Guerrilla marketing

Guerrilla marketing is an advertisement strategy concept designed for businesses to promote their products or services in an unconventional way with little budget to spend. This involves high energy and imagination focusing on grasping the attention of the public in more personal and memorable level. Some large companies use unconventional advertisement techniques, proclaiming to be guerrilla marketing but those companies will have larger budget and the brand is already visible.[1] The main point of guerrilla marketing is that the activities are done exclusively on the streets or other public places, such as shopping centers, parks or beaches with maximum people access so as to attract a bigger audience.[2]

Guerrilla marketing is a concept that has arisen as we move from traditional media to more online and electronic media. It is a concept that was created by Jay Conrad Levinson when he wrote the book ‘Guerrilla Marketing’ in 1984. Traditional advertising media are channels such as print, radio, television and direct mail (Belch & Belch, 2012) but as we are moving away from these channels the marketers and advertisers have to find new strategies to get their commercial messages to the consumer. Guerrilla Marketing is an alternative strategy and is about taking the consumer by surprise to make a big impression about the brand (What is Guerrilla Marketing, 2015), this in turn creates buzz about the brand or product being marketed. It is a way of advertising that increases engagement with the product or service, and is designed to create a memorable experience for the consumer. By creating this memorable experience for the consumer, it also increases the likelihood that a consumer, or someone who interacted with the campaign will tell their friends about it and via word of mouth the product or service being advertised reaches a lot more people than initially anticipated, and means it has more of a mass audience. This style of marketing is extremely effective for small businesses to advertise their product or service, especially if they are competing against bigger companies as it is inexpensive and focuses more on reach rather than frequency. For guerrilla campaigns to be successful companies don’t need to spend large amounts, they just need to have imagination, energy and time (Bourn, 2009). Guerrilla marketing is also an effective way companies who don’t provide a tangible service can advertise their products through the non traditional channels as long as they have an effective strategy. As opposed to traditional media Guerrilla marketing cannot be measured by statistics, sales and hits but is measured by profit made. It is designed to cut through clutter of traditional advertising and have no mystery about what is being advertised. The message to consumers will be clear and concise, the business will not diversify the message to the consumer and focus will be maintained. This type of marketing also works on the unconscious mind, as purchases quite often are decided by the unconscious mind. To keep the product or service in the unconscious mind means repetition is needed, so if a buzz is created around a product and it is shared amongst friends it enables repetition (Bourn, 2009) Two types of marketing encompassed by guerrilla marketing are Viral Marketing and Buzz Marketing. Unlike typical public marketing campaigns that utilize billboards, guerrilla marketing involves the application of multiple techniques and practices in order to establish direct contact with the customers.[3] One of the goals of this interaction is to cause an emotional reaction in the clients and the final goal of marketing is to get people to remember brands in a different way than they are used to . The technique involves from flyer distribution in public spaces to creating an operation at major event or festival mostly without directly connecting to the event but using the opportunity. The challenge with any guerrilla marketing campaign is to find the correct place and time to do the operation without getting involved in legal issues.

According to Marcel Saucet, 2013, the different types of guerrilla marketing are ambient, ambush, stealth, viral and street marketing.[4]

Types

Ambient marketing

Ambient communication is a complex form of corporate communication that uses elements of the environment, including nearly every available physical surface, to convey messages that elicit customer engagement.[5] It is a compilation of intelligence, flexibility, and effective use of the atmosphere.

Ambient marketing, which can be referred to as presence marketing can be defined as:

"The placement of advertising in unusual and unexpected places (location) often with unconventional methods (execution) and being first or only ad execution to do so (temporal)"[6]

Ambient marketing can be found anywhere and everywhere from hand dryers in public bathrooms and petrol pumps through to bus hand straps and golf-hole cups[7] and can often interact with consumers.

Ambush marketing

Ambush marketing is a form of associative marketing, utilized by an organization to capitalize upon the awareness, attention, goodwill, and other benefits, generated by having an association with an event or property, without that organization having an official or direct connection to that event or property.[8] Essentially, a company or a product seeks to ride on the publicity value of a major event without having contributed to the financing of the event through sponsorship.

