Horst Mahler

Horst Mahler

Horst Mahler (on the left)
Born (1936-01-23) 23 January 1936
Haynau, Lower Silesia, Germany
Occupation Lawyer · Political activist
Organization

Horst Mahler (born 23 January 1936) is a German former lawyer and political activist.[1] He once was an extreme-left militant and a founding member of the Red Army Faction, but later became a Maoist before switching to Neo-Nazism. Between 2000 and 2003, he was a member of the far-right National Democratic Party of Germany. Since 2003, he has repeatedly been convicted of Volksverhetzung ("incitement of popular hatred") and Holocaust denial and is currently serving a twelve-year prison sentence.

Life

Mahler was born at Haynau[2] in Silesia on 23 January 1936, the son of a dentist. In February 1945, as the end of World War II in Europe began, the family fled from the approaching Red Army to Naumburg an der Saale. Less than a year later, they moved to Dessau and then, after Mahler's father – a fanatical Nazi and anti-semite – committed suicide in 1949, to West Berlin.[3]

Mahler took his school-leaving exams in Wilmersdorf, Berlin in 1955 and then studied Law at the Free University of Berlin. He joined the Thuringia Association, a right-wing student fraternity, but soon afterwards became a member of the socialist student body SDS.[3]

Mahler was one of the founders of the Republican Club, a West Berlin leftist organisation established in 1966. He later became well known as a defender of left-wing students taken to court.[3] In 1970, he became a founding member of the leftist terrorist group, the Red Army Faction, and was subsequently imprisoned. While in jail, he became a Maoist, but later turned sharply to the right. In 2000, he joined the far-right National Democratic Party (NPD) and represented it in court.

In an interview in 2005 with an Israeli reporter, Naftali Glicksberg, Mahler claimed that he is partly of Jewish descent. He described how his mother, bursting into tears, told him and his brothers that they have Jewish ancestry and are one-eighth Jewish.[4]

Education and career

Mahler studied Law at the Free University of Berlin with the support of the German National Merit Foundation. He founded a law firm in Berlin in 1964 and practised microeconomic law. In 1966, he successfully argued a case before the European Court of Human Rights.[5]

As a young lawyer, Mahler defended student leader Rudi Dutschke, and Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin.[6]

Left wing activity

Early political activism

Prior to 1960, Mahler was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the leftist students' association Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (SDS).[7] He was expelled from the SPD in 1960, as were other members of the SDS, that had developed from being the SPD youth wing to a radical left-wing group. He joined the new organisation's call for "extra-parliamentary opposition", or forceful resistance.[8] Mahler joined the Ausserparlamentarische Opposition in 1964.

After the attempted assassination of Rudi Dutschke, Mahler took part in the violent protests against the Springer Publishing House, for which he was arrested.[9] At the time, Mahler was active as a lawyer who defended students facing criminal prosecution. By 1970, he had defended Beate Klarsfeld, Fritz Teufel and Rainer Langhans (both participants of the Kommune 1), the left-wing student leader Rudi Dutschke, Peter Brandt (the eldest son of Willy Brandt), as well as subsequent RAF terrorists Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin.

Founding of the RAF

Early RAF manifesto by Mahler, featuring the RAF logo (1971). The title page is meant to resemble an East German traffic law manual.

Having earlier befriended Ensslin and Baader, Mahler helped plot to spring Baader from prison after his 1970 arrest. Once Baader escaped, the three, along with Ulrike Meinhof, committed a series of bank robberies in September 1970.[10] The four fled to Jordan and trained in guerrilla tactics with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[11]

Upon his return from Jordan, Mahler was arrested with fellow RAF members Ingrid Schubert, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens on 8 October 1970. He was tried and convicted for the bank robberies and for assisting a prison escape. By 1974, Mahler had been sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment and had had his license to practice law revoked.[9]

