Gene product

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A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. A measurement of the amount of gene product is sometimes used to infer how active a gene is. Abnormal amounts of gene product can be correlated with disease-causing alleles, such as the overactivity of oncogenes which can cause cancer.[1][2] A gene is defined as "a hereditary unit of DNA that is required to produce a functional product".[3] Regulatory elements include:

These elements work in combination with the open reading frame to create a functional product. This product may be transcribed and be functional as RNA or is translated from mRNA to a protein to be functional in the cell.

RNA Products

RNA molecules that do not code for any proteins still maintain a function in the cell. The function of the RNA depends on its classification. These roles include:

Protein synthesis is aided by functional RNA molecules such as tRNA, which helps add the correct amino acid to a polypeptide chain during translation, rRNA, a major component of ribosomes (which guide protein synthesis), as well as mRNA which carry the instructions for creating the protein product.[4]

One type of functional RNA involved in regulation are microRNA (miRNA), which works by repressing translation.[5] These miRNAs work by binding to a complementary target mRNA sequence to prevent translation from occurring.[4][6] Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) also work by negative regulation of transcription. These siRNA molecules work in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) during RNA interference by binding to a target DNA sequence to prevent transcription of a specific mRNA.[6]

Protein Products

Proteins are the product of a gene that are formed from translation of a mature mRNA molecule.Proteins contain 4 elements in regards to their structure: primary, secondary,tertiary and quaternary. The linear amino acid sequence is also known as the primary structure. Hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of the primary structure results in the formation of alpha helices or beta sheets.[7] These stable foldings are the secondary structure. The particular combination of the primary and secondary structures form the tertiary structure of a polypeptide.[7] The quaternary structure refers to the way multiple chains of polypeptides fold together.[7]

Protein Functions

Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure products do not aggregate in areas where they should not.[8] Proteins can also function as enzymes, increasing the rate of various biochemical reactions and turning substrates into products.[7][9] Products can be modified by attaching groups such as phosphate via an enzyme to specific amino acids in the primary sequence.[9] Proteins can also be used to move molecules in the cell to where they are needed, these are called motor proteins.[9] The shape of the cell is supported by proteins. Proteins such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments provide structure to the cell.[7] Another class of proteins are found in plasma membranes. Membrane proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane in different ways, depending on their structure.[9] These proteins allow the cell to import or export cell products,nutrients or signals to and from the extracellular space.[7][9] Other proteins help the cell to perform regulatory functions. For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (June 1990). "A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis". Cell. 61 (5): 759–67. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I. PMID 2188735.
  2. ↑ Croce CM (January 2008). "Oncogenes and cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (5): 502–11. doi:10.1056/NEJMra072367. PMID 18234754.
  3. ↑ Nussbaum, Robert L.; McInnes, Roderick R.; Willard, Huntington (2016). Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
  4. 1 2 3 Clancy, Suzanne (2008). "RNA Functions". Nature Education. 1 (1): 102.
  5. ↑ He, Lin; Hannon, Gregory J. (2004). "MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 5: 522–531. doi:10.1038/nrg1379. PMID 15211354.
  6. 1 2 Carrington, James C.; Ambros, Victor (2003). "Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development". Science. 301 (5631): 336–338. doi:10.1126/science.1085242. PMID 12869753.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Contents of Essentials of Cell Biology | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
  8. ↑ Hartl, F. Ulrich; Bracher, Andreas; Hayer-Hartl, Manajit (2011). "Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis". Nature. 475: 324–332. doi:10.1038/nature10317.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Alberts, B; Johnson, A; Lewis, J; et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4 ed.). New York: Garland Science.
  10. ↑ "General Transcription Factor / Transcription Factor | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
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