It is typically seen at major events where rivals of official sponsors use creative and sometimes covert tactics to build an association with the event and increase awareness for their brands. For example, Nike during the 2012 London Olympics, Nike created 'find your Greatness' spots where they featured athletes from several locations called London (but without showing the real London or referring to the Olympic games) which helped in building a strong association between London Olympics and Nike.[9]

Stealth marketing

Stealth marketing is a deliberate act of entering, operating in, or exiting a market in a furtive, secretive or imperceptible manner, or an attempt to do so.[10] People get involved with the product without them actually knowing that they are the part of advertisement campaign. This needs to be implemented with uttermost covertness because if the participants become aware of the campaign, it will have a negative effect on the brand resulting in ethical doubts about its use.

Viral/buzz marketing

Viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message’s exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions. Off the Internet, viral marketing has been referred to as "word-of-mouth", "creating a buzz", "leveraging the media", "network marketing", But on the Internet, for better or worse, it’s called "viral marketing".[11]

Similarly, buzz marketing uses high-profile media to encourage the public to discuss the brand or product.[7] Buzz marketing works best when consumer’s responses to a product or service and subsequent endorsements are genuine, without the company paying them. Buzz generated from buzz marketing campaigns is referred to as "amplified WOM" (word-of-mouth), and "organic WOM" is when buzz occurs naturally by the consumer.[7]

Guerrilla projection advertising

Guerrilla projection advertising is effectively a digital billboard that is projected at night onto the side of a building without permission of the governing bodies (i.e. council permits), or the permission from owner of the building.[12] The displays are projected on buildings in high traffic locations (i.e. people on foot and in vehicles). Guerrilla projection advertising is an effective addition to campaigns of a considerable size, for example a product launch, the release of a new film, retail promotions etc.[12] As with several guerrilla marketing techniques, guerrilla projection advertising may incur fines or penalties for advertising without the consent of the building owner. This comes at a risk to the company and/or brand. The advantages and disadvantages of this form of guerrilla marketing must be carefully considered before proceeding to avoid unwanted expenses.[12]

Grassroots marketing

Grassroots campaigns aim to win customers over on an individual basis. A successful grassroots campaign is not about the dissemination of the marketing message in the hope that possible consumers are paying attention, but rather highlights a personal connection between the consumer and the brand and builds a lasting relationship with the brand.[13]

Wild posting

Wild postings (also referred to as flyposting or bill posting) is a fundamental guerrilla marketing campaign which uses cost-effective static poster campaigns where posters are adhered without permission to high traffic urban areas such as the side of buildings, walkways or alleys, shopping malls, lampposts, university campuses, on café bulletin boards or skate parks etc.[14] Wild posting marketing can encompass different varieties including paper posters, tear-away posters, guerrilla cling posters (statically charged plastic posters which can stick to most smooth surfaces), magnets, stickers and vinyl labels.[14] There may be legal issues around wild posting, however, if the display is not posted on a paid advertising space as it is illegal to advertise on private property without prior consent.[14]

Astroturfing

Of all the guerrilla marketing strategies, Astroturfing is among the most controversial and has a high risk factor for the company marketing the product or service.[15] Astroturfing derives from artificial “turf”, often used in stadiums or tennis courts – also known as fake grass. Hence, fake endorsements, testimonials and recommendations are all products of Astroturfing in the public relations sector.[15] Astroturfing involves generating an artificial hype around a particular product or company through a review or discussion on online blogs or forums by an individual who is paid to convey a positive view. This can have a negative and detrimental effect on a company, should the consumer suspect that the review or opinion is not authentic, damaging the company’s reputation or even worse, resulting in litigation.[15]

Street marketing

Street marketing uses unconventional means of advertising or promoting products and brands in public areas with the main goal to encourage consumers to remember and recall the brand or product marketed. As a division of guerrilla marketing, street marketing is specific to all marketing activities carried out in streets and public areas such as parks, streets, events etc. Street marketing is not limited to areas as it also encompasses advertising outdoors such as on shopping trollies, public toilets, sides of cars or public transport, manhole covers, footpaths, rubbish bins etc.[16]

