and Sam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store.

By Woolworth’s 100th anniversary in 1979, it had become the largest department store chain in the world, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

Decline

The Woolworth's store in downtown Seattle in the 1980s

The growth and expansion of the company contributed to its downfall. The Woolworth company moved away from its five-and-dime roots and placed less emphasis on its department store chain as it focused on its specialty stores. Still, the company was unable to compete with other chains that had eroded its market share. While it was a success in Canada, the Woolco chain closed in the United States in 1983. Europe's largest F. W. Woolworth store, in Manchester, England, one of two in the city center, suffered a fire in May 1979. Despite the store's being rebuilt, even larger and up to the latest fire codes, the negative stories in the press, coupled with the loss of lives, sealed its fate; it finally closed in 1986. During the rebuild and partly as a result of the bad press, the British operation was isolated from the parent company as Woolworths plc. This proved fortuitous as the brand subsequently lasted a full twelve years longer in the United Kingdom than it did in the United States. On October 15, 1993, Woolworth's embarked on a restructuring plan that included closing half of its 800-plus general merchandise stores in the United States and converting its Canadian stores to a closeout division named The Bargain! Shop. Woolco and Woolworth survived in Canada until 1994, when the majority of the Woolco stores there were sold to Wal-Mart. The Woolco stores that were not purchased by Wal-Mart were either converted to The Bargain! Shop, sold to Zellers or shut down. Approximately 100 Woolworth stores in Canada were rebranded as The Bargain! Shop, and the rest were closed.

Focus

Amid the decline of the signature stores, Woolworth marched on with a new focus toward athletic goods on January 30, 1997, acquiring the mail order catalog athletic retailer Eastbay.

On March 17, 1997, Wal-Mart replaced Woolworth's as a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.^[10] Analysts at the time cited the lower prices of the large discount stores and the expansion of supermarket grocery stores – which had begun to stock merchandise also sold by five-and-dime stores – as contributors to Woolworth's decline in the late 20th century. On July 17, 1997, Woolworth's closed its remaining department stores in the U.S. and changed its corporate name to Venator.

In 1999, Venator moved out of the Woolworth building in New York City to offices on 34th Street. On October 20, 2001, the company changed names again; this time, it took the name of its top retail performer and became Foot Locker, Inc. Foot Locker stores chiefly sell athletic clothing and footwear.

Woolworth and its lasting influence on popular culture

Last logo

Logo used during 1960s and 70s

• Woolworth was the pioneer of "five-and-dime"-style retailing.^[11]
• In 1880, Woolworth first sold manufactured Christmas tree ornaments, which proved extremely popular.^[12]
• In 1928, Adelaide Hall introduced the hit song, "I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby" written by Jimmy McHugh and Dorothy Fields, including the lyric: "Diamond bracelets Woolworth doesn’t sell, baby".
• In 1929, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Sam Foster (founder of Foster Grant eyewear) sold sunglasses from his counter in Woolworth’s on the city's famous boardwalk, which became a great hit with the sunbathing public.^[13]
• On February 1, 1960, Four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NC A&T) started the Greensboro sit-ins at a "whites only" lunch counter in the Greensboro, North Carolina Store. (The store is now a museum)
• On May 28, 1963, 14 activists - including Tougaloo College chaplain, Reverend Ed King and professors John Salter, Jr. and Lois Chaffee (who were white), and students Pearlena Lewis, Anne Moody (who later published Coming of Age in Mississippi), and Memphis Norman (who were black), and Joan Trumpauer (who was white) - protested Jim Crow segregation via a sit-in at Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi.^[14][15] Bill Minor, then the Mississippi correspondent covering civil rights events for the New Orleans Times-Picayune and who was there that day, says the Jackson Woolworth's sit-in was "the signature event of the protest movement in Jackson. The first one there was with real violence." The following year, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed into law.^[16]
• In 1976, David Bowie memorably called his look, "a cross between Nijinsky and Woolworth’s."^[17]
• In 1978, X-Ray Spex released the song, "Warrior in Woolworths", on their album, Germfree Adolescents.
• In 1985 Prince released the song "Raspberry Beret", which centers around a Woolworth.
• In 1986 Kathy Mattea released the song Love at the Five and Dime, in which the two subjects meet at a Woolworth.
• In 2012, British electro-pop duo Blancmange released the song, "By the Bus Stop @ Woolies", on their album Blanc Burn.
• "Sixes and Sevens" – Young Mods: the term came from having T-shirts bearing numbers. For a time The Who called themselves "The High Numbers". Young Mods were also called "Sixes and Sevens" because the T-shirts cost 7s/6d from Woolworth’s.^[18]
• A Woolworth's building still remains (albeit as a thrift store) in Bakersfield, California, and includes a still-functioning diner ^[19]

