Fiat 1100

Fiat 1100
Various versions of the 1100/103 (spring 1955). From right to left: Berlina (sedan), Familiare (estate), TV (Turismo Veloce).
Overview
Manufacturer	Fiat
Production	1953–1969
Assembly	Italy: Mirafiori, Turin Argentina: Ferreyra Australia[1] India: Mumbai Iran: Tehran Morocco: Casablanca[2]
Body and chassis
Class	Small family car (C)
Body style	4-door saloon 4-door estate 2-door spider
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Related	Neckar Europa Premier Padmini (1100 D)
Powertrain
Engine	1,089 cc I4 (petrol) 1,221 cc I4 (petrol)
Transmission	4-speed manual
Chronology
Predecessor	Fiat 1100 E
Successor	Fiat 128

The Fiat 1100 is a small family car produced from 1953 to 1969 by the Italian manufacturer Fiat. It was an all-new unibody replacement for the Fiat 1100 E, which descended from the pre-war, body-on-frame Fiat 508 C Balilla 1100. The 1100 was changed steadily and gradually until being replaced by the new Fiat 128 in 1969. There were also a series of light commercial versions of the 1100 built, with later models called the Fiat 1100T, which remained in production until 1971. The Fiat 1100D also found a long life in India, where Premier Automobiles continued to build the car until the end of 2000.

Background

Like other manufacturers, after World War II Fiat continued producing and updating pre-war types. The first blank sheet design was the 1950 1400, the first with unibody Fiat, which took place of the 1935 1500. Fiat's intermediate offering between the 1500 and the diminutive 500 was the 1100 E, the last evolution of the 508C Nuova Balilla 1100 first launched in 1937. Its replacement it was codenamed Tipo 103; like the 1400 was to use unit construction, while the 1100 E's 1.1-litre engine was carried over unaltered.

1100

The original 1100/103

1953: 1100/103

The Fiat Nuova 1100, or Fiat 1100/103 as it was called the after its internal project number, was introduced at the April 1953 Geneva Motor Show.^[3][4] Unlike the 1100 E it replaced, the 103 had a modern four-door saloon pontoon body topping new unibody construction, both pioneered in Fiat's range by the 1950 1400.^[4][5]

If the 103's body was all-new, its engine was well-tested, having debuted in 1937 on the predecessor of the outgoing 1100, the 508 C Balilla 1100. Updated as type 103.000, the 1,089 cc (66 cu in) overhead valve four-cylinder was fed by a single Solex or Weber downdraught carburettor, and put out 36 PS CUNA (26 kW) at 4,400 rpm–one horsepower more than on the 1100 E.^[4] The 4-speed manual transmission had synchromesh on the top three speeds and a column-mounted shifter, fashionable at the time. The car could reach a top speed of 116 km/h (72 mph).^[4] The new model was offered in two different versions: the spartan Tipo A and richer Tipo B. The former was only available in a grey-brown paint colour, had separate front seats instead of a bench, reduced, non-chromed exterior trim, and lacked a heater and ventilation.^[4][6] The type B came in a choice of paint hues and interior fabrics, and could be ordered with factory-fitted whitewall tyres and radio. A distinguishing feature of 103s throughout the 1950s were the doors, both hinged on the centre pillar;^[4] this would only change in 1960, when 1100 started to adopt the more modern bodyshell of the Fiat 1200 saloon.

1100 TV

At the October 1953 Paris Motor Show Fiat launched a sporting version of the 103, the 1100 TV—standing for Turismo Veloce, "Fast Touring".^[7][8] The TV was fitted with an improved engine (type 103.006), which developed 48 PS CUNA (35 kW) at 5,400 rpm rather than the 36 PS (26 kW) of the regular versions, mainly thanks to a twin-choke Weber carburettor and a higher 7.4:1 (instead of 6.7:1) compression ratio.^[6] Later in 1954, compression ratio was raised further to 7.6:1 and power reached 50 PS CUNA.^[6] Top speed was 135 km/h (84 mph).^[8] Another notable mechanical difference was the propeller shaft, two-piece instead of one-piece in order to dampen torsional vibrations, intensified by the higher and sharper torque output.^[8]

