Gnassingbé Eyadéma

Gnassingbé Eyadéma
Eyadéma at Maryland's Andrews Air Force Base in October 1983
President of Togo
In office April 14, 1967 – February 5, 2005
Preceded by	Kléber Dadjo
Succeeded by	Faure Gnassingbé
Chairperson of ECOWAS
In office 1975–1978
In office 1980–1981
In office 1999–1999
Personal details
Born	December 26, 1935 Pya, Togo
Died	February 5, 2005 (aged 69) near Paris, France
Nationality	Togolese
Political party	Rally of the Togolese People
Religion	Roman Catholicism

General Gnassingbé Eyadéma (born Étienne Eyadéma, December 26, 1935 – February 5, 2005) was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005. He participated in two successful military coups, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became President on April 14, 1967. As President, he created a political party, the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), and headed an anticommunist^[1] single-party regime until the early 1990s, when reforms leading to multiparty elections began. Although his rule was seriously challenged by the events of the early 1990s, he ultimately consolidated power again and won multiparty presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003; the opposition boycotted the 1993 election and denounced the 1998 and 2003 election results as fraudulent. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving ruler in Africa.^[2]

Early life

Étienne Eyadéma Gnassingbé was born on December 26, 1935 in Pya, a village in the prefecture of Kozah in the Kara Region, to a peasant family of the Kabye ethnic group. According to Comi M. Toulabor, his official date of birth is “based on a fertile imagination” and it would be more accurate to say that he was born around 1930.^[3] His mother was later known as Maman N’Danida, or Maman N’Danidaha. In 1953, Eyadema joined the French army where he was trained in weapon use and the art of war. Eyadema participated in the French Indochina War and the Algerian War. After nearly 10 years in the French army, Eyadema returned to Togo in 1962. In 1963, he was a leader in the 1963 Togolese coup d'état against President Sylvanus Olympio, who was killed during the attack. He helped establish Nicolas Grunitzky as the new President of Togo. In 1967, Colonel Eyadema of the Togolese Army led a second military coup against Grunitzky. Eyadema installed himself as president on April 14, 1967, as well as Minister of National Defense, an office that he retained for 38 years.

Politics

Three years after taking power, Eyadéma created the Rally of the Togolese People as the country's only legal party. He won an uncontested election in 1972. In 1979, the country adopted a new constitution that returned the country (at least nominally) to civilian rule. The RPT was entrenched as the only party; the president of the party was automatically nominated for a seven-year term as president upon election to the party presidency and confirmed in office via an unopposed referendum. Under these provisions, Eyadéma was reelected unopposed in 1979 and 1986. During his rule he escaped several assassination attempts; in 1974 he survived a plane crash in the northern part of the country near Sarakawa. After another unsuccessful assassination attempt by a bodyguard, he carried the bullet removed by the surgeon as an amulet. A national conference was held in August 1991, electing Joseph Kokou Koffigoh as Prime Minister and leaving Eyadéma as merely a ceremonial president. Although Eyadéma attempted to suspend the conference, surrounding the venue with soldiers, he subsequently accepted the outcome.^[4] Despite this, Eyadéma managed to remain in power with the backing of the army. In March 1993, an unsuccessful attack was made on the Tokoin military camp, where Eyadéma was living; several people were killed in the attack, including Eyadéma's personal chief of staff, General Mawulikplimi Ameji.^[5]

He attempted to legitimize his rule with a multiparty presidential election in August 1993, which was boycotted by the opposition; facing only two minor challengers, he won 96.42% of the vote, although turnout was reportedly low outside of his native Kara Region.^[6] Eyadéma officially won re-election in the June 1998 presidential election, defeating Gilchrist Olympio of the Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) with 52.13% of the vote according to official results,^[7] amid allegations of fraud and accusations of the massacre of hundreds of government opponents. The European Union suspended aid in 1993 in protest of alleged voting irregularities and human rights violations.

