Garbage (band)

Garbage

Garbage performing live during the Not Your Kind of People tour in March 2013
Background information
Origin Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Genres
Years active 1993–present
Labels
Associated acts
Website garbage.com
Members

Garbage is an American-Scottish alternative rock band formed in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1993.[4] The group consists of Scottish musician Shirley Manson (vocals, keyboards, guitar) and American musicians Duke Erikson (bass, guitar, keyboards), Steve Marker (guitar, keyboards), and Butch Vig (drums, percussion). All four members are involved in songwriting and production. The band have counted worldwide album sales of over 17 million units.[5]

Their debut album, Garbage, was critically acclaimed, sold over 4 million copies, and was certified double platinum in the UK, US, and Australia while accompanied by a string of increasingly successful singles in 1995–1996, including "Stupid Girl" and "Only Happy When It Rains".[6][7] Follow-up Version 2.0, released in 1998 after a year of production, had an equal commercial success, topping the UK Albums Chart and getting nominations for two Grammy Awards. Garbage followed this up by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond movie The World Is Not Enough.[8]

Despite critical acclaim,[9] Garbage's 2001 third album Beautiful Garbage failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors.[10] Garbage quietly disbanded amidst the troubled production of fourth album Bleed Like Me, but regrouped to complete the album, which was released in 2005 and peaked at a career-high No. 4 in the US.[11] The band cut short their concert tour in support of Bleed Like Me announcing an "indefinite hiatus",[12] emphasizing that they had not broken up, but wished to pursue personal interests.[13] The hiatus was briefly interrupted in 2007, as Garbage recorded new tracks for greatest hits retrospective Absolute Garbage.[14] Garbage ultimately regrouped in 2011,[15] releasing Not Your Kind of People in 2012 and Strange Little Birds in 2016, via the band's own independent label, Stunvolume.

History

Butch Vig had built a reputation as a rock producer before deciding to form Garbage.

Formation and early years (1993–1994)

Duke Erikson and Butch Vig had been in several bands, including Spooner and Fire Town (with Steve Marker as a sound engineer). In 1983, Vig and Marker founded Smart Studios in Madison and Vig's production work brought him to the attention of Sub Pop. Spooner reunited in 1990 and released another record, but disbanded in 1993 as Vig and Marker's career as producers gained strength.[16] In 1994, as Vig become "kind of burned out on doing really long records," he got together with Erikson and Marker, and they started doing remixes for acts such as U2, Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails and House of Pain. The remixes featured different instrumentation, and often highlighting new guitar hooks and bass grooves. This experience inspired the three men to form a band, where they "wanted to take that remix sensibility and somehow translate it into all of the possibilities of a band setup."[17] The team drew inspiration for its name from a hostile early comment, when someone heard them play and groaned, "This shit sounds like garbage!"[4]

Initial sessions with Vig on vocals, along with the members' past work with all-male groups, led to the band's desire for a woman on lead.[18] Marker declared that their desire for a female vocalist was one "who didn't have a high, chirpy, girly quality to her voice", similar to Patti Smith and Chrissie Hynde, and Vig added that they wanted someone that could sing in an understated way in contrast to "these alterna-rock singers [that] have a tendency to scream".[19] Marker was watching 120 Minutes when he saw the music video for Angelfish's "Suffocate Me". He showed the video to Erikson and Vig while their manager Shannon O'Shea tracked down the band's singer, Shirley Manson. When Manson was contacted, she did not know who Vig was and was urged to check the credits on Nevermind, the popular Nirvana album which Vig produced.[4]

On April 8, 1994, Manson met Erikson, Marker, and Vig for the first time in London. Later that evening Vig was informed of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain's suicide.[4] Garbage was put on hold until Angelfish was finished touring North America in support of Live.[20] Erikson, Marker, and Vig attended the Metro Chicago date, and Manson was invited to Madison to audition for the band.[21] The audition did not go well, but Manson socialized with the men while there and they found they had a similar taste in music. Angelfish disbanded at the end of the Live tour. Manson called O'Shea and asked to audition again, feeling that "it could work out".[4]