Top-of-the-line: 1100/103 TV

The TV's bodyshell, outfitted by Fiat's Carrozzerie Speciali special bodies department, differed from the standard in having a larger, curved rear window and prominent rear wings, supporting differently shaped tail lamps.^[8] A distinguishing trait of the TV was a single front fog lamp, inset in the grille and flanked by two chrome whiskers. Specific exterior trim included thicker chrome spears on the sides with 1100 TV and Fiat Carrozzerie Speciali badging, a taller bonnet ornament, specific hubcaps, and whitewall tyres. As standard the TV was painted in a two-tone livery, with the roof and wheel rims in a contrasting colour. Inside it featured tortoiseshell celluloid two-spoke steering wheel, two-tone cloth and vinyl upholstery, colour-coded fully carpeted floor, and until the end of 1954 reclining buckets which could optionally be fitted instead of the standard bench seat.^[8] At 1,225,000 Italian lire (1953 price) the 1100 TV was markedly more expensive than the standard Tipo A and B saloons, priced respectively 945 and 975 thousand lire.^[8] The TV was appreciated by Fiat's more sporting clientele, who entered it in numerous races in period; its most prestigious victories include class wins at the 1954 and 1955 Mille Miglia, and an outright win at the 1954 Cape Town-Algiers trans African rally.^[8]

1100 Familiare, here a 1958 model

1100 Familiare

A new 1100 body style was introduced at the 1954 Geneva Motor show, a 5-door estate named 1100 Familiare on its home market.^[9] Abroad it was alternatively known as the 1100 Family, 110 Familiale, 1100 Kombiwagen or 1100 Familiar in English-, French- German-, and Spanish-speaking markets respectively. The rear door was side-hinged,^[10] and the vinyl-covered rear bench could be folded down to form a flat loading surface, able to carry a load of 300 kg (661 lb).^[11] A third row of two forward-facing jump seats allowed to carry a fifth and sixth passenger, folding level with the boot floor when not in use.^[11] From a mechanical standpoint, aside from taller tyres, the Familiare was identical to the standard saloon.

1100 TV Trasformabile

1955 Fiat 1100 TV Trasformabile

The 1100/103 TV Trasformabile, a two-seater roadster, was introduced in March 1955 at the Geneva Motor Show.^[12] As its name implied, it was based on mechanicals from the 1100 TV. Like the Turismo Veloce saloon, the American-inspired design of the Trasformabile was the work of Dipartimento Carrozzerie Derivate e Speciali, the special bodies department of Fiat, rather than of a third-party coachbuilder; it was penned by the department's head, engineer and designer Fabio Luigi Rapi.^[13] 571 of these first series Trasformabiles were built.^[14] In 1956 it received a more powerful engine (three more horsepower) and a modified rear suspension; 450 more of these were built. From 1957 the Trasformabile was equipped with the more powerful 55 PS (40 kW) "1200" engine (1,221 cc). Production of this model continued until 1959, with circa 2,360 of the 1.2-litre Trasformabiles built.^[14] The 1.2 also received slight changes to the front and rear design, with bigger headlights being the most noticeable difference.

1954 Fiat 1100 TV coupé Pinin Farina

1100 TV coupé Pinin Farina

From 1954 to 1956 Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Pinin Farina independently built and sold a 2-door 2+2 coupé based on 1100 TV mechanicals, in a small series of about 780 examples.^[15] The design was first seen on a one-off displayed at the 1953 Paris Motor Show and entered by Umberto Agnelli at a race event held in 1954 near Turin, the Orbassano 6 hours Cup.^[15] The hand-built body was steel with aluminium doors, bonnet and boot lid; starting from 1955 a panoramic rear window was used, similar to the one found on coeval Pinin Farina-bodied Ferraris.^[15]

1956: 1100/103 E

A 1100/103 E of the Italian police

In June 1956, after three years and 257,000 cars built,^[13] the entire 1100/103 range was updated.^[16] The new series bore the type code 103 E. All models—saloon type A and B, Familiare, TV and TV Trasformabile—were continued.^[16] Compression ratios were raised to 7:1 for the standard engine and 8:1 for the Turismo Veloce's, for a 4 PS (to 40 PS CUNA at 4,400 rpm) and 3 PS (to 53 PS CUNA at 5,200 rpm) gain in power respectively. Suspension was made softer, and the steering geometry altered.^[16] Standard saloons wore new chrome trim and a new radiator grille with vertical bars and a rectangular fog lamp in the middle, à la TV; the TV also had a similarly redesigned grille, but now had two rectangular driving lamps, one under each headlight. The TV's contrasting paint colour was extended the body sides, from the side trim down. Inside the dashboard was new, and featured a strip speedometer, an ivory plastic steering wheel, and a lower padded fascia; new features were a glove compartment, armrests to all four redesigned door cards, two-tone seat upholstery, and a windscreen washer. Luggage space was improved by adopting a fold-down rear backrest and moving the spare tyre under the boot floor.^[16] The Trasformabile roadster was updated too to the new TV specifications; the 103 E TV Trasformabile can be identified from details like the turn signals, no more supported by chrome stems but rather attached directly to the front wings.