Street marketing isn’t confined to fixed advertisements. It is common practice for organisations to utilise brand ambassadors who can distribute product samples and discount vouchers and answer queries about the product while emphasizing the brand. The brand ambassadors may be accompanied by a bicycle kiosk which contains the product samples or demonstration materials, or they may be wearing a "walking billboard". The physical interaction with consumers has a greater influencing power than traditional passive advertising.[17]

According to Marcel Saucet and Bernard Cova,[18] street marketing can be used as a general term encompassing six principal types of activities:

Distribution of flyers or products

This activity is more traditional and the most common form of street marketing employed by brands.

Product animations

This form of operation consists of personalizing a high-traffic space using brand imagery. The idea is to create a micro-universe in order to promote a new product or service.

Human animations

The goal of such actions is to create a space in which the brand's message is communicated through human activity.

Road shows

This form of mobile presentation is based on the development of means of transport: Taxi, bike, Segway, etc.

Uncovered actions

These activities involve the customization of street elements.

Event actions

These activities take the form of spectacles, such as flash mobs or contests. The idea is to promote a product, service or brand value through organization of a public event.

Presence marketing

This is a guerrilla marketing type that goes along the same lines as ambient marketing. Products are to maintain a constant presence through product placements, street ads, stalls at local festivals and markets.

Etymology and origin

The term "guerrilla marketing" is traced to guerrilla warfare, which employs atypical tactics to achieve an objective. In 1984, the term guerrilla marketing was introduced by Leo Burnett's creative director Jay Conrad Levinson in his book Guerrilla Marketing.[19][20][21] The term itself was from the inspiration of guerrilla warfare which was unconventional warfare using different techniques from usual and small tactic strategies used by armed civilians. It involves high imagination and energy to execute a guerrilla marketing campaign. This kind of marketing is purely focusing on taking the consumer by surprise, creating a greater impression and eventually leading to buzz through word-of-mouth or social media platforms. Guerrilla marketing is perfect for any small or medium size businesses to bring their product or services to its consumers without investing more money on advertisements. This has also been used by large companies to show the difference from its competitors and to make use of social media campaigns. Lately, individuals use unconventional methods of job hunting or to work more.[22] As a result, the concept of street marketing was born. It has evolved from being only the application of activities on the streets, to be the development of innovative practices of promotion.[23] For example, one method used by many enterprises to promote their products or services on the streets is the distribution of fliers. This activity does not focus on creativity, but on making publicity on the streets. However, with the passage of time, companies have developed more unconventional techniques to catch the attention of the clients.[18]

Street marketing

Main article: Street marketing

Street marketing is a subset of guerrilla marketing. Like guerrilla marketing, street marketing has the characteristic of being unconventional.[24] However, it is limited to the streets or public places. Other forms of guerrilla marketing use other media and processes, such as the Internet, to establish communication with the customers.

Guerrilla marketing is indeed being understood more and more as mobilizing not only the space of the streets but also the imagination of the street: that of street culture and street art.[25] The Y generation, broadly consisting of young urbanites (15 – 30 years old), is often put forth as the most susceptible target for the campaigns due to its associations with the culture of the street.[26] The success on any guerrilla marketing campaign lies on the relationship between advertiser and the agency. Both parties will have feel the need and work on it with same goals. The desire for instant gratification of internet users provides an avenue for guerrilla marketing by allowing businesses to combine wait marketing with guerrilla tactics. Simple examples consist of using 'loading' pages or image alt texts to display an entertaining or informative message to users waiting to access the content they were trying to get to. As users dislike waiting with no occupation on the web, it is essential, and easy, to capture their attention this way. Other website methods include interesting web features such as engaging landing pages.

