Friedhelm Busse
| Friedhelm Busse | |
|---|---|
|
Friedhelm Busse in 2006 | |
| Born |
Friedhelm Busse 4 February 1929 Bochum, Weimar Germany |
| Died |
23 July 2008 (aged 79) Passau, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Organization | 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend |
| Known for | Neo-Nazi activist |
| Political party | Free German Workers' Party |
| Movement | Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands |
Friedhelm Busse (4 February 1929 – 23 July 2008) was a German national socialist politician and activist. In a career taking in some six decades Busse established himself as a leading voice of German neo-Nazism.
Early activism
The son of an SA Sturmbannführer, Busse was born in Bochum[1] and served in the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend in 1945.[2] After the war Busse served in the Bund Deutscher Jugend, a semi-clandestine anti-Soviet Union paramilitary squad exposed in the German press as a front operation for the CIA in 1952.[3] He then became active in Reichsjugend, the youth wing of the Socialist Reich Party and later the Deutsche Reichspartei.[4] During the early 1960s he took an active role in terrorism in the majority-German speaking Italian province of South Tyrol, and was arrested in 1963 for possession of dynamite.[5]
VSBD
Busse joined the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) in 1964 and soon became one of the party's leading members in North Rhine-Westphalia. As a member of the NPD Busse became associated with student radicalism, much to the displeasure of the NPD leadership. To this end he set up a radical far right group, Aktion Widerstand, in 1970 and was expelled from the party the following year as the leadership sought to reassert itself.[6] This followed a conviction for weapons offences, also in 1971.[7]
In June 1971 he joined with other radicals in setting up the Partei der Arbeit/Deutsche Sozialisten, which re-emerged in 1975 as Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands (VSBD).[8] During this time he was also involved in organising neo-Nazi cadres and played a leading role in the establishment of the NSDAP/AO. He had worked closely with the groups counterparts in France, Fédération d'action nationale et européenne, in order to increase international co-operation.[9] Alongside this he continued to play a leading role in the VSBD until it was outlawed in 1982 following a shooting incident with Munich police in which two VSBD gunmen were killed and two police officers injured.[10] The group had been involved in a number of bank robberies during the summer of 1981 but this incident, which occurred in November 1981, represented the end of this fundraising initiative.[11] Busse was sentenced to six years imprisonment at his 1983 trial after being found guilty of charges of illegal possession of weapons and receiving stolen goods.[11]
Free German Workers Party
Busse then became associated with the Free German Workers' Party (FAP), becoming leader of the party in November 1988 when Michael Kühnen was forced from that position due to his homosexuality.[12] Kühnen had been opposed by Jürgen Mosler, the fiercely homophobic leader of the party's North Rhine-Westphalia group and Busse had thrown his lot in with him in order to emerge as leader.[13] Busse and Mosler themselves soon clashed however, resulting in a further split in the party.[14] In keeping with his ideological roots Busse sought to reinvigorate the party by turning it towards Strasserism with which he had long been associated.[12]
However the FAP declined as successor groups loyal to Kühnen emerged, with FAP membership as low as 220 people by 1992.[15] Nevertheless, Busse remained influential as an individual and was present at Rostock in 1992 when neo-Nazis launched an arson attack on an immigrants hostel.
Later years
With the FAP on the wane he became involved with organising Freien Kameradschaften but was caught by police in Stuttgart in 1994 and placed on 20 months probation for attempting to reorganise the banned Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists.[16] He continued his involvement with the Kameradschaften however, running an information service for them from 1997. He was also active in organising lectures and rallies for the neo-Nazi cause. Largely retired from activism due to his age, he designated Norman Bordin as his successor in 2004 whilst serving a prison sentence for sedition.
Busse died on 23 July 2008 in Passau. German officials dug up his grave to remove a Reichskriegsflagge that had been placed on his casket at the time of burial.[17]
References
- ↑ Uwe Backes, Eckhard Jesse, Politischer Extremismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Propyläen 1993, p. 293
- ↑ Jens Mecklenburg, Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus, Elefanten Press 1996, p. 448
- ↑ Martin A. Lee, The Beast Reawakens, London: Warner Books, 1998, p. 55
- ↑ Lee McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany: 1870 to the Present, Pearson Education, 2002, p. 183
- ↑ Rudolf Schneider, Die SS ist ihr Vorbild - Neonazistische Kampfgruppen und Aktionskreise in der Bundesrepublik, Frankfurt am main 1981, p. 97
- ↑ Manfred Rowold, Im Schatten der Macht, Droste Verlag 1974, p. 262
- ↑ Geoffrey Harris, The Dark Side of Europe, Edinburgh University Press, 1994, p. 121
- ↑ McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany, pp. 183-184
- ↑ Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 557
- ↑ Peter H. Merkl, Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations, University of California Press, 1986, p. 224
- 1 2 McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany, p. 184
- 1 2 C.T. Husbands, 'Militant Neo-Nazism in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1980s', L. Cheles, R. Ferguson & M. Vaughan, Neo-Fascism in Europe, Harlow: Longman, 1992, p. 97
- ↑ McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany, p. 186
- ↑ Rand C. Lewis, The Neo-Nazis and German Unification, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, pp. 65-66
- ↑ Lewis, The Neo-Nazis and German Unification, p. 53
- ↑ McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany, p. 193
- ↑ Justiz lässt Hakenkreuzfahne aus frischem Grab holen from Der Spiegel