Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford

The Lord Chelmsford
Frederic Thesiger, c.1870
Born	31 May 1827 Bloomsbury, London
Died	9 April 1905 (aged 77) Westminster, London
Allegiance	United Kingdom / British Empire
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1844–1905
Rank	General
Battles/wars	Crimean War Indian Rebellion of 1857 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia Xhosa Wars Anglo-Zulu War
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Mentioned in Despatches Order of the Medjidie (Ottoman Empire)
Other work	Lieutenant of the Tower of London Colonel of Sherwood Foresters Colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards

Frederic Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford GCB, GCVO (31 May 1827 – 9 April 1905) was a British imperial general who came to prominence during the Anglo-Zulu War, when an expeditionary force under his command suffered one of the severest defeats in battle by native tribesmen in the history of the British Empire at the Battle of Isandlwana in 1879. He went on to defeat the Zulu Kingdom at the subsequent Battle of Ulundi.

Early life

Frederic Augustus Thesiger was born 31 May 1827, the son of Frederic Thesiger, a lawyer who later became Lord Chancellor and was created Baron Chelmsford. Thesiger was educated at Eton College.^[1][2]

Military career

He wished to pursue a military career, and after unsuccessfully trying to obtain a place in the Grenadier Guards, he purchased (1844) a commission in the Rifle Brigade. He served (1845) with the Rifles in Halifax, Nova Scotia before purchasing an exchange (November 1845) into the Grenadiers as Ensign and Lieutenant. He was promoted Lieutenant and Captain in 1850, and became aide-de-camp (1852) to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Eglinton, and then to the Commander-in-Chief in Ireland, Sir Edward Blakeney, from 1853 to 1854.^[1][2]

Crimean War

In May 1855, he left for the Crimean War, in which he served firstly with his battalion, then as aide-de-camp (from July 1855) to the commander of the 2nd Division, Lieutenant-General Edwin Markham, and finally as deputy assistant quartermaster general (from November 1855) on the staff at Headquarters, being promoted brevet Major. He was mentioned in dispatches and received the fifth class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidie and the British, Turkish and Sardinian Crimean medals.^[1][2]

Indian Rebellion of 1857

In 1857, he was promoted captain and lieutenant colonel, and transferred (1858), as a lieutenant colonel, to the 95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot, serving with that regiment at the end of the Indian Rebellion, for which he was again mentioned in dispatches. He served as deputy adjutant general to the forces in Bombay from 1861 to 1862, and was promoted brevet colonel in 1863. There, he befriended the then governor of Bombay, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, and this relationship would be important later when serving in South Africa. He served, again as deputy adjutant general, in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia, for which he was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath and made an aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria in 1868. He was Adjutant-General, India from 1869 to 1874.^[1][2]

Thesiger returned to England in 1874 as colonel on the staff, commanding the forces at Shorncliffe Army Camp, and was appointed to command a brigade at Aldershot, with the temporary rank of brigadier general, in 1877. He had however requested a posting overseas in order to benefit from the cheaper cost of living.^[1][2]

Anglo-Zulu Wars

Lord Chelmsford sketched by another officer at the Battle of Ulundi

Defeat at Isandlwana

Thesiger was promoted to major general in March 1877, appointed to command the forces in South Africa with the local rank of lieutenant general in February 1878, and in October succeeded his father as 2nd Baron Chelmsford. He brought the Ninth Cape Frontier War to its completion in July 1878, and was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in November 1878. His experiences fighting against the Xhosa created a low opinion of the fighting capabilities of native African tribesmen, which would later lead to a disastrous consequence.^[1][2]

In January 1879 Sir Bartle Frere, a personal friend of Chelmsford, engineered a war against Cetshwayo, King of the Zulus, who at that time were an allied power by treaty with the British Crown. An expeditionary British Imperial military force under Chelmsford's command subsequently entered the Zulu Kingdom uninvited, and was in consequence attacked on the 22 January 1879 by a large Zulu army at Isandlwana, during which the Zulus overran and destroyed the central column of Chelmsford's separated forces. The engagement was an unexpected victory for the Zulus, and became one of the worst defeats of the British Army by native tribesmen in the history of the British Empire.^[3][4][5]

