Fort Reno (Oklahoma)

For other uses, see Fort Reno (disambiguation).
Fort Reno
Indian Territory / Canadian County, Oklahoma, USA
(near El Reno, Oklahoma)

Aerial view of Fort Reno, 1891.
Type Fort
Site information
Controlled by United States
Site history
Built 1875
In use 1875–1949
Materials Wood, stone, & brick
Battles/wars Indian Wars on the Southern Plains; Remount Station, World War I & World War II; German Prisoner of War camp, World War II.
Fort Reno
Location in Oklahoma
Nearest city El Reno, Oklahoma
Coordinates 35°33′42″N 98°2′6″W / 35.56167°N 98.03500°W / 35.56167; -98.03500Coordinates: 35°33′42″N 98°2′6″W / 35.56167°N 98.03500°W / 35.56167; -98.03500
Area 9.9 acres (4.0 ha)
Built 1874
NRHP Reference # 70000529[1][2]
Added to NRHP June 22, 1970

Fort Reno is a former United States Army cavalry post west of El Reno, Oklahoma. It is named for General Jesse L. Reno, who died at the Battle of South Mountain in the American Civil War.

History

Fort Reno began as a temporary camp in July 1874 near the Darlington Agency, which needed protection from an Indian uprising that eventually led to the Red River War. After the conflict ended, the post remained to control and protect the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho reservation, and Fort Reno was established as a permanent fort on July 15, 1875.[3] Soldiers from Fort Reno also attempted to control Boomer and Sooner activity during the rush to open the Unassigned Lands for settlement. Among the units stationed here were the famed Ninth Cavalry of Buffalo Soldiers. The fort lent its name to the city of El Reno, which still exists, as well as Reno City, which was abandoned before Oklahoma statehood.

After Oklahoma statehood in 1907, the post was abandoned on February 24, 1908, but remained as a quartermaster remount depot. During World War II, German and Italian prisoners of war were housed on the grounds; the fort's chapel was built by members of the Afrika Korps.[3] In 1949, the fort was abandoned by the Army and transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which uses it as its Grazinglands Research Laboratory.[2] The laboratory's mission is to develop and deliver improved technologies, management strategies, and strategic and tactical planning tools which help evaluate and manage economic and environmental risks, opportunities, and tradeoffs, for integrated crop, forage, and livestock systems under variable climate, energy and market conditions.

The remains of German and Italian prisoners of war, residents of the fort, pioneer settlers, and military personnel are interred in the fort's cemetery. Ben Clark, a frontier scout for George Armstrong Custer and Philip Sheridan, is buried there. The fort is open to the public and has a visitor's center with fort memorabilia and exhibits. Fort Reno was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.[1]

Land controversy

An executive order in 1883 officially identified the area assigned to Fort Reno as 9,493 acres (38.42 km2) in the Cheyenne and Arapaho reserve, "setting apart for military purposes exclusively of the tract of land herein described."[4] A presidential proclamation (27 Stat., 1018) signed April 12, 1892 by Benjamin Harrison extinguished all Cheyenne-Arapaho claims to their reserve except for individual allotments, including any claims to Fort Reno[5][6]

For several years the combined Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes have been trying to re-acquire the lands the fort occupied.[7][8][9] In 1996, they donated US$107,000 to the Democratic National Committee with a memo titled "Fort Reno," and at the same time asked the Clinton administration to get an opinion from the Department of the Interior on their claims. The U.S. Senate investigated them for their actions in 1997 but the tribes refused to appear without a grant of immunity.[10] In 1999 the Interior Department issued an opinion saying that the tribes did have a credible argument that they did not cede the lands that were used by the military.

Several attempts have been made by Democratic politicians to aid the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes, most notably Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr. of American Samoa in 1997[11] and by Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii in 2000.

In 2005, Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe, co-sponsored by Senator Tom Coburn, introduced a bill to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to lease oil and gas resources under the fort to fund preservation of the historic site and buildings.[12] The bill received a committee hearing but no further action.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. 1 2 "Oklahoma Historical Society State Historic Preservation Office".
  3. 1 2 "Fort Reno". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  4. ↑ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Executive Orders Relating To Indian Reserves". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 842–843. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  5. ↑ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Sec 13 Agreement with Cheyenne and Arapaho Ratified". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 415.
  6. ↑ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Part IV, Proclamations: Cessation of Lands by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 955. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  7. ↑ Medley, Robert (December 27, 1991). "Cheyenne-Arapahos Still Claim Fort Reno". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  8. 1 2 Daffron, Brian (January 22, 2007). "Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes fight for possession of Fort Reno lands". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  9. ↑ "Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes Call on President Obama to Recognize Tribes' Ownership of the Fort Reno Lands" (Press release). PRNewswire. March 21, 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "The Cheyenne and Arapaho: Their Quest for the Fort Reno Lands" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 1997. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  11. ↑ "H.R. 2039 - 105th Congress (1997-1998)" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "S. 1832 - 109th Congress (2005-2006)" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

Further reading

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