Fiat 1100 model 1958

The new rear end of the 103 D

1958: 1100/103 D

In September 1957 the 1100 was updated again as a 1958 model, most notably with a completely redesigned rear end, and took on the new type code 103 D. It premiered at the Paris Motor Show in October, together with the new 1200 Granluce.^[17] The latter was an elegant saloon, developed from the 1100 designing a more modern bodyshell and enlarging the engine to 1.2 litres, and replaced the 1100 TV. Therefore, the 1100 range was left temporarily without an upmarket variant, and consisted of just two models: saloon and estate, both sporting contrasting colour roofs as standard. The saloon's new tail was longer and carried tailfins. Boot space had increased, and the rear window had also been enlarged. On the other hand, the estate's sheetmetal was unchanged; body-colour buttresses were added to fit the new tail lights to the 1954-vintage body. Almost all of the exterior trim was new, including door handles and turn signal repeaters.^[6] Exterior distinguishing features of the 1958 model were a new grille made of thin vertical bars crossed by four horizontal ones, with a Millecento (1100 spelled out in Italian) script on its centre, and "stepped" chrome spears on the sides. From a mechanical standpoint the main improvement were the uprated brakes, with self-centering brake shoes and wider drums, transversely instead of longitudinally finned.^[6] Engine output went up from 40 to 43 PS CUNA (32 kW) (48 PS SAE) at 4,800 rpm, thanks to a larger carburettor, a new aluminium cylinder head,^[6] and a water-cooled inlet manifold with an individual duct per each cylinder.^[17] Top speed rose accordingly to 125 km/h (78 mph).^[17]

1960 Fiat 1100 Lusso

1959: 1100/103 H Lusso

In 1959 Fiat re-introduced an upmarket 1100 model, positioned between the standard saloon and the 1200 Granluce: the 1100 Lusso (type 103 H), also known as De luxe or Luxus on foreign markets. Based on the 1100 model 1958 bodyshell, the Lusso was distinguished by elaborate exterior trim. At the front for the first time on a 1100 the Fiat badge was moved from the bonnet to the centre of the grille, featuring a new square mesh radiator. The body-side chrome spear split in two to encompass a contrasting colour band (matching the roof paint) extended from the front doors to the end of the rear quarter panels, where there was a brass-plated ornament. The fuel filler cap was hidden under a lockable flap. There were new hubcaps, and the bumpers carried tall rubber-edged overriders. New interior features were a padded vinyl shelf added below the dashboard, and wind deflectors fixed to the front side windows. Thanks to a twin-choke carburettor and a higher 7.85:1 compression ratio the Lusso's 1.1-litre engine developed 50 PS CUNA (37 kW) (55 PS SAE), rather than the 43 PS CUNA of the model 1958 1100.^[6] Top speed was 130 km/h (81 mph). Another change from the regular saloons was the two-piece propshaft, inherited from the TV saloons.

Fiat 1100 Special; note the front-hinged doors.

Fiat 1100 Export

1960: 1100/103 H Export and Special

Late in 1960 the 1958 1100/103 D and the 1110/103 H Lusso were replaced by three models, first shown at the November 1960 Turin Motor Show: the 1100 Export, the pricier 1100 Special, and the 1100 Familiare station wagon.^[18] The Special changed its name depending on the market—e.g. it was named Speciale in Italy and Spezial in Germany. The main difference between Special and Export saloons was the sheetmetal: the Export used a 103 H Lusso bodyshell, while the Special became the first 1100 with four front-hinged doors, as it adopted the more modern 1200 Granluce bodyshell. Otherwise the two saloons had nearly identical interior trim and equipment. Both had been stripped of the Granluce and Lusso's glitzy trim and their complex paint schemes—though a contrast colour roof remained optional on the Special.^[18] Sole concessions to ornamentation were a chrome spear down the side and factory-fitted whitewall tyres, with a thicker band on the Special.^[6] Export, Special and Familiare all used the same front end, as fitted to the Lusso and the 1959 restyled Granluce; front and rear the bumpers had less bulky over-riders, without rubber inserts.^[6]

The engine was the twin-carburettor type 103 H (50 PS CUNA) carried over from the outgoing Lusso, for a 130 km/h top speed.^[18] Thanks to new flexible rubber mounts it was possible to replace the two-piece propshaft with a simpler one-piece one, even with the more powerful engine. A Saxomat automatic clutch was available as on option on the Special only. At some point during the Special's production run the tooling was modified, eliminating the decorative ridges extending from the front wheel opening to the front door, present since 1953.^[6] 1100 Export and Special remained on sale until 1962, when they were both replaced by the Fiat 1100 D.