Manson described her first session with the band as "a disaster", as she had no experience as a session player, and she and the band were "two parties totally uncomfortable with the situation", but the "mutual disdain" from that meeting managed to pull the band together. The first songs were skeletal versions of the songs "Stupid Girl", "Queer" and "Vow", which led to some ad-libbed lyrics by Manson.[22][23] Manson had never written a song prior to this session; nevertheless, this time she was invited to join the band.[4] Lyrics were penned at a cabin in the north woods of Wisconsin while the songs were recorded at Smart Studios.[24] Conscious of the grunge genre that had made their names, particularly Vig's, the band made every effort to avoid sounding similar, deliberately striving to make a pop record.[25]

Garbage sent out demo tapes with no bio, to avoid a bidding war over Vig's production history.[26] Garbage signed with Mushroom UK worldwide (excluding North America) and secured the band a Volume magazine compilation inclusion.[27] The only potential candidate for release was "Vow", as it was the only song for which the band had completed production.[18] When released in December, "Vow" began to receive radio airplay on XFM and from Radio 1 DJs Steve Lamacq, John Peel, and Johnnie Walker. Word-of-mouth on "Vow" took the track back to the US.[28] On December 21, Garbage signed to Jerry Moss's label Almo Sounds for North America.[29] Manson was licensed to both Mushroom and Almo by Radioactive Records for a single album, with no compensation from any of Garbage's labels.[30]

Garbage had not even considered "Vow" for inclusion on the album or even as a single.[31] Because the exclusive licensing of Volume prevented a full commercial single release,[24] on March 20, 1995, Mushroom issued "Vow" in a limited 7" vinyl format through Discordant, a label set up just to launch Garbage.[32] By May, commercial alternative radio in the US had picked up on the track, and it began to receive heavy rotation nationwide.[33] "Vow" debuted on Hot Modern Rock Tracks at No. 39. It climbed gradually over the following weeks, peaking at No. 26 on July.[34] "Vow" bubbled under for two weeks before it spent two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 staying at No. 97 both weeks.[34][35]

Garbage (1995–1997)

Garbage's first four albums were recorded at the now-closed Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin.

In August 15, 1995, Garbage debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 193. In the United Kingdom, its release was preceded by non-album track "Subhuman" and "Only Happy When It Rains" as singles to promote the album instead of "Queer".[32] The album debuted on the UK album chart at No. 12.[36] In Australia, the album debuted at No. 5.[37] "Queer" was quickly released in the UK and Europe, while Garbage began their first tour. Garbage was nominated for Brit Awards for Best New Band and Best International Newcomer.[38]

Garbage toured for the self-titled Garbage throughout 1996. "Only Happy When It Rains" was released as a single in North America; "Stupid Girl" was released to promote European dates. MTV announced that "Only Happy When It Rains" was certified a "Buzz clip", guaranteeing heavy rotation on its network from February 13.[39] "Only Happy" peaked at No. 55 on the Hot 100.[40] "Stupid Girl" received frequent video and radio airplay in the UK and peaked at No. 4, becoming the band's first top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart and elevated the album to No. 6.[41]

In May, Garbage reworked "Milk" with Tricky in a Chicago recording studio before supporting Smashing Pumpkins on their arena tour until the overdose of Pumpkins keyboardist Jonathan Melvoin. "Stupid Girl" peaked at No. 24 on the Hot 100.[42] Its Top 40 radio remix by Todd Terry received massive airplay.[43]

Garbage performing onstage at the Bizarre Festival in Cologne, Germany on August 17th, 1996

Worldwide, the final single release from the album was the reworked version of "Milk", which became the band's second UK top 10 hit. The band performed the song live at the MTV Europe Music Awards in London on November 14; Garbage won the Breakthrough award at the event.[44] In North America, Almo Sounds released album track "Supervixen" to Modern Rock radio,[45] while Capitol Records released a remix of "#1 Crush" from the soundtrack to Romeo + Juliet, which topped the Modern Rock Tracks chart for four weeks from the end of the year; the remix was also featured as the theme for the TV show Hex. "#1 Crush" was later nominated for Best Song From a Movie at the 1997 MTV Movie Awards.

