Ferguson unrest

This article is about the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown. For coverage of events immediately surrounding the shooting, see Shooting of Michael Brown.
Ferguson unrest

Police officers using tear gas during the first wave of the Ferguson protests
Date First wave:
August 9, 2014 (2014-08-09) – August 25, 2014 (2014-08-25)[1]
(2 weeks and 2 days)
Second wave:
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)[2] – December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)[3]
(1 week and 1 day)
Third wave:
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09) – August 11, 2015 (2015-08-11)
(2 days)
Location Ferguson, Missouri, U.S.
Causes First wave: Shooting of Michael Brown
Second wave: Darren Wilson not indicted
Third wave: Anniversary of shooting
Methods Peaceful protests, vandalism, looting, rioting, arson, and gunshots fired
Arrests and injuries
Injuries 10 members of the public injured[4][5]
6 police officers injured[6]
Arrested 321 members of the public[5][7][8]

The Ferguson unrest (also referred to just as Ferguson) involves protests and riots that began the day after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by white police officer Darren Wilson on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri. The unrest sparked a vigorous debate in the United States about the relationship between law enforcement officers and African Americans, the militarization of the police, and the Use of Force Doctrine in Missouri and nationwide. Continued activism expanded the issues to include modern-day debtors prisons,[9] for-profit policing,[10] and school segregration.[11]

As the details of the original shooting event emerged, police established curfews and deployed riot squads to maintain order. Along with peaceful protests, there was looting and violent unrest in the vicinity of the original shooting. According to media reports, there was police militarization when dealing with protests in Ferguson.[12][13] The unrest continued on November 24, 2014, after a grand jury did not indict Officer Wilson.[14] It briefly continued again on the one-year anniversary of Brown's shooting.[15]

In response to the shooting and subsequent unrest, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) conducted an investigation into the policing practices of the Ferguson Police Department (FPD).[16][17] In March 2015, the DOJ announced that they had determined that the FPD had engaged in misconduct against the citizenry of Ferguson by among other things discriminating against African-Americans and applying racial stereotypes, in a "pattern or practice of unlawful conduct."[18][19] The DOJ also found that Ferguson depended on fines and other charges generated by police.[20] However, a separate DOJ report focused on the shooting itself was supportive of Officer Wilson and his version of events.[21]

Background

Michael Brown, an 18-year-old African-American male, was shot to death after an encounter with Officer Darren Wilson, who was called after a robbery and assault was reported in a nearby convenience store describing Michael Brown (later identified as Michael Brown from security cameras). Officer Wilson's account was that when he attempted to question Michael Brown he was attacked. There was a struggle, Brown attempting and almost succeeding in gaining possession of his, Officer Wilson's weapon. Due to the struggle the weapon discharged, slightly wounding Brown, who then fled. Wilson gave brief chase firing upon Brown, ultimately shooting and killing Brown when Brown turned to confront him and, upon Wilson's account, charged at him. The officer was a 28-year-old white male Ferguson police officer.[22][23][24] After several months of deliberation, a grand jury decided not to indict Officer Wilson for any criminal charges in relation to the incident.[25]

Brown's body lay isolated in the middle of the suburban street for four hours without ambulance attention allowing the formation of local residents to crowd the close vicinity in disbelief and expressions of vocal indignation. The Ferguson unrest found its beginnings within this period of time.

The police response to the shooting was heavily criticized, as was the slow rate of information making its way out to the public. Many of the documents received and reviewed by the Grand Jury were released when the grand jury declined to indict Officer Wilson.[25]

Events

A U.S. Marine offers words of encouragement to protesters.
The looted, burned-out QuikTrip gas station in Ferguson
Protests at Ferguson on August 14, 2014

August 2014

On August 9, the evening of the shooting, residents had created a makeshift memorial of flowers and candles in the spot where Brown died. According to Mother Jones, an unidentified policeman allowed a dog under his control to urinate on the memorial and police vehicles later crushed the memorial. Mother Jones reported that these incidents inflamed tensions among bystanders, according to Missourian state representative Sharon Pace, who told the reporters for the magazine, "That made people in the crowd mad and it made me mad."[26] On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some people became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil.[27] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[28] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[27] At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized and a QuikTrip convenience store and gas station was set on fire, leading to over 30 arrests. Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday.[29] The people arrested face charges of assault, burglary, and theft. Police used a variety of equipment, including riot gear and helicopters, to disperse the crowd by 2:00 a.m.[30] Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events.[31]

On August 11, police fired tear gas to disperse a crowd at the burnt shell of the QuikTrip[30] convenience store, set on fire by looters the night before. According to reports, gunshots were fired in Ferguson and five people were arrested.[32][33] Some protesters threw rocks at police officers. The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds at protesters which included state Senator Maria Chappelle-Nadal.[34]

On August 12, several hundred protesters gathered in Clayton, the county seat, seeking criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting.[35] Protesters in Ferguson carried signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting "don't shoot," apparently in response to rumors that Brown had his hands raised in an attempt to surrender at the moment he was shot. According to police, some protesters threw bottles at the officers, prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd.[36] The following day, a SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse.[37] That night, police used smoke bombs, flash grenades, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the crowd. Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording.[38][39][40]

Between August 12 and 13, police officers at times fired tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters. At least seven protesters were arrested on the evening of August 12 and 13 after police told protesters to "'go home' or face arrest."[41] CNN cameras filmed an officer addressing a group of protesters by saying "Bring it, you fucking animals, bring it."[42] On the night of August 12, a peaceful protester was shot in the head non-fatally by an unknown party. The gunshot survivor, Mya Aaten-White, complained that police had failed to interview her in connection with the shooting. Police had attempted to interview Aaten-White, but she refused to speak with them without an attorney present. A month after the shooting, Aaten-White's attorney indicated that he had subsequently contacted police to set up an appointment for an interview, without response. City officials refused to provide reporters with ballistics reports or other investigative records, citing state law regarding ongoing police investigations.[43]