Greensboro sit-in

On February 1, 1960, four black students sat down at a segregated lunch counter in a Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworth's store. They were refused service, touching off six months of sit-ins and economic boycotts that became a landmark event in the U.S. civil-rights movement. In 1993, an eight-foot section of the lunch counter was moved to the Smithsonian Institution and the store site now contains a civil rights museum, which had its grand opening on Monday, February 1, 2010, the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the sit-ins.^[20]

Presidents

• Frank Winfield Woolworth (1852–1919) from founding to 1919
• Hubert Templeton Parson 1919 to 1932^[21][22]
• Byron D. Miller 1932 to 1935^[23]
• Charles Deyo 1935 to 1946
• Alfred Cornwell 1946 to 1954
• James T. Leftwich 1954 to 1958
• Robert C. Kirkwood 1958 to 1965
• Lester A. Burcham 1965 to 1970
• John S. Roberts 1970 to 1975
• Edward F. Gibbons 1975 to 1978
• W. Robert Harris 1978 to ?
• Robert L. Jennings 1984 to 1987^[24]
• Frederick E. Hennig 1987 to 1995^[25]
• Roger N. Farah 1994 to 2000. Oversaw company's name change to Venator in 1997.
• Matthew D. Serra 2001 to 2009. Oversaw company's name change to Foot Locker in 2001.

Non-American retail users of the Woolworth name

A Christmas toy display at a Woolworth store in Montreal, Canada in 1941

A Woolworths store in the UK

Former F.W. Woolworth subsidiaries

Currently in business

• Deutsche Woolworth GmbH & Company OHG (founded in 1927), the German unit of F.W. Woolworths has operated independently since 1998; it owns the rights of the Woolworth trademark in continental Europe.
• Woolworth Mexicana operates a chain of small variety stores in Mexico, sold in December 1997 to Control Dinamico S.A. by Foot Locker Inc^[26] and is now a subsidiary of Grupo Comercial Control, S.A. de C.V.^[27]

Defunct

• Woolworth Canada was the Canadian unit of F.W. Woolworth founded in the 1920s and based in North York, Ontario.^[28] In addition to the Woolworth stores, other banners of Woolworth Canada included Woolco, The Bargain! Shop, Kinney, Foot Locker, Northern Reflections, Northern Getaway, Northern Traditions, Silk & Satin and Randy River.^[29] The division continued to be called Woolworth Canada even after the last stores under the Woolworth nameplate disappeared from Canada in 1994. Woolworth Canada was eventually renamed Venator Group Canada in 1998 and finally Foot Locker Canada in 2001.^[30]
• Woolworths Group plc originally was the British unit of F.W. Woolworth's, but operated independently as a separate company from 1982, running stores in the UK, Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. On November 26, 2008 Woolworth's Group plc announced that they were in too much debt to maintain their outgoing payments. The remaining British Woolworth's stores closed by January 6, 2009, with the loss of almost 30,000 jobs.^[31]

Others

• Woolworths Limited is the largest retail corporation in Australia, operating a variety of supermarket and other retail chains in Australia and New Zealand. The name "Woolworths" was legally taken to capitalize on the F.W. Woolworth name since they did not do business in Australia, and had not registered the trademark there, but is in no other way connected to the U.S. or U.K. Woolworths.^[32]
• Woolworths is an upmarket retail chain in South Africa selling goods of a comparable nature to Marks & Spencer stores in the United Kingdom. The South African company also operates stores in Bahrain, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.^[33]
• Woolworth's in Bridgetown, Barbados operates independently, having split from the British branch in 1982.^[34] It was established in the 1950s, stocking goods shipped from Britain.