Garbage Video, a compilation of the album's promotional videos, was released in November 1997.[44] Garbage was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, while "Stupid Girl" received two nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group

Version 2.0 (1997–2000)

Garbage relocated to Friday Harbor, Washington on March 1, 1997 to write songs for their second album. Returning to Smart Studios a short while later, the band found themselves under intense pressure to repeat the success of Garbage. The band decided not to change their formula, but progress musically by pushing their sound as far as it could go—hence the album's eventual title Version 2.0, which was completed by February 15, 1998. In March, the first single "Push It" became the No. 1 most added record at the UK Alternative Radio.[46] It became their third consecutive UK top ten hit at No. 9.[41][47]

In May 1998, Version 2.0 debuted at No. 1 in the UK and at No. 13 in the Billboard 200.[36][48] Garbage began touring Version 2.0 that month, a tour which lasted until the end of 1999. "I Think I'm Paranoid" was released worldwide in July, while the music video for "Push It" received eight nominations at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards.[49] By October 12, "Special" was released and Garbage was nominated for three MTV Europe Music Awards: "Best Group", "Best Rock Act" and "Best Video" for "Push It".[50]

In early 1999, Version 2.0 received two Grammy Award nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album[51] "Special" was No. 1 most added single at the Top 40 radio.[46][52] In Europe, Garbage began their biggest headline tour, releasing singles for "When I Grow Up" and "The Trick Is to Keep Breathing". In April, "When I Grow Up" was released to Modern Rock radio.[53] "When I Grow Up" was then featured on the movie Big Daddy. Version 2.0 was awarded the European Platinum Award by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for 1 million sales across Europe and US.[46] "You Look So Fine" was released as the final single from Version 2.0 worldwide, as Garbage toured Europe, including headlining in Edinburgh to mark the opening of the Scottish Parliament.

On August 4, Garbage was contracted to perform the theme for the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and worked with composer David Arnold in London and Vancouver.[54] Garbage co-headlined an Australian tour with Alanis Morissette, while "When I Grow Up" spent three months in the Australian chart, becoming the band's most successful single there.[55] "The World Is Not Enough" reached the top 10s in Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Finland, as well as the top 40 in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the UK.[55] "Special" received Grammy nominations for Best Rock Song and for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group, while "When I Grow Up" was re-issued in Europe.

Beautiful Garbage (2001–2002)

Shirley Manson performing live at Voodoo Festival 2002

Garbage regrouped on April 10, 2001. The group began work on their third record, and put aside plans for a B-sides album due to the sale of Almo Sounds to the UMG. Manson ran an online blog throughout the recording of the album named Beautiful Garbage. During the recording of the album, Garbage invoked a provision of its contract to leave Almo, and sued UMG when it refused to terminate the contract. UMG threatened to use Manson's 1993 solo contract to tie Garbage to the label.[56] The suit was settled on July 29, 2001, and Garbage moved to Interscope. Lead single "Androgyny" was released to radio by the end of August, and its video was released on September 10.[57] The following day, due to the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington D.C, the promotional schedule for the album was put on hold.[58]

Released three weeks after the September 11 attacks, the album suffered from lack of promotion, mixed reaction from critics and fans alike, and the failure of its lead single "Androgyny" to achieve high chart positions.[59] Despite faltering in major markets, Beautiful Garbage debuted at No. 1 on Billboard's Top Electronic Albums chart where it stayed for 8 weeks,[60] topped the album charts in Australia, and was named one of Rolling Stone's "Top 10 Albums of the Year".[61]

In October, Beautiful Garbage achieved a No. 13 debut on the Billboard 200,[62] as well as reaching No. 6 on the Top Internet Albums chart and topping the Electronic Albums chart for seven weeks. In its first three months on sale, Beautiful Garbage sold 1.2 million copies.[63]