As night fell on August 13, some protesters threw projectiles at police including Molotov cocktails, and police launched tear gas and smoke bombs.[44] While police were clearing a McDonald's restaurant, The Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery and The Huffington Post reporter Ryan J. Reilly were arrested.[45] Officers reportedly asked them to leave first, gave them a 45-second countdown when they were not moving fast enough, and ultimately resorted to more forceful measures to remove people from the McDonald's.[45] "Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of," Lowery said.[46][47] Martin Baron, executive editor of The Washington Post, issued a statement, saying "there was absolutely no justification for Wesley Lowery's arrest," and that the police behavior "was wholly unwarranted and an assault on the freedom of the press to cover the news."[48]

Al Jazeera America journalists including correspondent Ash-har Quraishi covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear-gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team. An officer was captured on video turning the reporters' video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment.[49][50][51][52] Al Jazeera America issued a statement, calling the incident an "egregious assault on the freedom of the press that was clearly intended to have a chilling effect on our ability to cover this important story."[53] On Thursday, August 14, the St. Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that "... the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage" and that the SWAT team had helped journalists move their equipment at their request.[50] A raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as "St. Charles County SWAT" rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down.[54]

A police marksman posted atop armored vehicle

Tom Jackson, the Ferguson police chief denied any suppression of the media. U.S. President Barack Obama addressed the First Amendment violations, saying, "There's also no excuse for police to use excessive force against peaceful protests, or to throw protesters in jail for lawfully exercising their First Amendment rights. And here, in the United States of America, police should not be bullying or arresting journalists who are just trying to do their jobs and report to the American people on what they see on the ground."[55]

St. Louis alderman Antonio French, who was documenting the protests for social media, was also arrested by police in Ferguson on Wednesday night.[56] French said that he went into his car to escape tear gas and smoke bombs being thrown by police. While he was in his car, police approached him, dragging him out of the car. French was arrested for unlawful assembly.[57] Speaking to reporters after his release from jail on Thursday, French described the dozen or so other people arrested as "peacekeepers." "Inside that jail is nothing but peacekeepers," he said. "They rounded up the wrong people ... reverends, young people organizing the peace effort."[58][59][60]

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (RCFP), a large coalition of media and press freedom groups, wrote to police forces in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the harassment of journalists covering the protests.[61][62]

United States Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) talking to protesters in Ferguson

On August 14, United States Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."[63] St. Louis Chief of Police Sam Dotson stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as that which transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by police in that county. In an email to a St. Louis Alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."[64]

Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald S. Johnson was asked to take over law enforcement jurisdiction at Ferguson

Missouri Governor Jay Nixon said at a press conference that the Missouri State Highway Patrol would take over policing Ferguson from the St. Louis County police, whose tactics were widely criticized, referring to the change as "an operational shift," and that police will use force "only when necessary," and will generally "step back a little bit."[56] Nixon said that Ferguson security will be overseen by Captain Ron Johnson of the Highway Patrol. Johnson, an African-American, said he grew up in the community and "it means a lot to me personally that we break this cycle of violence."[65] Nixon said, "The people of Ferguson want their streets to be free of intimidation and fear" he said, but during the past few days, "it looked a little bit more like a war zone and that's not acceptable."[56] St. Louis county prosecutor Robert P. McCulloch criticized the governor's decision, saying "It's shameful what he did today; he had no legal authority to do that. To denigrate the men and women of the county police department is shameful."[66]

In the evening hours of August 14, Captain Johnson walked with and led a large, peaceful march in Ferguson.[67]

Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson at the August 14, 2014 news conference

Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson announced the name of the officer involved in the shooting in a news conference the morning of Friday, August 15, nearly a week after the officer shot Brown on Saturday afternoon. Jackson prefaced the name announcement by describing a "strong-arm" robbery that had occurred a few minutes before the shooting at a nearby convenience store called Ferguson Market & Liquor. A police report released to members of the media at the news conference described Brown as the suspect involved in the robbery.[68] Hours later, Jackson held another news conference in which he said Wilson wasn't aware of the robbery when he stopped Brown.[69]

On Friday night, protests continued in "an almost celebratory manner" near the QuikTrip[70][71] until police arrived at around 11:00 p.m.[72][73] At around 1:30 a.m. Saturday morning, rioters broke into and looted the Ferguson Market & Liquor store that Brown allegedly robbed prior to his shooting, as well as other nearby businesses; after the initial break-in, a group of protesters and observers gathered near the storefronts of the looted businesses in an attempt to prevent further looting.[74]

Law enforcement responding to civil unrest, August 17, 2014

As a result of looting and disruption the night before, on August 16, Nixon declared in a press conference a state of emergency and implemented nightly curfews in Ferguson from midnight to 5:00 a.m. Some residents at the press conference said that law enforcement officers had instigated the violence with their military-like tactics.[75] Johnson said that police would not enforce the curfew with armored trucks and tear gas, and that police will communicate with protesters and give them time and opportunity to leave before curfew.[76]

In the early hours of August 17, tear gas and tactical units were used, despite prior assurances. One of the protesters was shot and critically wounded; police have claimed that they did not fire any shots.[77] Seven other individuals were arrested.[78][79] Later that morning, a Missouri Highway Patrol spokesman announced that the curfew would be extended for a second day.[80]

Protests at Ferguson on August 17, 2014

On August 18, after violent clashes during the imposed curfew, Nixon issued an executive order calling in the National Guard to "help restore peace and order and to protect the citizens of Ferguson."[81] Nixon also announced that there would be no curfew on the night of August 18.[82] Amnesty International sent a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest methods.[83] Police were recorded threatening the media with mace.[84][85] A photojournalist, Scott Olson, was also arrested by officers.[86] After being briefed by Attorney General Eric Holder on the events, President Obama dispatched Holder to Ferguson to monitor the unrest there.[87]