Street marketing, unlike traditional media like usual flyers or billboards, uses different techniques trying to get engaged with the target audience. This was born when companies wanted to take steps to make customers attracted to the brand rather than waiting for them to come. This was especially the case with small and medium businesses.[27] Levinson, in 1984 mentioned that the guerrilla marketing can be executed in the street but street marketing itself was coined by Saucet in 2013. The different types of street marketing types, according to the model of Cova and Saucet are: Street/ Ambient; Ambush/ Parasitic; Stealth/ undercover; Viral / Buzz.[28] The difficulty with street marketing campaign is to plan, organize and execute the operation. The agencies or advertisers will always have to identify a unique and creative idea, integrate the message required by the advertisers in the operation in such a way that most of the target audience understands it clearly and has the potential to get it viral. If the campaign’s intent is vague or abstract, the viewers will fail to notice the effect and the message.

Typical procedure

First, enterprises identify the public places where the campaign can be developed such as beaches, cultural events, close to schools, sporting events and recreation areas for children.[29] Next, companies have to develop a plan to get close to different media and the target market.[5] In order to attract attention, street marketing events not only involve unusual activities, but use technology as part of the events. The purpose is to increase the value of the campaigns and get potential consumers' attention.[30]

Besides, the plans that companies develop take into account that guerrilla or street marketing involves global communication and interaction not only with the customers or the media.[31] They are also developed to identify opportunities and collect enough information about products, markets and competitors. For example, for business it is important that customers stay with them, instead of choosing the competitors’ offers. They implement innovative strategies with which they will not lose position in the market, and they consider supplementation with other advertisement through other mediums, such as radio and television, when using street marketing.[32]

There are various examples of strategies that are used in guerrilla marketing. One of them is to provide offers to increase sales. In many cases, businesses do not only supply their products or services to be recognized, but they also offer other things for free. Another instance is to present a fundraiser offer. The point of this strategy is to help other organizations, such as schools, by offering them money. Most companies implement this method not only to increase their sales, but to improve their reputation and image among the community. Finally, there is a strategy called "team selling" that consists of conforming groups of people, the majority of them young, who go knocking the doors of different houses in a neighborhood. They do this in order to help companies promoting and selling their products or services.[33]

When doing guerrilla marketing or street marketing, organizations also consider focusing on the psychological approach. For many companies, this implies if they are having success or not. Street marketing focuses on some psychological aspects to know costumers' behavior and preferences. For example, certain psychological areas study how people’s brains are divided: 45% of people are left-brained, 45% are right brained, and 10% are balanced. Left-brained persons tend to be logical, right-brained ones tend to be emotional, and the rest combine the two. Then, according to the product or service that enterprises provide, and also the kind of costumer, businesses decides the way they are going to manage their street marketing campaigns. Besides, almost all the enterprises base their street marketing campaigns on repeating the messages they spread among their customers. Repetition is related to the unconscious part of the mind. This is the one in charge of making decisions. It lets people know what they are going to choose, as well as what they are going to buy. Businesses follow the principle that establishes that, the more people paying attention to the campaign, the more possibilities that campaign has for being remembered.

When a company decides to do a guerrilla marketing campaign which could be anything out of viral, ambient, ambush, street or stealth, the focus for them is to meet the objectives. The main objectives for them are:

Through the experience and the ephemeral feelings shared between the company and the target, advertisers and agencies generate a feeling of intimacy that resonates beyond the encounter. This feeling of nearness becomes all the more lasting as the affected individuals relive this encounter on the internet through social media.[34]

Strategy

The guerrilla marketing promotion strategy was first identified by Jay Conrad Levinson in his book Guerrilla Marketing(1984).The book describes hundreds of "guerrilla marketing weapons" in use at the time. Guerrilla marketers need to be creative in devising unconventional methods of promotion to maintain the public's interest in a product or service. Levinson writes that when implementing guerrilla marketing tactics, smaller organizations and entrepreneurs are actually at an advantage. Ultimately, however, guerrilla marketers must "deliver the goods." In The Guerrilla Marketing Handbook, the authors write: "...in order to sell a product or a service, a company must establish a relationship with the customer. It must build trust and support the customer's needs, and it must provide a product that delivers the promised benefits..."[35]

Online guerilla marketing

The web is rife with examples of guerrilla marketing, to the extent that many of us don't notice its presence - until a particularly successful campaign arises. The desire for instant gratification of internet users provides an avenue for guerrilla marketing by allowing businesses to combine wait marketing with guerrilla tactics. Simple examples consist of using 'loading' pages or image alt texts to display an entertaining or informative message to users waiting to access the content they were trying to get to. As users dislike waiting with no occupation on the web, it is essential, and easy, to capture their attention this way. Other website methods include interesting web features such as engaging landing pages.