Garbage supported U2 on the third leg of their Elevation Tour.[64] After the last show, Vig contracted Hepatitis A and was replaced by Matt Chamberlain for European dates. In December "Breaking Up the Girl" was released as a single.[9] On December 27, Rolling Stone's US and Australian editions named Beautiful Garbage as one of their critics "Top 10 Albums of the Year".[9]

"Cherry Lips" was released at the end of 2001, becoming a massive hit in Australia, peaking at number seven on the ARIA Charts, and number eleven in the highly influential Triple J Hottest 100, 2001. Sony Music Japan released an exclusive E.P. of rare tracks titled Special Collection.[65]

Bleed Like Me (2003–2005)

Garbage started proper work on their fourth record in March 2003, writing "Right Between the Eyes" in 30 minutes. It was a false start.[66] Recording for the album was halted during the summer when singer Shirley Manson underwent surgery on her right vocal cord and was not given the okay to sing again until August.[67] By October, due to rising tension within the band and a breakdown in communication[68] Vig relocated to Los Angeles while Manson returned to Scotland.[69] During the Christmas period, Vig decided to give the band another chance as he met excited Garbage fans eager to hear how the album was going.[69]

In January 2004 Garbage reconvened in Los Angeles with Dust Brothers' John King, drummer Matt Chamberlain, bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen,[70] and on February 6, Dave Grohl performed drums on "Bad Boyfriend".[71] His performance was regarded by the band as "raising the bar" for the record.[69] Following the John King sessions, the band formally relocated to Los Angeles and wrote two new songs, "Metal Heart" and "Boys Wanna Fight",[69] which were more energetic songs than the band had been writing as well as lyrically more "overtly political"[69] both songs referencing the US and UK led 2003 invasion of Iraq.

In 2005, lead single "Why Do You Love Me" debuted on the Modern Rock Tracks chart at No. 39.[72] as well as No. 97 and No. 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Pop 100 charts respectively, becoming the band's most successful single for six years. Bleed Like Me entered Top 10 in US.[73]

On August 25, 2005 Garbage cancelled their scheduled October tour dates in France, Belgium and United Kingdom and released a statement that the band had "somewhat overextended themselves" and had decided to conclude their tour in Australia on October 1.[74] Upfront of the band's Australian tour, "Sex Is Not The Enemy" was released to Australian radio.[75] The end of the Australian tour marked the end of active promotion for Bleed Like Me.[76] The band confirmed that they were going "on indefinite hiatus" to dispel reports of a band split.[13]

Absolute Garbage (2007)

Garbage ended their 18-month hiatus on January 31, 2007, at a benefit show in Glendale, California, organised by Vig to help pay musician Wally Ingram's medical care following treatment for throat cancer.[14] Prior to this, Garbage had been sharing song ideas via the internet and were keen on getting into the recording studio to complete them.[77] Garbage began work on the new songs in earnest during February and March at Vig's home studio,[78] completing four tracks including "Tell Me Where It Hurts", which was released as the album's lead single.

Absolute Garbage was released in July, remastered and including a special edition bonus remix package. A DVD format rounded out the package; among the fifteen Garbage music videos included was a documentary film titled "Thanks For Your, Uhhh Support" featuring backstage and behind-the-scenes footage, live performances and interviews.[79] A Garbage track called “Witness to Your Love” was released on a charity, “limited availability,” compilation in the US. The release was available from Urban Outfitters from Wednesday, October 15, 2008, to Thursday, January 31, 2009, and went on radio in the US on October 17.[80][81]

Not Your Kind of People (2010–2012)

On February 1, 2010, it was confirmed through Shirley Manson's official Facebook profile that she spent a week in the studio with her bandmates.[82] In the post, Manson wrote "Guess who I just spent a week in the studio with? Would you be pleased if I said one of them was called Steve and one of them was called Duke and another was a Grammy-winning producer?"[82] In October 2010, it was officially confirmed that Garbage were recording their fifth studio album.[83]

On September 17, 2011, the band clarified that their forthcoming 11-track LP would be mixed by October 17, while another 12 songs would be finalized by the end of the year and see release as "b-sides, extra tracks and maybe one might even come your way simply as a Christmas present from Garbage as a thank you to you all for sticking around,"[84] though this did not materialize.

