Gotthard Pass

Gotthard Pass
Italian: Passo del San Gottardo
German: Gotthardpass

Gotthard's Hospice and Museum
Elevation 2,106 m (6,909 ft)
Traversed by 2
Location Canton of Ticino, Switzerland
(close to canton of Uri)
Range Lepontine Alps
Coordinates 46°33′22.5″N 8°34′04″E / 46.556250°N 8.56778°E / 46.556250; 8.56778Coordinates: 46°33′22.5″N 8°34′04″E / 46.556250°N 8.56778°E / 46.556250; 8.56778
Topo map Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo

Location in Switzerland

The Gotthard Pass or St Gotthard Pass (Italian: Passo del San Gottardo, German: Gotthardpass at 2,106 m (6,909 ft)) is a mountain pass in the Alps, connecting northern to southern Switzerland. The pass lies between Airolo in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, and Andermatt in the German-speaking canton of Uri, and connects further Bellinzona to Lucerne, Basel, and Zurich. The region of the Gotthard Pass is an important north-south axis in Europe and is crossed by three major traffic tunnels, each being the world's longest at the time of their construction: the Gotthard Rail Tunnel (1882), the Gotthard Road Tunnel (1980) and the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016).

Though the pass was locally known in antiquity, it was not generally used until the early 13th century because travel involved fording the turbulent Reuss, swollen with snowmelt during the early summer, in the narrow steep-sided Schöllenen Gorge (German: Schöllenenschlucht), below Andermatt. As early as 1236, Gotthard Pass was dedicated to the Roman Catholic Saint Gotthard of Hildesheim.

Geography

Computer rendering of the Gotthard Pass (middle) with the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Base Tunnel

The Gotthard Pass connects the cantons of Uri (north) and Ticino (south). The pass itself is located within the latter canton, about 2 km south of the border with Uri, between the massifs of Pizzo Lucendro (west) and Pizzo Centrale (east). The pass lies on the most important route between the southern canton of Ticino and central Switzerland as well as most of the northern part of the country. It is the most direct link between Zürich and Lugano and also between some regions of Germany and Italy. The nearest towns are Hospental (7 km north) near Andermatt and Airolo (4 km south), respectively in the valleys of Urseren and Leventina. The region of Andermatt lies at the foot of the Furka and Oberalp passes connecting the Rhone and Rhine valleys thus making the Gotthard area a strategic place for transports and military (the Swiss Réduit for instance).

The hospice (Italian: Ospizio) is located south of the pass at 2,091 metres (6,860 ft), near the Lago della Piazza and other small lakes. Lago di Lucendro and Lago Sella are larger reservoir lakes accessible from the pass.

The Devil's Bridge

Main article: Teufelsbrücke
The modern concrete span of the third Devil's Bridge (Teufelsbrücke, built 1958) showing an older bridge (built 1830) below.

From the north side the pass can be reached by crossing the Schöllenen, and several bridges have been built across the Reuss to facilitate this. According to the oral histories of the nearby villages, seasonal deaths resulting from drowning reached a peak in April–May of most years and thus a safer crossing was required. The original bridge (the Teufelsbrücke) built under these challenging conditions was one of so many "devil's bridges" that the legends about them form a category in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales (number 1191).

The legend of this particular bridge states that the Reuss was so difficult to ford that a Swiss herdsman wished the devil would make a bridge. The Devil appeared, but required that the soul of the first to cross would be given to him. The mountaineer agreed, but drove a goat across ahead of him, fooling his adversary. Angered by this trickery, the devil fetched a rock with the intention of smashing the bridge, but an old woman drew a cross on the rock so the devil could not lift it anymore. The rock is still there and, in 1977, 300,000 Swiss francs were spent to move the 220 ton rock by 127 m in order to make room for the new Gotthard road tunnel.

The bridge permitted traffic to follow the Reuss to its headwaters and over the saddle at the top—a continental divide between the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea and the river Ticino towards Milan, which after leaving Switzerland flows into the Po and ultimately into the Adriatic Sea. It carried only foot traffic and pack animals until 1775, when the first carriage made the journey on an improved road.

Tunnels

View of Airolo from Gotthard Pass

Several tunnels provide access through the pass. The 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) Gotthard Rail Tunnel was the first and opened in 1882 for railway traffic at a cost of around 200 workers' lives (there is uncertainty as to the exact toll). It bypassed the pass road, connecting Göschenen with Airolo.[1]

A 17 kilometres (11 mi) motorway tunnel, the Gotthard Road Tunnel opened in 1980. It was closed for two months in 2001 following a fatal fire.

The Gotthard Base Tunnel was opened on 1 June 2016. It is the longest rail tunnel in the world at 57.091 kilometres (35.475 mi). This tunnel, combined with two shorter tunnels planned near Zürich and Lugano as part of the AlpTransit initiative, will reduce the 3 hour 40 min rail journey from Zürich to Milan by one hour, while increasing the size and number of trains that can operate along the route because the line is nearly level, compared with the spirals of the older tunnel.

Illustrations

A number of international artists have been inspired by the dramatic scenery of the St. Gotthard Pass, the Schöllenen Gorge and the Teufelsbrücke.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Hans-Peter Bärtschi: Gotthardbahn in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2004-07-29.
  2. ↑ Rebecca Silverman (September 7, 2013). "Wolfsmund GN 1". Anime News Network. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
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