Post-battle the British Government, anxious to avoid the Zulus threatening Natal, issued orders for the hasty relief of Chelmsford of his command and for him to be replaced with Sir Garnet Wolseley.^[6] However this order could not be implemented until the arrival of Wolseley on the scene, and in the meantime Chelmsford ignored the diplomatic peace overtures from King Cetshwayo^[7] and planned an attack upon the Zulus at Ulundi, aimed at defeating them decisively and salvaging his reputation before Wolseley's arrival.^[8] The Battle of Ulundi took place on 4 July 1879, being the last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War. After a half an hour bombardment from the Royal Artillery, Chelmsford attacked a Zulu army massed at Ulundi, making full use of concentrated small arms fire from Gatling Guns and rifles, leading to the destruction of the Zulus' force. The British Army's casualties after the sharp but brief engagement was only ten killed and eighty-seven men wounded, in exchange for nearly six times that number of Zulu dead, ^[9] and another 1000 or more wounded. Chelmsford ordered the Royal Kraal of Ulundi, the Zulu Kingdom's capital, to be destroyed with fire. Chelmsford handed over command to Wolseley on 15 July at the fort at St. Paul's, leaving South Africa by ship for England two days later. The defeat of the Zulus at Ulundi allowed Chelmsford to partially recover ^[10] his military prestige after the disaster at Isandlwana, and he was bestowed as a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, however he was severely criticized by a subsequent enquiry launched by the British Army into the events that had led to the Isandlwana defeat, ^[11] and would not serve in the field again.^[12]

Later career

Lord Chelmsford became lieutenant general in 1882, Lieutenant of the Tower of London (1884 until 1889), colonel of the 4th (West London) Rifle Volunteer Corps (1887), full general (1888), and colonel of the Derbyshire Regiment (1889). He exchanged the colonelcy of the Derbyshires for that of the 2nd Life Guards (1900), and was made Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1902).^[1][2] He was the inaugural Governor and Commandant of the Church Lads' Brigade, a post he retained until his death.^[1]

Funerary monument, Brompton Cemetery, London

Personal life

His sister, Julia (1833–1904) was married to Sir John Eardley Wilmot Inglis (1814–1862) ^[13] who commanded the British forces during the Siege of Lucknow in 1857. She later wrote of her experiences during the siege including extracts from her diary.^[14]

He was the uncle of the actor Ernest Thesiger.

He left four sons, the eldest of whom succeeded as 3rd Baron Chelmsford and later became Viceroy of India and first Viscount Chelmsford. Another son was Lieutenant Colonel Eric Thesiger who served in the First World War and was also a Page of Honour for Queen Victoria. The diplomat Wilfred Gilbert Thesiger, who served in Addis Ababa in 1916, was another son, and father of the author and explorer Wilfred Thesiger.^[1]

Death

Chelmsford had a seizure and expired whilst playing billiards at the United Service Club in London on 9 April 1905. His body was buried in Brompton Cemetery in London.^[2]

Cultural references

Peter O'Toole portrayed Chelmsford in the film Zulu Dawn (1978), which depicted the events at the Battle of Isandlwana.

References

Notes

1. "Thesiger, Frederic Augustus". Oxford DNB. Retrieved 17 May 2011. (subscription required (help)).
2. Greaves 2011, p.161-163
3. Thompson (2006), p.75, "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand."
4. Knight (2003), p. 27 Map titled: "First invasion of Zululand".
5. Doyle (2002), p. 118.
6. Colenso (1880), p. 455
7. Colenso (1880), p. 456
8. Colenso (1880), p. 461, "... everyone understood that he would try and end the war before he was superseded ... that 'poor Lord Chelmsford' might get a chance, win a battle ...".
9. Hall, D.D..Military History Journal, V.4, No.4, Artillery in the Zulu War 1879, South African Military History Society, ISSN 0026-4016, December 1978. Quotes the London Standard reporting 473 counted dead.
10. Lock, Ron & Quantrill, Peter Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg & Cape Town, 2002 ISBN 1-86842-214-3, p.283.
11. Lock, Ron & Quantrill, Peter Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg & Cape Town, 2002 ISBN 1-86842-214-3, Chapter 9.
12. Gump, James O. The Dust Rose like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux, Bison Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8032-7059-3, p.99.
13. "Hon. Julia Selina Thesiger". thepeerage.com. 13 February 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
14. Inglis, Julia Selina (1892). "The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary". A Celebration of Woman Writers. James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.,. Retrieved 16 April 2011.

Sources

• Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R. Fields of Battle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, ISBN 1-4020-0433-8, essay by Tony Pollard The Mountain is their Monument, pp. 118 ff
• Colenso, Frances Ellen (1880). History of the Zulu War and Its Origin. London: Chapman & Hall.
• Greaves, Adrian (2011). Isandlwana: How the Zulus humbled the British Empire. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84884-532-9.
• Knight, Ian (2003). Zulu War 1879. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-612-7.
• Thompson, Paul Singer (2006). Black soldiers of the queen: the Natal native contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-5368-2.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lord Chelmsford