The band announced to Billboard that their fifth studio album would be released independently of any major label support.[85] On January 6, 2012, the band announced that they had entered Red Razor Studios in Glendale, California to record bonus material for their forthcoming album,[86] later confirming on Twitter that a further five tracks were being worked on, including the new title "What Girls Are Made Of."[87] Not Your Kind of People was released on May 14, 2012, reaching number 13 on the Billboard 200,[88] and number 10 on the UK Albums Chart.[89] The band supported the album with the year-long Not Your Kind of People World Tour. The song Not Your Kind of People was used in a trailer for the video game, Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.[90]

Record Store Day Releases (2013–2015)

Garbage and Screaming Females recorded a cover of "Because the Night" for Record Store Day 2013.[91] They released a video directed by Sophie Muller.[92] The band released their first live DVD, One Mile High... Live, in May 2013.[93] Shirley Manson confirmed that they would release two new songs for Record Store Day on April 19, 2014. "Girls Talk", an out-take from the Absolute Garbage sessions,[94][95] was re-recorded to include vocals from Brody Dalle, and was backed by an out-take from the Not Your Kind of People sessions, "Time Will Destroy Everything".[96]

In 2014, Manson confirmed that the band is working on a book, and noted that the next record would be her "romance novel".[97] On January 23, 2015, Garbage confirmed on their Facebook page that they completed two new songs for Record Store Day 2015;[98] "The Chemicals", which features vocals from Brian Aubert of Silversun Pickups, was released on April 18, 2015.[99] The band played the Pa’l Norte Rock Festival in Monterrey, Mexico, on April 25, 2015.[100]

On October 2, 2015, the band released the Deluxe Edition of their debut album, in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the album. The album was remastered from the original tapes, and all b-sides (called G-sides on the album), were included.[101] During the 20 Years Queer tour, Vig announced that mixing of the new album would be finished by February 1, 2016, and that it would be promoted by a world tour beginning in the summer.[102]

Strange Little Birds (2016)

On February 6, 2016 Garbage stated on their Facebook page that mixing was almost done: "Our new record is an inch away, just an inch away from being done. And I do mean an inch away from being completely done. Recorded. Mixed. And soon to be mastered." Vig also confirmed the title of a new song, "Even Though Our Love is Doomed".[103] Three days later, Garbage announced that they had completed the album.[104] Strange Little Birds, the band's sixth studio album, was released on June 10, 2016.[105]

Musical style
"Only Happy When It Rains"
Sample of "Only Happy When It Rains", the band's breakthrough single from their debut album Garbage (1995).
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Garbage's intention is to make pop-like songs which mixed a variety of genres, with Steve Marker saying that the band wanted to "take pop music and make it as horrible sounding as we can."[18] These genres include trip hop, grunge, 1980s rock music, techno, power pop and shoegazing.[106] Shirley Manson has stated that the band itself "used to describe [their sound] as sci-fi pop, because we felt it was taking a futuristic approach."[107] Vig has said the crossover-heavy sound was inspired by the band's background with remixes, where songs would be rearranged to every musical style to which they held interest,[108] and also that he "grew up listening to everything from pop radio and opera to country music and polka, so I really thought that Garbage would be an interesting and eclectic thing to do."[18] Lindsay Zoladz of Pitchfork notes Garbage prevailed in the glory days of alternative-rock "probably because their sound was a hectic amalgamation of almost everything that mingled on the format's airwaves: electronica, punk, industrial rock, grunge, and the occasional trip-hop".[109] Likewise, Vice wrote that from their singular concoctions of styles like trip hop, grunge, rock, techno, and shoegaze, Garbage "has forged a kind of queasy originality" in the search of "a kind of perverse beauty".[110]

Garbage have been inspired by Roxy Music,[111] The Pretenders,[112] Siouxsie and the Banshees,[112][113] Curve,[114] Cocteau Twins,[115][116][117] Patti Smith,[112] and David Bowie.[112]

Members

All bandmembers are credited as producers in liner notes of their albums.