Imprisonment

In prison, Mahler wrote a manifesto. The rest of the Baader-Meinhof Gang, however, resoundingly rejected it, effectively expelling him from the group. Mahler now advocated the policies of the KPD/AO (Organization to Rebuild the KPD).[10] Then, in 1975, the Movement 2 June took Peter Lorenz hostage and demanded, among others, that Mahler be freed from prison. Mahler was offered liberty, but refused it.[10]

In 1980, Mahler was freed from prison after serving ten years of his fourteen-year sentence. This was largely due to the efforts of his lawyer, Gerhard Schröder, who would later become Chancellor of the reunited Germany). In 1988, again with the help of Schröder, Mahler was granted permission to resume practising law in Germany.[12]

Switch to far-right politics

Beginning

Mahler made the acquaintance of political theorists Iring Fetscher and Günter Rohrmoser, who visited him in prison. While the German courts noted a change in Mahler's political posturing in the mid 1980s,[9] he first gained attention for it at Rohrmoser's 70th birthday celebration on 1 December 1997. There Mahler gave a speech declaring that Germany was "occupied" and had to free itself from its "debt bondage" to reestablish its national identity.[13]

Mahler took little role in politics until 1998, when an article by him called Zweite Steinzeit ("Second Stone Age")[14] explaining his conversion to Völkisch ideas appeared in the right-wing paper Junge Freiheit.[15] Mahler has since underlined the spiritual side of his political beliefs, while marrying it to anti-semitism, arguing that:

In the German people as free self-confidence, the unity of God and Man appears in the Folk-community knowing itself. This is the existing negation of the Jewish Principle and of the haggler/bargainer as its worldly shape.[16]

NPD

Mahler joined the far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD) in 2000.[7] In 2001, the German government began a process to attempt to ban the NPD, during which time Mahler acted as an attorney for the party. The government, citing accusations of Volksverhetzung ("hate speech") against the party, petitioned the court to allow them to seize Mahler's computer assets. Mahler successfully defeated the effort.[9]

In 2003, after the official case to ban the NPD had been rejected by the German courts, Mahler left the party.

Since late 2003

Mahler was involved in founding the Society for the Rehabilitation of Those persecuted for Refutation of the Holocaust (Verein zur Rehabilitierung der wegen Bestreitens des Holocaust Verfolgten, VRBHV) on 9 November 2003.[17] He announced the formation of the society with an open letter in which he stated that its objective was "to eliminate the isolation of the persecuted which has dominated so far, is to guarantee the necessary public awareness of their struggle for justice, and is to provide the financial means for a successful judicial struggle."[17]

Since 2003, Mahler has faced numerous charges in German courts, including a charge of Volksverhetzung in connection with statements he made regarding the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. He told the court that the incident was a "concocted conspiracy" and that "it is not true that al-Qaeda had anything to do with it."[18] He was also charged for Holocaust denial under the Volksverhetzung law in 2004 in connection with his role in the VRBHV. His passport was revoked by the German authorities in 2006 to prevent him attending the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran, Iran.

As of November 2007, Mahler was facing new Volksverhetzung charges stemming from an interview for Vanity Fair with Michel Friedman (CDU), a former vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany. Friedman, who intended to interview Mahler about his role in the RAF, brought charges against Mahler alleging that he was greeted with a Hitler salute and a shout of "Heil Hitler, Herr Friedman!". During the interview, Mahler told Friedman that "the systematic extermination of Jews in Auschwitz is a lie" and that Adolf Hitler was "the savior of the German people [but] not only of the German people.”[19]

On 23 November 2007 the Amtsgericht in Cottbus sentenced Mahler to six months' imprisonment without parole for having given a Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term the previous year. Mahler claimed to have performed the salute as a "testimonial of his worldview" ("Zeugnis seiner Weltanschauung").[20]

On 21 February 2009, Mahler was sentenced by a Munich court to six years' imprisonment without possibility of reduction or bail. During the reading of the verdict, the judge said that Mahler had proven "not able to be re-educated" and declared that the "nationalist rattle" of and "nonsense spread" by Horst Mahler should stop.[21] On 11 March a Potsdam court then sentenced the 73-year-old Mahler to an additional five years' imprisonment for Holocaust denial and banalization of Nazi war crimes. Mahler was adjudged an escape risk, so the sentence was carried out immediately.[22]

Mahler was defended by Sylvia Stolz for some time,[23] who was also convicted and imprisoned in 2008.[24]

In film

In the 2008 film Der Baader Meinhof Complex, directed by Uli Edel, Mahler is played by the actor Simon Licht.