Many online marketing strategies also use social media such as Facebook and LinkedIn to begin campaigns, share-able features and event host events. Other companies run competitions or discounts based on encouraging users to share or create content related to their product. Viral videos are an incredibly popular form of guerrilla marketing in which companies film entertaining or surprising videos that internet users are likely to share and enjoy, that subtly advertise their service or product. Some companies such as Google even create interactive elements like the themed Google logo games to spark interest and engagement. These dynamic guerrilla marketing tactics can become news globally and give businesses considerable publicity.

Guerrilla marketing for McDonald's

The term, guerrilla marketing, is now often used more loosely as a descriptor for the use of non-traditional media, such as or street art, graffiti (or "reverse graffiti"), flyer-posting, ambush marketing, and forehead advertising. It may also be a strong component of promotions involving associated strategies, such as:

Undercover marketing

Undercover marketing (also known as "stealth marketing", or, by its detractors, "roach baiting") is where consumers do not realize they are being marketed to. Buzz campaigns can reach consumers isolated from all other media, and unlike conventional media, consumers tend to trust it more often, as it is usually coming from a friend or acquaintance. Overall, the person doing the marketing must look and sound like a peer of their target audience, without any signs of an ulterior motive for endorsing the item.

Examples

There are various organizations who have implemented the guerrilla and street marketing strategies. The majority of them are small companies, but there are also big companies that have involved in the guerrilla and street marketing environment.[36] Most of the examples of the strategies that both small and big enterprises have put into action include costumed persons, the distribution of tickets, people providing samples, among others. As stated before, one guerrilla marketing conventional method that is used by many businesses is to provide fliers. The goal is to create awareness on the customers about what the enterprise is doing. One example of this took place in Montpelier, Vermont, where the New England Culinary Institute (NECI) sent a group of students to a movie theatre to hand out 400 fliers. Those fliers had coupons in which NECI was inviting people to go to its monthly Theme Dinners. Another company, Boston's Kung-Fu Tai Chi Club, chose the option of disseminating fliers instead of placing its advertisements on the newspapers. The purpose of the fliers was to promote the company's self-defence classes for women.

Other businesses apply the technique of sending disguised people to promote things on the streets. For example, Match.com organized a street marketing activity in the “Feria del Libro” (“Book Fair”) in Madrid. It consisted of a man dressed like a prince who was walking among the crowd looking for his “real love”. He had a glass slipper and even got to try the shoe on some people. A woman behind him was giving bookmarks to the people which contained messages such as “Times have changed; the way to find love, too” or “You have been reading love stories all your life; experience yours on Match.com”. Also, in Madrid and Barcelona, Nokia developed a campaign called “Avestruz” (“Ostrich”) to promote the 5500 and 5700 mobiles. In the campaign, a group of real-size ostrich puppets tried to interact with young people in order to let them know these mobiles provide a high-quality MP3 playback. The puppets were holding their own telephones and listening to the music. When a young person appeared, the puppet tried to catch his/her attention to show him/her the quality of the mobile. The reason why Nokia decided to use ostriches was that they are big animals, so people could easily look at them.[36]