In late December 2002, the Constitution was changed to remove term limits on the office of president. Previously, presidents had been limited to two five-year terms, and Eyadéma would have therefore been forced to step down after the 2003 election. With the removal of these limitations, however, Eyadéma was free to stand again and did so, winning the election on June 1 with 57.78% of the vote. He was sworn in for another term on June 20.^[8] Another constitutional change was to reduce the minimum age of the President to 35 years, rather than 45. As Eyadéma's son Faure Gnassingbé was 35, many observers assumed that he was opening the way for a dynastic succession should he die suddenly.

Eyadéma constructed a large palace near his family home in Pya a few kilometers north of Lama-Kara. He was the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity from 2000 to 2001, and he attempted, unsuccessfully, to mediate between the government and rebels of Ivory Coast in the First Ivorian Civil War, that began in that country in 2002.

The European Union sent a mission on June 1, 2004 to evaluate the state of democracy in Togo and to start a procedure of democratization of Togo. The expedition intended to open a dialogue between the state and the opposition. The team was supposed to meet with many politicians from other parties than Eyadéma's party, Rally of the Togolese People. But because of the criteria imposed by the government, politicians such as Gilchrist Olympio, Yawovi Agboyibo, and Professor Leopold Gnininvi boycotted the meeting. The European Union team cancelled the meeting since discussions with the government were almost impossible. The opposition party UFC wanted the release of 11 men held by the government. Finally, the European Union experts met each political figure individually and in private. The respect of human rights and of the press in Togo was another area to be investigated by the European Union experts.^[9]

According to BBC News, Eyadéma claimed that democracy in Africa "moves along at its own pace and in its own way."^[2]

Personality cult

Monument to the 1974 Togo plane crash, which Eyadéma survived.

Eyadéma had an extensive personality cult, including, but not limited to, an entourage of 1,000 dancing women who sang and danced in praise of him; portraits which adorned most stores; a bronze statue in the capital city, Lomé; $20 wristwatches with his portrait, which disappeared and re-appeared every fifteen seconds; and even a comic book that depicted him as a superhero with powers of invulnerability and super strength.^[10] In addition, the date of a failed attempt on President Eyadéma's life was annually commemorated as "the Feast of Victory Over Forces of Evil."^[11] Eyadéma even changed his first name from Étienne to Gnassingbé to note the date of the 1974 plane crash of which he was claimed to be the only survivor.^[12]

In reality, he was not the sole survivor of the crash on January 24, 1974.^[13][14] There were other survivors, but he deliberately misrepresented the details of the accident to make himself look like a hero with superhuman strength who miraculously survived the disaster when everyone else was killed.^[15][16] Eyadéma claimed that the crash was not an accident and was in fact a conspiracy to kill him, plotted by imperialists who did not like his plan (announced on January 10, 1974) to nationalize the important phosphate mining company, the Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB or Cotomib).^[17][18] His C-47 was replaced by a new presidential jet, Gulfstream II, which was again damaged beyond repair in a fatal accident in the same year.^[19] Eyadéma was not on board this time.

Death

On February 5, 2005, he died in a plane 250 km south of Tunis, Tunisia.^[20][21][22] He died "as he was being evacuated for emergency treatment abroad", according to a government statement. Officials have stated that the cause of death was a heart attack. At the time of his death he was the longest-serving head of state in Africa.

Zakary Nandja, chief of the Togolese army, pronounced his son Faure Gnassingbé as the new President of Togo. Alpha Oumar Konaré, president of the Commission of the African Union, immediately declared this act to be a military coup d'état and against the constitution. Other organizations, such as the International Community and ECOWAS, also did not approve the designation of Faure Gnassingbé as President.^[23] Under heavy pressure from ECOWAS and the international community, Faure Gnassingbé stepped down on February 25 and was replaced by Bonfoh Abass, the first deputy parliament speaker, until after the presidential elections on April 24, 2005, when Faure Gnassingbé was elected president with 60% of the vote.^[24]

Eyadéma's funeral was held on March 13, 2005, in the presence of a number of Presidents and other international dignitaries; Presidents Mathieu Kérékou of Benin, John Kufuor of Ghana, Laurent Gbagbo of Ivory Coast, Mamadou Tandja of Niger and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria attended the ceremony. On March 15, Eyadema's family and the RPT party paid him a final homage in his hometown of Pya.^[25]

