George Selwyn (bishop of Lichfield)

George Augustus Selwyn
Photo by Mason & Co
First Bishop of New Zealand
Born	5 April 1809 Church Row, Hampstead
Died	11 April 1878 Bishop's Palace, Lichfield
Venerated in	Anglican Communion
Feast	11 April

George Augustus Selwyn (5 April 1809 – 11 April 1878) was the first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand. He was Bishop of New Zealand (which included Melanesia) from 1841 to 1858. His diocese was then subdivided and Selwyn was Primate of New Zealand from 1858 to 1868. Returning to Britain, Selwyn served as Bishop of Lichfield from 1868 to 1878.

Early years

Selwyn was born at Church Row, Hampstead, the second son of William Selwyn (1775–1855) and of Laetitia Frances Kynaston. At the age of seven he went to the preparatory school of Nicholas at Ealing, where the future Cardinal Newman and his brother Francis were among his schoolfellows. He then went to Eton, where he distinguished himself both as scholar and as athlete, and knew William Ewart Gladstone. In 1827 he became scholar of St John's College, Cambridge. He came out second in the Classical Tripos in 1831, graduating Bachelor of Arts (BA) 1831, Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab) 1834, and Doctor of Divinity (DD) per lit. reg. 1842, and was a fellow of St John's from 1833 to 1840.^[1] He was a member of the Cambridge crew which competed in the first Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race at Henley on Thames in 1829, losing to Oxford.^[2]

After graduating, Selwyn worked at Eton, becoming assistant master and tutoring the sons of Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis. In 1833 he was ordained deacon, and in 1834, a priest; he acted as curate to Isaac Gosset, the vicar of Windsor from 1833 until 1841. Both at Eton and at Windsor, Selwyn displayed much organising talent. In 1841, after an episcopal council held at Lambeth had recommended the appointment of a bishop for New Zealand, Charles Blomfield, Bishop of London, offered the New Zealand post to Selwyn.

Bishop in New Zealand

Memorial in Wellington Cathedral of St Paul

Consecrated at Lambeth on 17 October 1841,^[3] Bishop Selwyn embarked for his new missionary diocese on 26 December.^[3] He appointed William Charles Cotton as his chaplain. The 23 member missionary party set sail from Plymouth late in December 1841 on board the barque Tomatin. In addition to their luggage, the missionaries brought various animals and four hives of bees. On the outbound voyage, Selwyn studied the Māori language with the help of a Māori boy returning from England, and was able to preach in that language immediately on his arrival. He also acquired enough seamanship to enable him to be his own sailing master among the dangerous waters of the Pacific.^[4] In April 1842 the Tomatin arrived in Sydney.

The boat hit a rock on landing and, rather than wait for its repair, some of the party, including Selwyn and Cotton, set sail for New Zealand on the brig Bristolian on 19 May. They arrived in Auckland on 30 May.^[5] After spending some time as guests of Captain William Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, Selwyn and Cotton set sail on 6 June on the schooner Wave to visit the mission stations on the Hauraki Gulf, then north to the Bay of Islands. where he arrived on 20 June.^[6][7] Amongst the party was a clerk, William Bambridge, who was also an accomplished artist and was later to become photographer to Queen Victoria.^[8]

Selwyn had decided to set up residence at the Waimate Mission Station, some 15 miles (24 km) inland from Paihia where the Church Missionary Society (CMS) had established a settlement 11 years earlier.^[9] On 5 July 1842 Selwyn set out on a six-month tour of his diocese leaving the Mission Station in the care of Sarah, his wife, and Cotton. In November Selwyn travelled on the brig Victoria down the west coast of the North Island to visit Octavius Hadfield at the Otaki mission and the mission at Whanganui; then up the east coast to visit William Williams.^[6] By October 1843 more missionaries had arrived at Waimate, and Selwyn, accompanied by Cotton, embarked on his second tour, this time to mission stations and native settlements in the southern part of North Island.^[10] Their journey was made partly by canoe but mainly by walking, often for large distances over difficult and dangerous terrain. Part way through the tour Selwyn decided to split the party into two sections with one section led by himself and the other by Cotton. After being away for nearly three months, Cotton arrived back at Waimate early in 1844 and Selwyn returned a few weeks later.^[11]

Later in 1844 Selwyn decided to move some 160 miles (257 km) south to Tamaki near Auckland where he bought 450 acres (180 ha) of land, giving it the name of Bishop's Auckland. The party left on 23 October and arrived in Auckland on 17 November.^[12] During the first six months of 1845 Selwyn was away for much of the time and management of the settlement, and particularly the schools, fell to Cotton.^[13]