On the night of August 18, after several hundred protesters, some of whom were seen throwing bottles, charged toward a wall of police 60 wide and five deep, members of the crowd pushed them back including clergymen and community leaders locking arms, averting a more serious confrontation.[88] 78 individuals were arrested, including The Intercept's Ryan Devereaux.[89] German journalists Ansgar Graw and Frank Hermann reported being placed under arrest by an unidentified officer who would only identify himself as "Donald Duck."[90]

On August 20, Attorney General Eric Holder traveled to Ferguson, where he met with residents as well as Brown's family.[91] Only six individuals were arrested, compared to 47 arrests the prior night.[92] Nixon then withdrew the National Guard from Ferguson on August 21 after witnessing improvements among the social unrest.[93] On August 23, protests continued to be peaceful, although three more arrests were made.[94] During the same day, a rally of 50 to 70 people was held in Ferguson in support of Wilson under the banner "I am Darren Wilson,"[95] and as of August 25, nearly US$400,000 were raised by supporters in an online crowdfunding campaign. The online campaign drew a number of racist comments, which forced the website to shut down the comment section.[96][97]

Brown's family asked that supporters suspend their protests for one day out of respect for the funeral proceedings, planned for August 25. "All I want tomorrow is peace while we lay our son to rest. Please, that's all I ask," Brown's father said.[98] The service was attended by thousands of people, including 2,500 filling the sanctuary, and others in an overflow auditorium which was also full. An estimated 2,000 additional people were on church property for the funeral. Eric Davis, one of Brown's cousins, said at the funeral, "[s]how up at the voting booths. Let your voices be heard, and let everyone know that we have had enough of all of this."[99]

September 2014

Early on September 23, a memorial to Michael Brown on Canfield Drive burned to the ground. Protesters gathered at the site.[100] Later on the same day, Ferguson police chief Thomas Jackson released a video apology to the Brown family.[101] The burned memorial was set up again.[102]

That evening, several hundreds of protesters gathered, asking for Jackson's resignation, in front of the police headquarters, protected by 50 police officers[101] Jackson joined the protest and started to explain that changes were underway after Brown's killing, creating some agitation in the crowd. Within minutes, police officers intervened to protect their chief.[101] Several protesters were arrested and later the protest was declared unlawful.[101]

On September 26, the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division asked Jackson to prohibit police officers from wearing "I am Darren Wilson" bracelets when on duty. In a previous letter earlier that week, it had asked that police officers wear nametags.[103]

On the evening of September 28, a large crowd protested. Bottles and rocks were thrown at officers. Support from other police forces was requested. Eight protesters were arrested on failure to disperse and resisting arrest charges. As most are first-time offenders, they will be released without bond.[104]

On September 29, protesters gathered in front of the police building, including a dozen clergy members who prayed in the police parking. They were told that they would be arrested if they did not clear the street. A clergyman was then arrested. Protesters were also told that they would be arrested if the chants went on after 11:00 p.m. About that time, police moved slowly forward, but protesters refused to move backwards. As they were almost in contact, gunshots were heard, and both sides backed up. Later, Capt. Ron Johnson of the Missouri Highway Patrol told the crowd that the "five-second rule" would not be implemented and there would be no arrest as long as the protest remained peaceful.[105]

October 2014

On October 2, St. Louis County Police and Missouri State Highway Patrol arrested more than a dozen people[106] including Mary Moore, a freelance journalist who has worked for CNN and local activists Ashley Yates, Alexis Templeton and Brittany Ferrell.[107] Protesters were charged with offenses that included failure to comply with police, noise ordinance violations and resisting arrest. They had to wear orange jumpsuits. Bonds were highest at $2,700, then reduced to $1,000.[106] Police dismantled an encampment that lasted a few weeks on West Florissant. Police and protesters are adapting constantly to the other side's moves ("It's a legal clinic on these streets."). The city has recently raised bonds from $100 to $1,000.[102]

On October 3, Ferguson police chief Thomas Jackson ceded responsibility for managing protests in the city to the St. Louis County police department. The limited resources of Ferguson police made it difficult to handle daily protests after their resumption the previous week.[108]

On October 4, about 50 protesters briefly delayed a concert of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. Just before the performance resumed after intermission, they started singing an old civil rights tune, unfurled three hand-painted banners and scattered paper hearts that read: "Requiem for Mike Brown." After that, they left the building peacefully.[109]

On Monday evening, October 6, after a game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Dodgers, baseball supporters and protesters had a chanting battle outside the stadium.[110]

A website, Ferguson October, as well as other organizations, planned a massive week of resistance throughout the St. Louis metropolitan area. The event, Ferguson October, began on Friday afternoon when protesters peacefully marched to County Prosecutor Bob McCulloch's office in Clayton, Missouri.[111] Later, until around 2:30 a.m., mostly peaceful protests took place in Ferguson and the Shaw neighborhood. As many as 400 people took to the streets on Friday night. On October 9, 2014, Ferguson October sparked the activation of the St. Louis County Emergency Center in anticipation.[112] Police were also working longer shifts and the Missouri National Guard could have been activated if needed.[111]

On October 12, a Ferguson October rally and service was held at Chaifetz Arena, located on Saint Louis University's campus. The stated purpose of the event was to "call on the nation to repent for the sin of police brutality and support a new generation of youth activists." Activists Suheir Hammad, Ashley Yates and Tef Poe spoke to the crowd along with Christian, Jewish, and Muslim clergy members. Younger activists criticized older activists for not being radical enough. When the keynote speaker, Cornel West, took the stage, he said, "I didn't come here to give a speech. I came here to go to jail!"[113]

On October 13, protesters attempted to cross police lines to meet with officers at the Ferguson Police Department. Dozens of protesters, estimated to be over 50, were arrested, during a staged and peaceful act of disobedience, including clergy and Cornel West.[114] Saint Louis University became hosts to peaceful protesters around the Clock Tower, located near the library and is essentially the center of the campus. The protesters staged a sit in with over 250 people attending.[115]