Mahler is the subject of the 2009 documentary Die Anwälte - Eine deutsche Geschichte (The Lawyers - A German History), directed by Birgit Schulz. The film charts the life and career of Mahler and the other two RAF lawyers, Otto Schily and Hans-Christian Ströbele, both during and after their association with the RAF.[25]

Quotes

"The destruction of the Jews is an act of reason..." ("In der Vernichtung der Juden waltet Vernunft...")
"Billions of people would be ready to forgive Hitler if he had only murdered the Jews" ("Milliarden Menschen wären bereit, Hitler zu verzeihen, wenn er nur den Judenmord begangen hätte"), i.e., if that had been his only crime.

(Two of the comments made by Horst Mahler that the local court of justice of Amtsgericht Tiergarten used to justify the prohibition of professional activity (Berufsverbot) it issued against Mahler on 8 April 2004.[26])

See also

References

  1. ↑ (German) Mahler kein Anwalt mehr, n-tv.de, 19 August 2009.
  2. ↑ Now Chojnów, Poland.
  3. 1 2 3 The Baader Meinhof Complex by Stefan Aust, 2008
  4. ↑ http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-3066208,00.html
  5. ↑ "Biography, Horst Mahler" (in German). Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  6. 1 2 Max Rodenberg (2000-09-01). "Germany: Former left-wing radical Horst Mahler joins the neo-fascist NPD". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  7. ↑ "Ausserparlamentarische Opposition" (in German). Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  8. 1 2 3 4 German Law Journal (2001-08-01). "Horst Mahler: A Radical Biography". Federal Constitutional Court Issues Temporary Injunction in the NPD Party Ban Case. German Law Journal. pp. section II. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  9. 1 2 3 "Horst Mahler". This is Baader-Meinhof. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  10. ↑ "The Baader-Meinhof Gang - Meinhof: Terrorist to Journalist". CrimeLibrary. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  11. ↑ Thorsten Thaler (1998-05-08). "Gerhard-Schröder-Biographie: Horst Mahler stellt das Buch eines Konservativen vor Hoffnung keimt im Verborgenen" (in German). Junge Freiheit. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  12. ↑ Horst Mahler. "Rede Horst Mahlers zum 70. Geburtstag Günter Rohrmosers" (in German). Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  13. ↑ Horst Mahler, Zweite Steinzeit, Junge Freiheit, 17. April 1998.
  14. ↑ 'Former left-wing radical Horst Mahler joins the neo-fascist NPD'
  15. ↑ H. Mahler 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question - Discovery of God instead of Jewish Hatred', 25 March 2001.
  16. 1 2 Horst Mahler (2003-11-11). "Society for the Rehabilitation of Those persecuted for Refutation of the Holocaust". National Journal. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  17. ↑ "Neo-Nazi blames US for 11 September". BBC News. 2003-01-13. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  18. ↑ "Charges filed against German extreme-rightist Horst Mahler". European Jewish Press. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  19. ↑ "Sechs Monate für Hitlergruß" (in German). Die Zeit/dpa. 23 November 2007.
  20. ↑ Handelsblatt, newspaper, Germany 25 February 2009
  21. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Mahler zu hoher Haftstrafe verurteilt 11 March 2009
  22. ↑ Netzeitung.de 3 November 2007
  23. ↑ Mannheimer Morgen 19 March 2009. Absurde Ausschweifungen.
  24. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1439446/?
  25. ↑ (German) Berufsverbot für Horst Mahler, Die Welt, 20 April 2004.

 

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