Selwyn clashed with Archdeacon Henry Williams, the leader of the CMS in New Zealand. Land purchases by Williams became controversial at the time of the Flagstaff War and when Williams refused to give up the land, he was dismissed from the CMS.^[14] However Selwyn reconsidered the position he had taken and in 1854 Williams was reinstated to the CMS after the bishop supported his return to membership.^[15] The CMS missionaries held the low church beliefs that were common among Evangelical members of the Anglican Church. There was often a wide gap between the views of the CMS missionaries and the bishops and other clergy of the high church traditions of the Oxford Movement (also known as the Tractarians) as to the proper form of ritual and religious practice. Selwyn held high church (Tractarian) views although he appointed CMS missionaries to positions in the Anglican Church of New Zealand including appointing William Williams as the first Bishop of Waiapu.^[16]

Bishop Selwyn's see was an early foundation in the series of colonial sees organised by the English church, and his organisation and government of his diocese proved of special importance. In six years he completed a thorough visitation of the whole of New Zealand, and in December 1847 began a series of voyages to the Pacific Islands, which were included in his diocese by a clerical error in his letters patent. His letters and journals descriptive of these journeyings through Melanesia present the reader with a vivid picture of his versatility, courage, and energy. His voyages and the administrative work described below resulted in 1861 in the consecration of John Coleridge Patteson as Archbishop of Melanesia.

Selwyn elaborated a scheme for the self-government of his diocese. In 1854 he visited England to secure authorisation to subdivide his diocese, as well as permission for the church of New Zealand to manage its own affairs by a "general synod" of bishops, presbyters, and laity. His addresses before the University of Cambridge produced a great impression. On his return to New Zealand four bishops were consecrated, two to the North Island and two to the South Island, and the legal constitution of the church was finally established.

The first general synod was held in 1859. Selwyn's constitution of the Anglican Church of New Zealand greatly influenced the development of the colonial church, and has affected in many ways the church at home. By 1855, the New Zealand wars interrupted the progress of Christianity among the Māori. Selwyn was a keen critic of the unjust and reckless land acquisition practices of the New Zealand Company, and was misunderstood by Englishmen and Maoris alike. His efforts to supply Christian ministrations to the troops on both sides were indefatigable.

Final years

Memorial to George Augustus Selwyn in Lichfield Cathedral

In 1867, Selwyn visited England a second time to participate at the first Pan-Anglican synod of the Lambeth Conference, an institution which his own work had done much to bring about. While in England Selwyn accepted, with much reluctance,^[17] the offer of the see of Lichfield.

Selwyn was enthroned as the ninety-first Bishop of Lichfield on 9 January 1868. Later that year, he paid a farewell visit to New Zealand. He governed Lichfield till his death, aged 69, on 11 April 1878. Earlier that year, Bishop Selwyn had consecrated a class of deacons, one of whom, John Roberts, is honoured as a saint in the Episcopal Church of the USA for his missionary work in the Bahamas and Wyoming. Selwyn died at the Bishop's Palace, Lichfield, and was buried in the grounds of Lichfield Cathedral.

Legacy

Educational institutions named in his honour include Selwyn College, Cambridge (1882), Selwyn College, Otago (1893), Selwyn College, Auckland (1956) and Selwyn houses at Kings School, Auckland, Wellesley College, Wellington and Wanganui Collegiate School in New Zealand.

Selwyn College, Cambridge was erected by subscription in his memory. The Selwyn Memorial Committee was founded in Spring 1878. The college's first Master, Arthur Lyttelton, was elected on 10 March 1879, the Archbishop of Canterbury (then Archibald Tait) was invited to become Visitor on 28 June 1878, and the college's founders purchased a six-acre (24,000 m²) farm land site between Grange Road, West Road and Sidgwick Avenue on 3 November 1879 at a cost of £6,111 9s 7d and the building of Old Court, as it is now known, began in 1880. The foundation stone of the College was laid by Edward Herbert, 3rd Earl of Powis in a ceremony on 1 June 1881. A Charter of Incorporation was granted by Queen Victoria on 13 September 1882, and the west range of Old Court was ready for use by the college's official opening (with the Master's installation) on 10 October 1882. Selwyn's first 28 undergraduates joined the original Master and twelve other Fellows at the then Public Hostel of the university in 1882. It became an Approved Foundation of the University in 1926, and was granted full collegiate status on 14 March 1958.