Litigation

See also

• List of Woolworth buildings

References

1. "Foot Locker, Inc". Foot Locker, Inc. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
2. James Robinson (November 19, 2008). "Woolworths: the rise and fall of the department store empire". The Guardian.
3. "Welcome to the Woolworths Museum".
4. "Page 3".
5. "G.C. Murphy Memories".
6. Helen Pike (December 5, 1999). "Woolworth in New Jersey: A Love-Hate Relationship". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
7. Plunkett-Powell, Karen (1999). "Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of the World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime". New York: St. Martin's Press. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
8. "Study for Woolworth Building, New York". World Digital Library. 1910-12-10. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
9. Pages 45–58 Club Members Remember Shopping at Woolworth's Tredyffrin Easttown Historical Society History Quarterly Source: April 1994 Volume 32 Number 2
10. "Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Components" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. September 23, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
11. Block, Justin (July 9, 2013). "Old School Mall Stores That Need to Make a Comeback". Complex. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
12. Barrow, Mandy. "British Christmas Traditions — Christmas Trees". Project Britain. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
13. "Foster Grant Collection". Syracuse University Library. 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
14. Moody, Anne (1968). Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Bantam Dell.
15. Abel, Elizabeth (14 May 2015). Signs of the Times: The Visual Politics of Jim Crow (eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
16. Burns, Trip (May 23, 2013). "Real Violence: 50 Years Ago at Woolworth". Jackson Free Press. Jackson, Mississippi.
17. "When Nijinsky met Woolworths". Leither Magazine. March 30, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
18. "60s Mods". retrowow.co.uk. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
19. "Woolworth's Diner". Facebook.
20. "Civil Rights Greensboro". Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
21. "To succeed C.C. Griswald. The Woolworth Company Announces the Selection of H.T. Parsons.". New York Times. January 29, 1916. Retrieved 2008-06-27. Announcement was made yesterday by the F.W. Woolworth Company that Hubert T. Parsons, present Secretary and Treasurer of the company, was to be appointed ...
22. "H.T. Parson to Head Woolworth Stores. Acting President Since Death of Founder of System Named as Successor. C.S. Woolworth Elected to Newly Created Position as Chairman of the Board.". New York Times. June 12, 1919. Retrieved 2011-12-04. H.T. Parson was elected President of F.W. Woolworth Co. yesterday at the organization meeting of the Directors, to succeed the late Frank W. Woolworth, founder of the system of 5 and 10 cent stores.
23. This and subsequent presidents through 1978 from http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Foot-Locker-Inc-Company-History.html
24. "F.W. Woolworth Co. names Robert L. Jennings as president of U.S. Woolworth Division", PR Newswire, PR Newswire Association LLC: NYPR118, 1984-04-03, retrieved 24 March 2014
25. "Frederick E. Hennig Retires From Woolworth Corporation". Thefreelibrary.com. 13 March 1995. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
26. "Control Dinamico SA acquires Woolworth Mexicana SA de CV from Foot Locker Inc (1997/12/08) – Thomson Financial Mergers & Acquisitions". AlacraStore.com. 1997-12-08. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
27. "Localización/Woolworth". Woolworth.com.mx. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
28. "The Bargain! Shop:About us". Retrieved 2012-10-18.
29. "Woolworth Corporation completes Disposition of Canadian Woolco Stores to Wal-Mart". PRNewswire. 1994-03-17. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
30. "Foot Locker Canada Inc.".
31. "Woolworths stores to shut by early January.". Associated Press. Administrators for Woolworth's announced plans Wednesday to close all the retailer's stores by the early new year, signaling the end of the road for the venerable British company and the loss of almost 30,000 jobs.However the brand has reappeared as an internet store at www.woolworths.co.uk, owned by the Group's Directing firm Kingfisher Holdings ...
32. "Woolworths the fresh food people". Woolworths.com.au. 1924-09-22. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
33. "Woolworths". Woolworths. 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
34. CBC.bb – Woolworths strong Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

Further reading

• Winkler, John K. Five and Ten--The Fabulous Life of F. W. Woolworth (1940)