See also

• Edem Kodjo (opposition politician and coalition leader)
• Agbéyomé Messan Kodjo
• History of Togo
• Politics of Togo

References

1. John R. Heilbrunn, "Togo: The National Conference and Stalled Reform" in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 225
2. "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema". (February 5, 2005). BBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
3. Toulabor, Comi M. "EYADÉMA GNASSINGBÉ". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Encyclopædia Universalis S.A. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
4. "Togo's President Agrees to Yield Power to a Rival", The New York Times, August 29, 1991.
5. "Mar 1993 - Attack on presidential residence", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 39, March 1993 Togo, Page 39353.
6. "DÉMOCRATISATION À LA TOGOLAISE" ("CHRONOLOGIE"), Tètè Tété, 1998 (diastode.org) (French).
7. "CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT: Addendum TOGO", United Nations International covenant on civil and political rights, CCPR/C/TGO/2001/3, July 5, 2001.
8. "Le Président Eyadema a prêté serment", UPF (presse-francophone.org), June 20, 2003 (French).
9. Samson, D . (June 6, 2004). La Democratie evaluee. RFI actualite . Retrieved May 22, 2007 from http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/054/article_28476.asp
10. David Lamb, The Africans, page 48
11. Dr. F. Jeffress Ramsay, Global Studies Africa: Seventh Edition, page 63
12. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. University of Michigan. Worldmark Press. 1984.
13. "Le Togo s'est recueilli pour la 35ème fois" (in French). Présidence du Togo. Retrieved June 17, 2012. Le Pasteur François Roux, l'un des rescapés du Crash, invité pour la circonstance, a fait un témoignage émouvant sur cet événement.
14. "Le Togo s'est remémoré Sarakawa 1974" (in French). Présidence du Togo. Retrieved June 17, 2012. Le jeudi 24 janvier 1974, le DC-3 des Forces Armées Togolaises s'écrase à Sarakawa faisant 4 martyrs, des blessés parmi lesquels, feu Général Gnassingbé Eyadema.
15. Marthe Fare (February 17, 2012). "Togo : F. Gnassingbé s'attaque à l'héritage paternel" (in French). TV5MONDE. Retrieved June 17, 2012. On le fait passer pour le seul survivant de l’accident, d’où le mythe de son invincibilité et l’expression « le miraculé » de Sarakawa.
16. Me Siméon Kwami Occansey (February 4, 2004). "Retour sur la fable de " L'attentat " de Sarakawa" (in French). Union of Forces for Change. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
17. Morten Hagen and Michelle Spearing (November 28, 2000). "Togo: Stalled Democratic Transition". Diastode. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
18. "Les " Trois Glorieuses "" (in French). République Togolaise. January 23, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
19. "ASN Aircraft accident Gulfstream Aerospace G-1159 Gulfstream II 5V-TAA Lome Airport (LFW)". Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
20. "Publication de la liste des candidats à l'élection présidentielle du 1^er juin 2003" (PDF). Journal Officiel de la République Togolaise (in French). Cabinet du Président de la République. May 10, 2003. p. 2. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
21. "Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 69, Togo Ruler, Dies". The New York Times. February 7, 2005. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
22. "Togolese president Eyadema dies". BBC. February 6, 2005. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
23. Elraz, K . (February 6, 2005). Disparition brutale du chef de l’etat togolais “Papa Eyadema” est mort la fin d’un tres long regne. AFRIK.com . Retrieved May 22, 2007 from http://www.afrik.com/article8096.html
24. AU denounces Togo 'military coup' (BBC article)
25. Baily, H . (March 14, 2005). Le Togo fait ses adieux a Etienne Eyadema Gnassingbe. AFRIK.com . Retrieved May 22, 2007 from http://www.afrik.com/article8197.html

External links

• BBC profile of Gnassingbé Eyadéma
• www.dictatorofthemonth.com article on Eyadéma
• Liberta Togo profile of Eyadema