On October 20, Missouri Senator Jamilah Nasheed was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department building for blocking traffic in the street and not respecting police orders. She was taken into custody, along with a man who was accompanying her, and refused bond. At the time of her arrest she was carrying a handgun.[116][117][118]

November 2014

On November 17, the governor of Missouri declared a state of emergency in anticipation of protests in Ferguson following the announcement of the results of the grand jury.[119]

On November 21, two alleged members of the New Black Panther Party were arrested for buying explosives they planned to detonate during protests. The same pair is also indicted for purchasing two pistols under false pretenses.[120]

On November 22, Journalist Trey Yingst was arrested in front of the Ferguson Police Department. He later filed a lawsuit with the ACLU and won an $8,500 settlement.[121][122]

On November 24, the grand jury decided not to indict Wilson in the shooting death of Brown.[123] Following the announcement of the grand jury's decision, Michael Brown's stepfather Louis Head yelled to the crowd of protesters in front of the police department: "Burn this bitch down!"[124] There were peaceful protests as well as rioting. A dozen buildings were burned down; there was gunfire, looting, vandalism, and destruction of two St. Louis County Police patrol cars, as well as burning of various non-police cars.[125][126][127] Police in Ferguson deployed tear gas and ordered protesters in the street to disperse. There were 61 people arrested in Ferguson on charges including burglary and trespassing. In the hours following the grand jury decision, over 25 buildings and businesses were set on fire in the towns of Ferguson and Dellwood; many more were looted.[128] In one case, firefighters evacuated the scene of a fire due to gunshots being heard, and for the same reason could not respond to other fires.[129][130]

On November 25, the body of 20-year-old DeAndre Joshua was found inside a parked car within a few blocks of where Brown was killed. Police initially classified the death as suspicious, later ruling it a homicide.[131] The man had been shot in the head and burned.[132] That same day, CNN reported that thousands of people rallied to protest the grand jury's decision in more than 170 U.S. cities from Boston to Los Angeles, and that National Guard forces were reinforced at Ferguson to prevent the situation from escalating.[133] At least 90 people were arrested for arson, looting, and vandalism in Oakland, California.[134] Protests also took place internationally, with demonstrations held in several major cities in Canada[135] and in London, United Kingdom.[136] Calls by protesters to disrupt the Black Friday shopping day, which took place the Friday after the grand jury decision, were heeded in the St. Louis region, with hundreds of demonstrators blocking walkways and shouting slogans at the Saint Louis Galleria and other area shopping centers.[137]

On November 27, Governor Nixon reportedly rejected calls for a new grand jury to decide whether to charge Wilson over Brown's killing.[138]

On November 30, Zemir Begic, 32 year-old unarmed Bosnian man was beaten to death with hammers by at least three black teenagers[139] at 1:15 a.m. in St. Louis in front of his fiancee.[140] The local community saw the event as a hate crime,[141] and the victim's family believed the teens "were affected to a certain point from the situation in Ferguson".[140] Hundreds of protesters rallied for two nights, with many chanting "Bosnian lives matter".[141] However, the event saw little mainstream media coverage.[142]

December 2014

On December 2, volunteer security guards associated with the Oath Keepers kept their watch on Ferguson roofs, even after the police told them to stop doing so.[143]

March 2015

On the night of March 11, 2015, around 12:00 a.m. CST, protests ensued throughout the city of Ferguson following the announcement of the chief of police's resignation. Under a mutual separation agreement, police chief Thomas Jackson would be paid one year of annual salary (nearly $96,000) with health benefits, with his resignation effective March 19. Lieutenant Colonel Al Eickhoff was declared acting chief pending the hiring of a replacement.[144] According to a report by Susan Weich of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, there were two sets of protesters, one peacefully chanting slogans, and the other, "volatile, angry, hurling profanities at the police, media and other protesters."[145]

In the early morning hours of March 12, two police officers were shot outside the Ferguson police station. Though approximately 100 protesters remained on the other side of South Florissant Road adjacent to the police line, witnesses believed the shooter was on the top of a hill approximately 220 yards from the police station.[146] A 41-year-old officer from the St. Louis County Police Department was hit in the shoulder, and a 32-year-old officer from the Webster Groves Police Department was hit in the cheek.[147] The St. Louis County police chief said that at least three shots were fired parallel to the ground rather than up into the air (not "skip shots") and therefore assumed his officers were the target.[148][149] An "intense manhunt" was launched for the person or persons responsible for the shooting.[150]

On March 14, 20-year-old black male Jeffrey L. Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting.[151]

April 2015

On April 29, looting resumed in the wake of the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. Two people were shot in the neck and a third was shot in the leg, with all three victims being in stable condition. Six people were arrested, one for shooting one of the victims and five for looting a Mobil gas station. Four police cars were damaged after rocks were thrown at them. Several items were also set on fire.[5]

August 2015

On August 9, the anniversary of Brown's fatal shooting, peaceful demonstrations occurred and attendants observed four-and-a-half minutes of silence, signifying the four-and-a-half hours during which Brown's body was left on the street.[152]

Police and protesters on August 10, 2015

Later on in the night, two groups of suspected looters began firing at each other during a demonstration. Four plain-clothed officers in an unmarked sports utility vehicle responded to the scene. There, they shot a man who allegedly opened fire on them with a stolen 9mm SIG Sauer handgun. The suspect, identified as Tyrone Harris Jr., was hospitalized in "critical and unstable" condition. Three hours after the shooting, two teenagers were wounded in an apparent drive-by shooting as they were walking near a memorial dedicated to Brown. A journalist was also attacked and robbed in a parking lot, while three police officers were injured by protesters.[152][153][154][155]

Following the violence, officials placed St. Louis County under a state of emergency on August 10, which was lifted three days later.[15][154][156] Protests continued that day and into the night, with one such event shutting down Interstate 70. More than 100 protesters were arrested during the demonstrations.[157][158] Early in the morning of August 11, more than 20 additional protesters were arrested.[159] Later that day, police released video footage of Harris' shooting.[160]