Indian production by PAL

The Fiat 1100/103 was imported and sold by Premier Automobiles Limited (PAL). The older model was known as the Millecento and the one with the centre light on the front grille (1100/103 E) as the Elegant. In 1958, the 1100/103 D tailfin model was introduced as the Select. It was followed by the Super Select in 1961. By 1964, the 1100D was introduced and it was assembled in India by PAL. This model has most of the parts manufactured locally. In India it was considered a sportier alternative than the Hindustan Ambassador.

1100D

1963 Fiat 1100D

Retaining the exterior changes of this model, in 1962 Fiat introduced the third generation 1100, called the 1100D. It was a sober yet comfortable four-door sedan, very similar to the Granluce but with simpler sides and a new simpler rectangular front end. The 1100D was a successful Italian Standard in the early sixties and along with its own Estate or Family car version and a Deluxe model that offered a higher performance of 50 PS (37 kW), extra side moldings, front bench seat with two reclining backs and carpet floor mats. These survived without any substantial alteration until 1966, when the introduction of the groundbreaking 124 model imposed a further change in styling. Power was 40 PS (29 kW) at the time of introduction, which was soon increased to 43 PS (32 kW).^[19]

The Fiat 1100D was manufactured under licence in India by the Premier Automobiles Limited beginning in 1964. The vehicle was initially marketed as the Fiat 1100D, as the Premier President for model year 1972, and as the Premier Padmini since 1974 until its discontinuation in 2000. By 1993, a diesel version with a 1366 cc diesel engine made in collaboration with FNM from Italy and was badged as the Premier Padmini 137D.The car manufacturing plant was closed down by 2000.

1100R

1967 Fiat 1100R

The very last 1100 model, born in February 1966, was the 1100R ("R" stood for Rinnovata). It had a longer, straighter and slimmer line, with a square back and a front-end look not very different from its bigger sister the Fiat 124. In terms of styling cues, the vestigial fins were further suppressed and the simple round rear light cluster from the Fiat 850 replaced the vertical form seen on the 1100D.^[20] At the same time, the larger engine was withdrawn in order to avoid undue overlap with the 124. The 1100R was offered only with the older 1,089 cc engine,^[21] now with a compression ratio of 8:1 and a claimed output of 48 bhp (36 kW).^[20] This engine (with a somewhat narrower bore) had been first introduced in the 1937 508 C Balilla 1100.^[19]

Clutch and gearbox were little changed, but the return of a floor mounted gear lever positioned between the front seats and connected to the gearbox with a rod linkage system was welcomed by the motoring press.^[20] The absence of synchromesh on the bottom forward speed nevertheless offered a reminder that under the surface this was becoming a somewhat aging design.^[20] Between the gearbox and the differential, the propeller shaft had now been separated into two parts with three couplings.^[20]

The boot was usefully expanded, helped by a slight increase in the car's overall length, and with more careful packaging of the spare wheel (under the floor) and the fuel tank (in the rear wing on the right).^[20] As configured for UK sales, reclining front seats were available as an optional extra for £8.^[22]

The 1100R finally gave way in 1969 to the new middle-class Fiat 128. It was also assembled by the Neckar-Automobilwerke in Heilbronn, Germany. Called the Neckar 1100 Millecento it only differed lightly in trim.^[23]

1100T

1960s Fiat 1100T

The 1100T was made from 1957 as a panel van, pickup and minibus. The car was equipped with a in-line engine with 1,089 cc (type 103 D.007) with 38 PS (28 kW) at 4800 rpm and it had a top speed of 90 km/h (56 mph). In 1959, its successor was unveiled, the Fiat 1100 T2, that had a 45 PS (33 kW) 1,222 cc engine.^[24] Production continued with a steady stream of updated engines, until production of the 1100 T4 finally came to an end in 1971.