There are enterprises that disseminate passes or tickets to different events. For example, Sony invests on joining promoters and tells them that they have to infiltrate in public meetings. What they have to do is to distribute free tickets to concerts and other musical events sponsored by the company . Another instance is the Spanish company Clickair (an extension of Iberia airlines), that developed a campaign in which a group of five people had to walk through Barcelona streets dressed as Euros. The group was supplying approximately 3,000 tickets to promote different Clickair destinations. The people who first sent a text message with the required information would get free tickets to go on a trip. In the end, the company received a total of 3,390 messages. Along with these examples, there are other street marketing techniques that are even more unusual. Lee Jeans, a French company dedicated to the selling of jeans, promoted the opening of their new store in rue des Rosiers in Paris. The method they applied consisted of distributing denims, as well as denim accessories, on the different streets of the neighborhood. Furthermore, in Italy, the members of the company Nintendo put into action a campaign in which they used post-it’s to promote the Wii console. They pasted several post-it with the shapes of some characters from different video games. Those images were placed as if they were billboards on the streets. “Wii not forget”, the name of the campaign, and a brief explanation of it, were the words written on the post-its. In some cases, some street marketing may incite the ire of local authorities; such was the case in Houston, Texas, when BMW’s ad agency (Street Factory Media in Minneapolis)attached a replication, made from Styrofoam, of a Mini-Cooper to the side of a downtown building.[37] For the cost of a small city-issued fine, the company received front page advertising on the Houston Chronicle.

Sony Ericsson used an undercover campaign in 2002 when they hired 60 actors in ten major cities and had them accost strangers and ask them: "Would you mind taking my picture?" The actor then handed the target a brand new picture phone while talking about how cool the new device was. "And thus an act of civility was converted into a branding event.[38]

Guerrilla marketing is not just exclusive to small companies. For big companies it is a high risk, high reward strategy. When successful it can capture even more market share, but if it fails it can damage the company’s brand image. One successful guerrilla marketing campaign is the Coca-Cola ‘Happiness Machine”. In January 2010, Coca-Cola, with the help of Definition 6, filmed a reaction video of a Coke vending machine dispensing ‘doses’ of happiness to unsuspecting students in St. John’s University. A seemingly normal vending machine surprised students by dispensing items that were more than they bargained for. The students received goodies ranging from extra coke, pizza, flowers, to even a twelve-foot hero sub. “Coke’s goal to inspire consumers through small, surprise moments of happiness” said Paul Iannacchino Jr., Creative Director, Definition 6. With a budget of only $60,000, the video generated 500,000 views in the first week. It now has over 7 million views to date. The campaign was so popular that a 30-second edit of the footage was featured during American Idol’s season finale. The Coca-Cola “Happiness Machine” also went on to receive the CLIO’s prestigious Gold Interactive Award at the 51st annual awards dinner held in New York City. After the campaign’s success, Coca-Cola decided to continue with the ‘Happiness’ theme and has released similar videos since then.[39]

Strategic risk

Because of the nature of guerrilla marketing, the message and objective must be clearly defined in order to avoid being misunderstood. Misinterpretation by the targeted audience of the message intended to be promoted is a risk. Word-of-mouth advertising does not always stay focused enough to present the intended message. The rumor-like spread of word-of-mouth marketing is uncontrollable once released, and can result in a misrepresentation of the message or confusion about a brand.

Another risk involves wrongly timed (or wrongly placed) events, which may actually be perceived to be against the interests of the consumer. For instance, in an ill-conceived promotion which took place on January 31, 2007, several magnetic circuit boards—each with an flashing LED cartoon figure—were attached to metal surfaces in and around Boston, Massachusetts to promote the animated series, Aqua Teen Hunger Force. The circuit boards were mistakenly taken for explosive devices. Several subway stations; bridges; and a portion of Interstate 93 were closed as police examined, removed, and (in some cases) destroyed the devices.[40]

Some guerrilla marketing may incite the ire of local authorities. Then risks are assessed and may still be considered worthwhile. Such was the case in Houston, Texas, when BMW Auto's ad agency, Street Factory Media, attached a replica of a Mini-Cooper (made of Styrofoam), to the side of a downtown building in January 2013.[41] For the small cost of a city-issued fine, the company received front page advertising in the Houston Chronicle.