August 2016

On the second anniversary of Michael Brown's death, mourners decided to hold a protest by blocking a road way. A vehicle later drove through the protesters hitting one and knocking them into the air. Protesters then began to shoot at the fleeing vehicle. The injured protester was later brought to a hospital and the driver cooperated with police.[161]

Ray Albers

St. Ann police officer Ray Albers, who was suspended for pointing his rifle at peaceful protesters[162]

Ray Albers of the St. Ann Police Department was suspended indefinitely from his duties after an incident at a protest in Ferguson that was captured on video. According to St. Louis County police, he pointed a semi-automatic service rifle at peaceful protesters while using profanity and threatening to kill them.[163][164][165][166]

Albers was recorded on video saying, "I will fucking kill you."[167][168] When asked to identify himself, Albers replied, "Go fuck yourself."[167] This led the ACLU to write to law enforcement demanding action.[167][168] A repercussion of his actions was that while his identification was pending, Albers was widely referred to on social media as Officer Go Fuck Yourself.[167][169][170]

Albers resigned eight days later on August 28, 2014.[171][172][173]

Kajieme Powell

Four miles from Ferguson, 25-year-old Kajieme Powell was killed by police gunfire in the early afternoon of August 19. It had been reported to the St Louis Police Department that Powell was behaving in an erratic manner, carrying a knife. Upon arriving at the scene police officers shot Powell dead within a matter of seconds. Demonstrators were ready to engage in protest and the event was given due immediate coverage by the media.[174][175] Powell's death did not gain too much intensity of engagement for the incident to be properly held for long in the continuing dynamic of the Ferguson events.

Dan Page

On August 22, St. Louis County Police officer Dan Page, who was filmed pushing CNN's Don Lemon, was relieved of duty after a video emerged of an inflammatory speech Page had given to the St. Louis and St. Charles chapter of the Oath Keepers.[176] He retired three days later.[173][177]

Matthew Pappert

Glendale police officer Matthew Pappert, who had patrolled in Ferguson during the protests, was suspended for controversial postings to Facebook, such as "[t]hese protesters should have been put down like a rabid dog the first night" and "[w]here is a Muslim with a backpack when you need him?" (referring to the Boston Marathon bombings).[178][179][180] Journalists in Ferguson claimed Pappert had threatened them.[179] Pappert was ultimately fired from the department after the conclusion of an internal investigation.[171][173]

Lawsuit against police and local governments

A $40 million federal lawsuit was filed on August 28 by five protesters who were arrested between August 11–13. It alleges that police officers used unnecessary force and made unjustified arrests.[181] Four more protesters were added as plaintiffs in October.[182] The lawsuit lists various police officials, officers, the Ferguson city government and the St. Louis county government as defendants.[181]

Vonderrit Myers Jr.

On October 8, 2014, Vonderrit Myers Jr. was shot and killed by an off-duty police officer in St. Louis. Police said he had a gun and shot at them. Doug Hollis of St. Louis, a relative of both Myers and Michael Brown, did not witness the shooting but told USA Today that Myers was unarmed, with only a sandwich in his hands, and suggested that the gun found at the scene might have been planted by police.[183] Following the shooting, there were multiple nights of protests.[184][185] Forensic evidence later confirmed that Myers had gunshot residue on his right hand, shirt, and pants, indicating that he had fired a gun. Three bullets fired at police matched Myers's gun.[186][187][188] The family's attorney noticed that police versions differ about the weapon Myers allegedly used: first, police mentioned a 9mm Ruger, and later a 9mm Smith & Wesson. Although later determined that Myers did have a gun and it matched the same gun he was seen in various photos posted to social media.[189] An independent autopsy by Dr. Cyril H. Wecht found that six of the eight wounds were at the back of the body.[190] Police investigators served Wecht with a subpoena for his results. The funeral was held on October 26.[191]

On May 19, 2015, it was announced that no charges would be filed against the off-duty police officer. St. Louis Circuit Attorney Jennifer Joyce's report says the officer shot and killed Myers in self-defense after Myers fired a gun at him, and thus a criminal violation could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in the resulting death.[192]

Antonio Martin

On December 24, 2014, 18-year-old Antonio Martin was shot and killed in Berkeley, Missouri after pulling a gun on a St. Louis County police officer who was questioning him. The incident provoked additional violent protests in the area.[193]

Jeffrey L. Williams

On March 14, 2015, Jeffrey L. Williams, age 20,[151] was arrested in connection with the shooting of two police officers two days earlier (see above). Williams, who is black and was on probation for possession of stolen property,[151] had admitted to firing the shots but said that he was not aiming at police. According to Williams' attorney, he was intending on retaliating against a person who robbed him earlier on the day of the shooting.[194] Police recovered a .40-caliber handgun that matched the spent cartridges found at the crime scene.[147] On April 1, the Associated Press reported that during phone conversations, Williams confessed to firing back at an unidentified person who was shooting at him during the March 12 protest. His attorney had previously claimed Williams never discharged a firearm during the shooting.[195] On June 3, he was arraigned on two counts of first-degree assault, three counts of armed criminal action, and two weapons charges. Williams pleaded not guilty to all of the charges. No new court date was currently set.[196]

Tyrone Harris Jr.