The college was founded with an explicitly Christian mission. Membership was initially restricted to baptised Christians. The foundation charter specified that the college should "make provision for those who intend to serve as missionaries overseas and... educate the sons of clergymen". The chapel was built in 1895 before the dining hall (in 1909), as it was deemed to be more important, and Chapel attendance was compulsory for students from the College's foundation until 1935. The college's coat of arms incorporates the arms of the Selwyn family impaled with a version of the arms of the Diocese of Lichfield.

The bishop's portrait by George Richmond, R.A., belongs to St John's College, Cambridge.

Personal life

Sarah Selwyn was born Sarah Harriet Richardson

Selwyn married Sarah Harriet Richardson, the only daughter of John Richardson on 25 June 1839. They had two sons, William, prebendary of Hereford, and John Richardson Selwyn, Bishop of Melanesia. John Selwyn also rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race (graduating in 1866) and later became the second Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, after retiring as Bishop of Melanesia because of illness in 1892. The Church of the Province of Melanesia honours this younger Bishop Selwyn (1844-1898) on its calendar for February 14.

Selwyn was brother of Charles Jasper Selwyn, and of William Selwyn (1806–1875). His great uncle, Major Charles Selwyn (died 1749), was an associate of General Oglethorpe, and a prominent benefactor of the church in Jamaica early in the eighteenth century.^[18]

His grandson George August Selwyn is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge; he died in 1912, aged 16.

Writings

Page from a notebook containing grammatical notes on the dialects of New Caledonia, New Hebrides and other Melanesian Islands, and sketch maps and pencil sketches of the islands.

Besides numerous sermons, letters, and charges, Selwyn was the author of:

1. Are Cathedral Institutions useless ? A Practical Answer to this Question, addressed to W. E. Gladstone, Esq., M.P., 1838; written in answer to an inquiry from Gladstone.
2. Sermons preached chiefly in the Church of St John the Baptist, New Windsor, privately circulated, 1842.
3. Letters to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel from the Bishop of New Zealand, with extracts from his Visitation Journals; printed in the society's series entitled Church in the Colonies, Nos. 4, 7, 8, 12 and 20.
4. Verbal Analysis of the Holy Bible, intended to facilitate the Translation of the Holy Scriptures into Foreign Languages, 1855.

His papers for the period 1831–72 are stored in the Archives of Selwyn College, Cambridge.

See also

• List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews
• Saints in Anglicanism
• Saints portal

Notes

1. "Selwyn, George Alexander (SLWN826GA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
2. Walter Bradford Woodgate Boating 1888
3. "The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1842". Departure of the Bishop of New Zealand for his Diocese. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 9 October 2015. (subscription required (help)).
4. Smith, pp. 36–45.
5. "The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1843". Testimony of the Bishop of New Zealand as to the Progress of the Gospel in that Country. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 12 October 2015. (subscription required (help)).
6. "The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1843". New Zealand Mission - Extracts from Two Letters From the Bishop of New Zealand. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 12 October 2015. (subscription required (help)).
7. Smith, pp. 56–65.
8. "William Bambridge (1819–1879) – Extract from Auckland Waikato Historical Journal No 41, Sep 1982". bambridge.org. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
9. Smith, pp. 65–66.
10. "The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1843". The Bishop of New Zealand’s Account of the Observance of the Lord’s Day in that Land. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 13 October 2015. (subscription required (help)).
11. Smith, pp. 114–122
12. Smith, pp. 134–135.
13. Smith, p. 147.
14. Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press.
15. Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Appendix to Vol. II.". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books University of Auckland Library.
16. Williams, William (1974). The Turanga journals, 1840–1850. F. Porter (Ed) Wellington,. p. 37.
17. "Selwyn, George Augustus", Encyclopedia of New Zealand
18. ANDERSON, Colonial Church, iii. 544–5

References

• The Selwyn churches of Auckland by C R Knight (1972, Reed, Wellington)

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Selwyn, George Augustus (1809-1878)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Further reading

• Boreham, Frank W. (1911). George Augustus Selwyn: Pioneer Bishop of New Zealand.
• Curteis, George Herbert (1889). Bishop Selwyn of Lichfield: A Sketch of His Life and Work.
• Evans, J.H. (1964). Churchman militant: George Augustus Selwyn,Bishop of New Zealand and Lichfield. Allen & Unwin. p. 298. ISBN 0-04-922006-3.
• Smith, Arthur R. (2006). William Charles Cotton MA: Priest, Missionary and Bee Master. Birkenhead: Countyvise. ISBN 978-1-901231-81-6.
• Henry William Tucker, Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of George Augustus Selwyn: Bishop of New Zealand, 1841–1869; Bishop of Lichfield, 1867–1878, 2 vols., William Wells Gardner, 1879.

External links

• Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
• Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
• Digitised notebook containing grammatical notes. ca. 1849