Another problem presents itself if marketers fail to properly execute an undercover campaign. They run considerable risk of backlash. An example of this can be found in Sony Entertainment's on-line debacle with Zipatoni. The company attempted to promote Zipatoni through a stealth marketing campaign, which was quickly detected by the internet community, resulting in Sony immediately experiencing a backlash from video game enthusiasts.[42]

Street art is thus a subversive activity, hijacking public places and inventing rather paradoxical forms of expression that reformulate ways of communicating,[43] all of which inform street marketing practices. Thus marketing in the street, given that it is inspired by the work of such artists, brings with it constraints and statutory risks for which agencies and advertisers are generally not prepared.[44] The main problem is that, by definition, street mobilization campaigns require the use of public space, and that use must be authorized by government authorities to be legal. This is just as true for simple operations like distributing flyers as it is for mobilizing products or people and, of course, for a disguised campaign.[45]

The authorizations necessary to carry out such a campaign are often very difficult to obtain within the time allotted for bringing the plan to fruition. Numerous potential operations have failed to obtain authorization for safety reasons, and in certain urban areas it is even expressly forbidden to undertake a guerrilla marketing campaign. In such cases, many agencies and advertisers will simply go ahead with the operation, meaning that they choose to act without authorization.[36] How is such a choice reached, and on what bases? How is it justified? What impact does this choice have on the performance and costs of the operation? What transformations does this choice bring to the agency–advertiser relationship? These are the main questions posed in the development of street marketing operations today.[36]

Inexpensive costs

In a declining economy, guerrilla marketing is an increasing solution to giving companies the comparative edge over others. During times where companies are downsizing and cutting costs, companies look to guerrilla marketing as a cheaper strategy than conventional marketing. Instead of investing money in the marketing process, guerrillas invest energy, time and creativity.[46] If done successfully, companies will be able to reach conventional goals for profits and growth with a smaller marketing budget. One such example is the Blair Witch Project. A group of film students filmed an amateur horror movie. By setting up an internet campaign devoted to spreading rumors about the fictitious 'Blair Witch', it created a lot of interest for the film. With a budget of $50,000, the movie grossed $250 million worldwide.

According to Jay Levinson, guerrilla marketing emphasizes strongly on customer follow-up rather than ignoring customers after their purchase. Focusing on customer follow-up is a cheaper strategy because the cost of selling to a new customer is six times higher than selling to an existing customer. During a tough economy, it is important to focus on building relationships rather than sales, and aiming at individuals instead of groups. This promotes repeat sales, referrals and increased size of purchase. The use of telephone as a follow-up tool is helpful in improving customer relationships. Email is also another inexpensive tool for maintaining relationships. Emails can be used to direct people to the company website. The site can be then used to provide information and to advance sales.[47]