On August 9, 2015, the anniversary of Brown's shooting, Tyrone Harris Jr., age 18, was shot by four plain-clothed police officers during a gunfight between looters (see above). He was hospitalized in critical condition. Police charged him with four counts of first-degree assault on law enforcement, five counts of armed criminal action, and one count of discharging a firearm at a motor vehicle. Harris was held on a $250,000 cash-only bond.[152] According to Harris' father, he graduated from the same high school as Brown and was a close friend of his.[155] Two days after the shooting, police released surveillance video of Harris firing a gun at an unmarked police car.[197] Harris was out on bond for felony charges related to the theft of a vehicle and a gun at the time of the incident.[198] Despite video evidence, Harris' father denied that his son had a gun. Others in Ferguson said that Harris might not have known he was firing at an unmarked police car.[199]

On the night that Harris was shot, a free benefit concert to raise money for the family of Brown was sponsored by Activist/Rapper Talib Kweli. Kweli along with Academy Award winner Common, and other members of the Black Lives Matter movement were present Harris was shot while the concert took place. The event and subsequent protest were filmed and organized into a short documentary entitled #Bars4Justice directed by Queen Muhammad Ali and Hakeem Khaaliq. The film won best short film at the 24th annual Pan African Film Festival in 2016.

Other Incidents

On September 6, 2016, Darren Seals, a leader in the Ferguson protests was found shot and killed inside a burning car; he was 29-years old.[200]

Town hall meetings

In order to develop dialogue between authorities and residents, a series of five town meetings in October and November have been set up by City leaders. The DOJ's Community Relations Service is involved and the meetings will be closed to the media and non-residents.[201]

Voter registration

It was reported that 3,200 inhabitants (out of 21,000) had registered to vote in Ferguson since Michael Brown's death.[202] Later, the election board stated that the released numbers were inaccurate and only 128 new voter registrations occurred. The larger number was the total number of interactions with Ferguson voters, including address changes or other alterations.[203][204]

Ferguson PR sub-contractor fired

Devin James, a minority PR person, was fired by the St. Louis Economic Development Partnership. James worked directly with the Ferguson Police Chief and seems to be the one who suggested the video apology, among other things.[205] The Partnership was informed that James served a 90-day work farm sentence in 2009 for reckless homicide. During an armed robbery in 2004, he shot 8 times and killed one of his two assailants. Earlier in 2004, he was shot in the shoulder during another armed robbery. After a troubled youth, James managed to attend university, but the two robberies prevented him from obtaining a degree.[206] James kept his position on a pro bono basis.

Injunction against "keep moving" rule at peaceful protests

On September 29, the ACLU asked a federal court to order police to stop using the "keep moving" rule during protests in Ferguson, which prevented people from standing still under threat of arrest. St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar testified that the rule was meant to be used for the most volatile night protests during curfew and was mistakenly used by some officers at calm protests during the day.[207] On October 6, Chief Judge Catherine D. Perry, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, ruled that "The practice of requiring peaceful demonstrators and others to walk, rather than stand still, violates the constitution," and issued an injunction against the practice for peaceful, law-abiding protesters in Ferguson.[208]

Rebuilding process

The QuikTrip that was looted and burned during the first night of unrest will be rebuilt as a job training center as part of the Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis “empowering communities” effort. The center, when complete, will house the new Save Our Sons program. St. Louis area companies have contributed $1.2 million toward the effort, meant to give young jobless or underemployed men a month’s training before matching them with area jobs.[209]

Philanthropy help

Wanting to aid the healing process of the wounded city, an anonymous couple called the Greater Saint Louis Community Foundation and set up a $100,000 fund. But the generous couple didn’t know which programs or initiatives would best help Ferguson, so they requested that a racially balanced group of Ferguson residents make the decision on how to distribute the money.[210]

The Come Together Ferguson grant committee—made up of pairs of black and white teachers, police officers, pastors, and residents—decided to award the first round of grants to Ferguson summer youth programs. On Saturday, May 23, 2015, the committee announced it would distribute $39,000 to eleven organizations, selected out of 42 applications.[211]

New police chief named

Delrish Moss, a seasoned Miami police officer with decades of experience related to public relations and community outreach, was appointed police chief in April 2016. Major Moss, who is black, will be leading the primarily white police force in protecting a community where over half of residents are African American.[212]

Racial context

The Washington Post noted that racial disparities had already existed between the Ferguson Police Department and its citizenry, which had experienced significant demographic changes since 2000.[213] Protests,[214] vandalism, and other forms of social unrest continued for more than a week,[215] with night curfew being imposed and escalated violence.[216][217] Several of the stores looted during the unrest are Asian American owned, with The Daily Beast writing that Asian Americans tend to be "left out" of the race relations discussion.[218]

Also according to The Washington Post, the Ferguson Police Department "bears little demographic resemblance" to the mostly African-American community, which already harbored "suspicions of the law enforcement agency" preceding Brown's shooting, with 48 of the police force's 53 officers being white,[219] while the population is only one-third white and about two-thirds black.[213][220] The community had experienced rapid demographic change in recent years; in 2000, just over half of the population was black.[213] An annual report last year by the office of Missouri's attorney general concluded that Ferguson police were "twice as likely to arrest African Americans during traffic stops as they were whites."[213] This is expected as police are twice as likely to interact with an African American during traffic stops or any other police related encounter due to the population of African Americans in Ferguson.

The Los Angeles Times argues that the situation that exploded in Ferguson "has been building for decades," and that protesters initially came from the town and neighboring towns that have pockets of poverty, the poorest of St. Louis, and lists "the growing challenge of the suburbanization of poverty" as the catalyst.[221]

Time magazine argued that "Blacks in this country are more apt to riot because they are one of the populations here who still need to. In the case of the 1992 riots, 30 years of black people trying to talk about their struggles of racial profiling and muted, but still vastly unfair, treatment, came to a boil. Sometimes, enough is simply too much. And after that catalyst event, the landscape of southern California changed, and nationally, police forces took note."[222]

Another aspect of this situation might stem from a system that burdens the poor and black in Ferguson.[223] Minor traffic offenses are the starting point, and the costs spiral up rapidly if the offenders do not pay the fines on time or do not appear in court.[224] The income from court fines represented the second largest source of revenue for Ferguson in 2013. On October 1, 2014, the city of St. Louis cancelled 220,000 arrest warrants and gave a three-month delay to the offenders to get a new court date before the warrants would be reissued.[225]