References

Notes

1. "Fiat 1100". Australian Motor Manual: 40. 1 August 1960.
2. "Historique de la SOMACA". Somaca Casablanca. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
3. Farinelli, Aldo (4 March 1953). "La "Nuova 1100" Fiat domani al Salone di Ginevra" [Fiat's "New 1100" tomorrow at the Geneva Motor Show]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
4. Zucco, Fulvio (April 2012). "Fiat "1100/103" 1954—Seria, distinta, scopo matrimonio". Ruoteclassiche (in Italian). Editoriale Domus (280): 66–71.
5. Becker, p. 85
6. "30 anni di 1100" [30 years of 1100s]. Quattroruote. Editoriale Domus (122): 46–55. February 1966.
7. Farinelli, Aldo (1 October 1953). "La "1100 della velocità" novità al Salone parigino" [The "fast 1100" is the Paris Motor Show novelty]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
8. Maurizio, Schifano (April 2012). "Fiat "1100/103 TV" 1955—Compressa per lo sprint". Ruoteclassiche (in Italian). Editoriale Domus (280): 58–65.
9. Giovannini, Giovanni (11 March 1954). "Parata della produzione mondiale al Salone dell'Automobile di Ginevra" [Parading the world's production at the Geneva Motor Show]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 6. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
10. Smith, Maurice A. (5 January 1967). "Test: Fiat 1100R Estate Car". Autocar. 126 (3699): 58–60.
11. Farinelli, Aldo (3 April 1954). "Il "battesimo" ufficiale della Fiat 1100 "familiare"" [The official christening of the Fiat 1100 "familiare"]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 2. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
12. Giovannini, Giovanni (11 March 1955). "L'industria italiana predomina nel Salone dell'auto a Ginevra". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
13. Giacosa, p. 155.
14. 1959 Fiat 1100 Turismo Veloce (Museum placard), Hasköy, Turkey: Rahmi M. Koç Museum (On temporary loan from Tofaş Türk Otomobil Fabrikası A.Ş.), A total of 571 of these first series cars were built. In 1956 the Trasformabile gained 3bhp and a slightly modified rear suspension. Production continued for another year, with a further 450 cars being built. The first significant change came in 1957 with the introduction of a new 1,221 cc engine, and small cosmetic changes to the front and rear. This final version was built until 1959, with around 2,360 cars being produced.
15. Gastaldi, Luca (March 2015). "Fiat 1100/103 TV Pininfarina—La 1100 è "fuori"". Automobilismo d'Epoca (in Italian). Edisport editoriale S.r.l. 13 (3): 62–67.
16. Farinelli, Aldo (16 June 1956). "Migliorie nella nuova serie dell'automobile Fiat 1100" [Improvements for the new series of the Fiat 1100 car]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 7. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
17. Farinelli, Aldo (26 September 1957). "La nuova 1100 "modello 1958" sarà presetata al Salone di Parigi" [The new "model 1958" 1100 will be introduced at the Paris Motor Show]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
18. "Tre versioni della 1100 e nuovi veicoli industriali" [Thee new 1100 versions and new industrial vehicles]. La Stampa (in Italian). 2 November 1960. p. 9. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
19. Becker, Clauspeter (1971). Logoz, Arthur, ed. "Fiat 128". Auto-Universum 1971 (in German). Zürich, Switzerland: Verlag Internationale Automobil-Parade AG. XIV: 80.
20. Rogliatti, Gianni (4 February 1966). "Fiat 1100R: Extensive revisions bring 1100 up-to-date". Autocar. 124 (2651): 227.
21. Cardew, Basil (1966). "Review of the 1966 Motor Show". Daily Express. London: Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd.
22. Smith, Maurice A, ed. (13 June 1968). "Autocar testday: 1,000 - 1,300 cc cars". Autocar. 128 (3774): 2–10.
23. Braunschweig, Robert; et al., eds. (9 March 1967). "Automobil Revue Modelle 1967/Revue Automobile modèles 1967" (in German and French). 62. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG: 364.
24. "FIAT - Transporter und leichte Lkw - 1950 - 1979 (1990) technische Daten" (in German). Zuckerfabrik24.de. Retrieved 24 April 2010.

Bibliography

• Giacosa, Dante (2014) [1st pub. Automobilia, 1979]. I miei 40 anni di progettazione alla Fiat (PDF) (in Italian). Centro Storico Fiat.

External links

Media related to Fiat 1100 at Wikimedia Commons