Awards and nominations

Garbage have received twenty-seven nominations, winning eight awards. Major awards which Garbage have been nominated for include the Grammy Awards and the BRIT Awards.

Concert tours

Discography

Main article: Garbage discography
Studio albums

References

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  80. ↑ the Garbage Discography - News - Blog Archive » New Garbage - Witness to Your Love
  81. ↑ "Talk Radio Show News for AM, FM, and HD Radio Stations - Free Online AllAccess.com". Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  82. 1 2 "Good Golly Grammy's". Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  83. ↑ Singer Manson introduces new husband to students in Paisley | Herald Scotland
  84. ↑ Garbage: "To Clarify a Point" Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  85. ↑ Mapes, Jillian (2011-10-19). "Butch Vig: Garbage's Hiatus Cleared Members' 'Baggage'". New York City: Billboard. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  86. ↑ "Were back at Red Razor recording bonus tracks!" www.facebook.com. Access date: January 12, 2012.
  87. ↑ "The 5 extra tracks we are working on are beginning to sound sooooo good." www.twitter.com Access date: January 12, 2012.
  88. ↑ "Garbage Score Top 20 Return". antimusic.com. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  89. ↑ Jones, Alan (2012-05-21). "Official Charts Analysis: UK suffers lowest album sales week since 1996". Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  90. ↑ "Metal Gear Solid V Is Official - FOX vs. XOF [UPDATE: Trailer added]". Kotaku. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  91. ↑ "Garbage unveil new song "The Chemicals" featuring Silversun Pickups' Brian Aubert". Consequence of Sound. April 16, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  92. ↑ "See Garbage and Screaming Females Record Patti Smith's 'Because the Night'". Spin. April 17, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  93. ↑ "Garbage to Release Live DVD, "One Mile High…Live", in May". New Rock 101.9. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  94. ↑ Welcome Back... Garbage, by Malcome Dome, published in Classic Rock magazine, August 2007 issue
  95. ↑ "Girls Talk Shit". Butch Vig & Billy Bush at GearSlutz. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  96. ↑ "Girls Talk Shit -Facebook announcement". Facebook. March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  97. ↑ "Shirley Manson - NO TOFU MAGAZINE". No Tofu. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  98. ↑ "Garbage - OFFICIAL. We see land.We have two new songs done and dusted for Record Store Day.". Garbage via Facebook. January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  99. ↑ "Hear Garbage's Record Store Day Collaboration With Silversun Pickups' Brian Aubert". Spin. April 16, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  100. ↑ "Garbage - Ladies and Gentlemen, It is with great pleasure that we...". Garbage on Facebook. January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  101. ↑ "Garbage 20th Anniversary in full".
  102. ↑ "Garbage @ 013 - Tilburg (NL) - 04.11.2015 - 20 Years Queer". Youtube. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  103. ↑ "Our new record is an inch away, just an inch away from...". Garbage via Facebook. February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  104. ↑ "We have just delivered our 6th Studio Record". Garbage via Facebook. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  105. ↑ Getz, Dana (February 23, 2016). "Garbage announce new album title". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
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  107. ↑ "Garbage: After An Absence, Always The Oddball". NPR. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  108. ↑ More than a Woman, Spin
  109. ↑ Zoladz, Lindsay. "Garbage: Not Your Kind of People". Pitchfork. Garbage reigned in the late-period glory days of alternative-rock radio, probably because their sound was a hectic amalgamation of almost everything that mingled on the format's airwaves: electronica, punk, industrial rock, grunge, and the occasional trip-hop
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  111. ↑ "Trivia Butch Vig". absolutegarbage.net. Retrieved 2011-12-21. Butch was chairperson of the official Madison Roxy Music Fan Club at the University of Wisconsin
  112. 1 2 3 4 Dave Simpson. "Rebellious Jukebox". Melody Maker (28 March 1998).
  113. ↑ Shirley Manson (foreword) and Mark Paytress (2003). Siouxsie & the Banshees: The Authorised Biography. Sanctuary. p. 27. ISBN 1-86074-375-7.
  114. ↑ "Garbage - Similar Artists, Influenced By, Followers - AllMusic".
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