Reactions

In the United States

Federal government

Supreme Court Justices

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said in an August 22 interview with The National Law Journal that the events at Ferguson and the stop-and-frisk policies in New York City, point to a "real racial problem" in the U.S.[237] Additionally, Justice Sonia Sotomayor cited the Department of Justice's "Ferguson Report" extensively in her dissent in the 2016 Fourth-Amendment case Utah v. Strieff as evidence of systemic racial bias in police practice.[238]

Missouri government

Local authorities

Brown family

Polls

A Pew Research poll conducted August 14–17 among 1,000 adults, found stark racial and political divisions in reactions to the shooting. By about four-to-one, African Americans (80% to 18%) said the shooting raised important issues about race, while whites, by 47% to 37%, said the issue of race is getting more attention than it deserves. The divide in public opinion was also observed across partisan lines, with 68% of Democrats (including 62% of white Democrats) believing the incident raises important issues about race that merit discussion, compared with 40% of Independents and 22% of Republicans. Republicans were also more likely than Democrats to view the police response as appropriate (43%), compared with 21% of Democrats; 65% of Republicans expressed confidence in the investigations into the incident, compared with 38% of Democrats.[252]

Third parties

Protestors gather at the Ferguson police department

International reactions

Others

See also

References

  1. ↑ Aja J. Williams (August 25, 2014). "Johnson: 'Peace is being restored in Ferguson'". Ksdk.com. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Fires, chaos erupt in Ferguson after grand jury doesn't indict in Michael Brown case". CNN. November 25, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Looking Ahead After Ferguson Protests: What Happens Next?". Huffington. December 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Though the fierce protests in Ferguson, Missouri seemed to have died down in the last week or so...
  4. ↑ "Number of people arrested, injured continues to rise in Ferguson". KMOV.com. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 "3 shot during Ferguson protest; 5 arrested for looting". Yahoo! News. April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Michael Brown shooting: St. Louis police shoot knife-wielding suspect near Ferguson". CBC News. Associated Press. August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014. At least two people were shot and 31 were arrested, he said. Four officers were injured by rocks or bottles. A photographer and two German reporters were arrested and later released.
  7. ↑ Keating, Dan; Rivero, Cristina; Tan, Shelly (May 21, 2013). "A breakdown of the arrests in Ferguson". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  8. ↑ Staff Reports. "More than 50 arrested at Ferguson police station on 'Moral Monday,' other events elsewhere". stltoday.com. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  9. ↑ "Civil Rights Attorneys Sue Ferguson Over 'Debtors Prisons'". NPR. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  10. ↑ "How Ferguson's tickets, fines violated rights of blacks - CNN". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  11. ↑ "School Segregation, the Continuing Tragedy of Ferguson". ProPublica. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  12. ↑ Alcindor, Yamiche; Bello, Marisol (August 19, 2014). "Police in Ferguson ignite debate about military tactics". USA Today. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  13. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (August 14, 2014). "Military veterans see deeply flawed police response in Ferguson". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
  14. ↑ Davey, Monica; Julie Bosman (November 2, 2014). "Protests Flare After Ferguson Police Officer Is Not Indicted". The New York Times.
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  24. ↑ Robles, Frances; Bosman, Julie (August 17, 2014). "Autopsy Shows Michael Brown Was Struck at Least 6 Times". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
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  30. 1 2 Staff (August 11, 2014). "West Florissant explodes in protest of police shooting, more than 30 arrests". The St. Louis American. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
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  70. ↑ "After nearly a week of nightly protests following the death of Michael Brown, the demonstrations in Ferguson Friday were the most peaceful, appearing almost celebratory. Music played, as people danced and generally seemed to be having a good time. "It's kind of weird to be having fun tonight," Lordell Rush, 27, said around 10 p.m. as he watched a crowd gather around a drummer outside the QuikTrip store that demonstrators had burned down earlier in the week" http://www.ibtimes.com/ferguson-during-friday-police-standoff-protesters-try-stop-looters-entering-stores-1660418
  71. ↑ Staff (August 16, 2014). "Clean-Up Underway After More Rioting, Looting In Ferguson". CBS News. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  72. ↑ "But things changed around 11 p.m. Police officers appeared on the scene in riot gear and armored vehicles, and used smoke bombs and mace against protesters who refused to clear the street." http://www.ibtimes.com/ferguson-during-friday-police-standoff-protesters-try-stop-looters-entering-stores-1660418
  73. ↑ "Just before midnight Saturday morning, some in what had been a large and rowdy but mostly well-behaved crowd, broke into that convenience store and began looting it. Police and about 200 protesters clashed. Police again brought out the riot gear and gas masks to quell with what Missouri State Highway Patrol Captain Ron Johnson called a riot of 200 people." http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2014/08/16/clean-up-underway-after-more-rioting-looting-in-ferguson/
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  101. 1 2 3 4 Bruton, F. Brinley; Duchon, Richie (September 29, 2014). "Ferguson, Missouri's Police Chief Joins Michael Brown Protesters". NBC News. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  102. 1 2 Samuels, Robert (October 4, 2014). "In Ferguson, protesters and police forced to learn as they go amid continued standoff". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  103. ↑ Haoues, Kylie; Chuck, Elizabeth (September 26, 2014). "DOJ asks Ferguson chief to stop police from wearing 'I am Darren Wilson' bracelets on duty". St.Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  104. ↑ Coleman, Christina (September 29, 2014). "Ferguson PD arrests 8 protesters, hunts for cop shooter". USA Today. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
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  106. 1 2 Stewart, Mariah; Reilly, Ryan J. (October 3, 2014). "Ferguson Protesters Outfitted In Orange Jumpsuits And Jailed With High Bail". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