Honesty is an important attribute when marketing to customers during tough times. When companies show that they are fully aware of the economic situation and why they have priced their products accordingly, this earns the customer's respect. Explaining the current situation and the risks and the steps the company is taking to the customers will give the customers assurance and also maintains their trust. One example is the Las Vegas tourism board. During the 2008 recession, Las Vegas was one of the cities that were hit the hardest. They released an ad campaign showing people they were fully aware of the recession yet, in a dramatic way, showing 'that regular people are coming here and having a blast'. This piqued a lot of interest which in turn led to an increase in tourism to Las Vegas during the recession.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/what-is-guerrilla-marketing/; Jay Conard Levinson, 1984
  2. ↑ Lena G. Goldberg, Marcel Saucet and Christine Snively, Taryn Rose Launches Dresr:2014;http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=48201%20
  3. ↑ Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, “The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe”, Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014;Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984
  4. ↑ Marcel Saucet, Street Marketing™, Diatéino, Paris, 2013
  5. 1 2 Rossella Gambetti. "Ambient Communication: How to Engage Consumers in Urban Touch-Points". ResearchGate. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  6. ↑ Luxton, S., & Drummond, L. (2000). What is this thing called 'Ambient Advertising'. In Proceedings of ANZMAC (pp. 734-738).
  7. 1 2 3 Solomon, M., Marshall, G., Stuart, E. (2008). Marketing, Real People, Real Choices. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States of America: Pearson Education.
  8. ↑ Simon Chadwick And Nicholas Burton. "Ambushed!". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  9. ↑ Rebecca Cullers. "Nathan Sorrell, Nike's Fat Jogger, Vows to Get Thin". AdWeek. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  10. ↑ Ekin Pehlivana; Pierre Berthonb; Mine Üçok Hughesc; Jean-Paul Berthond. "Keeping up with The Joneses: Stealth, secrets, and duplicity in marketing relationships". Science Direct. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  11. ↑ http://webmarketingtoday.com/articles/viral-principles/
  12. 1 2 3 Alt Terrain. (c2016). Guerrilla Projection. Retrieved from http://www.altterrain.com/outdoor-advertising-video-building-projection-advertising-company/
  13. ↑ Baker, M. & Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  14. 1 2 3 Alt Terrain. (c2016). Wild Posting. Retrieved from http://www.altterrain.com/wild-postings-poster-outdoor-advertising-company-new-york-los-angeles-chicago/
  15. 1 2 3 Jacobs, J. (2012). Faking it – how to kill a business through astroturfing on social media. Professional Updates Management, 64(9), 567-570.
  16. ↑ Berman M. (c2007). Street-Smart Advertising: How to Win the Battle of the Buzz. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  17. ↑ Marketing schools.org. (c2012). Street Marketing. Retrieved from http://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/street-marketing.html
  18. 1 2 Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, “The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe”, Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014
  19. ↑ Josh Sanburn. "The 25 Most Influential Business Management Books". Time, Inc. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  20. ↑ 'Guerilla marketing' gives small firms the edge
  21. ↑ Greco, Susan. "30 Seconds with Guerrilla Marketing's Guru". inc.com. New York City: Inc. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  22. ↑ Marcel Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, “The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe”, Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014
  23. ↑ Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984
  24. ↑ Pikke Allen. ""Takin' it to the Streets" – Dr. Marcel Saucet's TOP 10 STREET MARKETING ™ TIPS". ARTIFICE ATELIER. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  25. ↑ Borghini, Stefania, Luca M. Visconti, Laurel Anderson, and John F. Sherry Jr, (2010), “Symbiotic postures of commercial advertising and street art: Implications for creativity”. Journal of Advertising 39, no. 3: p 115–28.
  26. ↑ Black and Neville, (2009), “Fly-Posting: An Exploration of a 'Controversial' Medium”, Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2009, p. 209-226
  27. ↑ Marcel Saucet. 2013
  28. ↑ Cova, B. & Saucet, M, 2014
  29. ↑ Marcel Saucet & Bernard Cova, 2014
  30. ↑ Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, 2014;http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2411026
  31. ↑ http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=48201%20
  32. ↑ Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984;Marcel Saucet & Bernard Cova, 2014
  33. ↑ http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4806:andd7j.2.1
  34. ↑ Bernard Cova and Marcel Saucet, Unconventional Marketing: from Guerrilla to Consumer Made,” in Routledge Companion on The Future of Marketing, Routledge, September 2013.
  35. ↑ The Guerrilla Marketing Handbook; Levinson, Jay Conrad; Godin, Seth; Mariner Books; November 1994; ISBN 0395700132; accessed March 2014.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Bernard Cova and Marcel Saucet, Unconventional Marketing: from Guerrilla to Consumer Made,” in Routledge Companion on The Future of Marketing, Routledge, September 2013
  37. ↑ en.actu-cci.com/videos/293-street-marketing-by-marcel-saucet
  38. ↑ The Hidden (In Plain Sight) Persuaders; Walker, Rob; "The New York Times Magazine;" December 5, 2004; pg. 68
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  40. ↑ Boston Bomb Scare; article; CNN News online; retrieved March 2014.
  41. ↑ Houston Tickets Mini-cooper; BmW blog; accessed .
  42. ↑ Krotoski, Aleks (2006-12-11). "New Sony viral marketing ploy angers consumers". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  43. ↑ Borghini, Stefania, Luca M. Visconti, Laurel Anderson, and John F. Sherry Jr, (2010), “Symbiotic postures of commercial advertising and street art: Implications for creativity”. Journal of Advertising 39, no. 3: p 115–28
  44. ↑ Douglas West, John Ford, (2001), Advertising agency philosophies and employee risk taking, Journal of Advertising 30, no. 1: 77–91
  45. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/31/dr-dre-beats-olympic-brand-police
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Sources

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