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  109. ↑ Giegerich, Steve (October 6, 2014). "Michael Brown protesters interrupt St. Louis Symphony Orchestra concert". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  110. ↑ Vingiano, Alison (October 7, 2014). "Pro-Darren Wilson Cardinals Fans Clash With Pro-Michael Brown Ferguson Protesters In St. Louis". BuzzFeed. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  111. 1 2 Alcindor, Bello (October 11, 2014). "Amid weekend of protests, 'world is watching' Ferguson". USA Today. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  112. ↑ Staff (October 9, 2014). "County EOC will Activate Today in Anticipation of Demonstrations". CBS News. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  113. ↑ Pearce, Matt (October 12, 2014). "'Ferguson October' rally highlights divide among St. Louis activists". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  114. ↑ Davey, Monica; Blinder, Alan (October 13, 2014). "Clergy Arrested as St. Louis Protests of Police Conduct Expand". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  115. ↑ Leiser, Ken; Barker, Jacob (October 13, 2014). "Protesters stage sit-in at St. Louis University". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  116. ↑ Hahn, Valerie Schremp (October 21, 2014). "State Sen. Nasheed arrested at protest in Ferguson". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  117. ↑ Held, Kevin S. (October 20, 2014). "Missouri state senator arrested in Ferguson". USA Today.
  118. ↑ "Jamilah Nasheed, Missouri State Senator, Arrested During Ferguson Protests". The Huffington Post. October 21, 2014.
  119. ↑ Swaine, Jon (November 17, 2014). "Missouri governor declares state of emergency as national guard called in to Ferguson". The Guardian. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  120. ↑ Wallis, Daniel (November 23, 2014). "FBI arrests two would-be Ferguson bomb suspects: law enforcement source". Reuters. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  121. ↑ "Journalist Trey Yingst arrested during Ferguson, Mo., protests". Los Angeles Times. November 23, 2014.
  122. ↑ "Trey Yingst, Journalist Arrested In Ferguson, Wins Settlement From St. Louis County". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. August 3, 2015.
  123. ↑ Alcindor, Yamiche; Welch, William M. (November 24, 2014). "No indictment in Ferguson case". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  124. ↑ John Eligon; Alan Blinder (November 25, 2014). "After Violent Night in Ferguson, State Acts to Protect People and Property". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2014. As Ms. McSpadden cried, Mr. Head turned and yelled, with an expletive injected, “Burn this down!” The crowd began to roar, and some demonstrators rushed toward a fence near which police officers had assembled.
  125. ↑ Ellen Wulfhorst; Daniel Wallis; Edward McAllister (November 25, 2014). "St. Louis suburb smolders after racially charged riots". Reuters. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  126. ↑ Joe Millitzer (November 24, 2014). "Protesters and police clash after Brown grand jury decision". Fox 2 KTVI. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  127. ↑ "Ferguson grand jury decision recap: Mayhem as police cars, businesses burn". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  128. ↑ Li, Dakid K.; Sheehy, Kate (November 25, 2014). "More National Guard troops ordered into Ferguson". The New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  129. ↑ Moni Basu, Holly Yan and Dana Ford, CNN (November 24, 2014). "Ferguson: Fires and chaos erupts after no indictment". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  130. ↑ Oliver Darcy (November 25, 2014). "61 Arrested, At Least a Dozen Buildings Set Aflame Following Ferguson Grand Jury Decision". The Blaze. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  131. ↑ Barker, Jacob (November 25, 2014). "Man found dead in car near Canfield apartments in Ferguson". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved November 25, 2014. Police found the body of a man inside a parked car in Ferguson early Tuesday, after a night of looting and unrest ravaged parts of that city.
  132. ↑ Crimesider Staff. "Cops: Body of man found in car in Ferguson was burned". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved November 30, 2014. The body of a man discovered dead in a car Tuesday in Ferguson, Missouri was burned and shot in the head, according to St. Louis County police.
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  134. ↑ Looting in Oakland protests: Some justify it, others condemn it, San Francisco Chronicle, November 26, 2014.
  135. ↑ Thousands hold vigil in Toronto for slain Ferguson black teenager, CTV News, November 26, 2014.
  136. ↑ Londoners Are Protesting Against the Ferguson Decision Right Now, Vice News, November 26, 2014.
  137. ↑ Black Friday shutdown demonstration closes STL Galleria, The St. Louis American, November 27, 2014.
  138. ↑ "Ferguson shooting: Governor 'rejects calls for second jury'". BBC News. November 27, 2014.
  139. ↑ "Black Teens In St. Louis Murder Unarmed Bosnian Man In Brutal Hammer Attack". Breitbart. November 30, 2014.
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  141. 1 2 "St. Louis' Bosnian community sees hammer murder as hate crime". Fox News. December 3, 2014.
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  143. ↑ Bogan, Jesse (December 2, 2014). "'Oath Keepers' are back on the rooftops in Ferguson despite St. Louis County ordinance". St Louis Today. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  144. ↑ "2 officers shot at protest outside Ferguson Police Department". ABC 7 News. March 12, 2015.
  145. ↑ Chandler, Adam (March 12, 2015). "The Gunfire in Ferguson". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
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  178. ↑ Staff reports (August 23, 2014). "St. Louis County officer suspended over video, Glendale officer suspended for Facebook comments : News". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  179. 1 2 Hastings, Deborah (August 23, 2014). "Another St. Louis area cop exposed, suspended for making racist rants". Daily News. New York. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  180. ↑ City of Glendale Police (August 22, 2014). "Statement on Glendale officer suspended". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  181. 1 2 Shoichet, Catherine E.; Stapleton, AnneClaire (August 29, 2014). "$40 million lawsuit slams Ferguson police actions during recent protests". CNN. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
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  212. ↑ Ferguson Names Black Police Chief The New York Times, April 3, 2016
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  235. ↑ "FAA issues restrictions on flights near Ferguson protest area". Fox News Channel. November 24, 2014.
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  237. ↑ Coyle, Marcia. "Justice Ginsburg Skeptical of Two-Year Law School Idea". The National Law Journal. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  238. ↑ Utah v. Strieff, 579 U.S. ____. Available at https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1373_83i7.pdf
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