Director (military)

M7 gun director 1944

A director, also called an auxiliary predictor,[1] is a mechanical or electronic computer that continuously calculates trigonometric firing solutions for use against a moving target, and transmits targeting data to direct the weapon firing crew.

For warships

World War II–era Mark 37 Director for 5 in/38 caliber dual purpose guns above bridge of destroyer USS Cassin Young (DD-793), backfitted with postwar AN/SPG-25 radar antenna

For warships of the 20th century, the director is part of the fire control system; it passes information to the computer that calculates range and elevation for the guns. Typically, positions on the ship measured range and bearing of the target; these instantaneous measurements are used to calculate rate of change values, and the computer ("fire control table" in Royal Navy terms) then predicts the correct firing solution, taking into account other parameters, such as wind direction, air temperature, and ballistic factors for the guns. In World War II a widely used computer in the US Navy was the electro-mechanical Mark I Fire Control Computer.

On ships the director control towers for the main battery are placed high on the superstructure, where they have the best view. Due to their large size and weight, in the World War II era the computers were located in plotting rooms deep in the ship, below the armored deck on armored ships.

Field artillery

Directors were introduced into field artillery in the early 20th century to orientate the guns of an artillery battery in their zero line (or 'centre of arc'). Directors were an essential element in the introduction of indirect artillery fire. In US service these directors were called 'aiming circles'. Directors could also be used instead of theodolites for artillery survey over shorter distances. The first directors used an open sight rotating on an angular scale (e.g. degrees & minutes, grads or mils of one sort or another), but by World War I most directors were optical instruments. Introduction of digital artillery sights in the 1990s removed the need for directors.

Directors were mounted on a field tripod and oriented in relation to grid north of the map. If time was short this orientation usually used an integral compass, but was updated by calculation (azimuth by hour angle or azimuth by Polaris) or 'carried' by survey techniques from a survey control point. In the 1960s gyroscopic orientation was introduced.

Anti-aircraft

For anti-aircraft use, directors are usually used in conjunction with other fire control equipment, such as height finders or fire control radars.[2] In some armies these 'directors' were called 'predictors'. The Mark 51 director was used by the US Navy for 40 mm guns and later for 3"/50 caliber guns.[3]

Example

The Bofors 40 mm gun (called a fire unit) used in its anti-aircraft role has the M5 director for its fire-control system.[4] The director is operated by a member of the range section who reports to the chief of section, who in turn reports to the platoon commander. The range section's leader is also called a range setter; he guides the preparation of the director and generator for firing, verifies the orientation and synchronisation of the gun and the director, and supervises fire control using the M5 director (or by the carriage when the M7 Weissight is used). The range section that uses the M5 director consists of the range setter, elevation tracker, azimuth tracker, power plant operator and telephone operator.

The M5 director is used to determine or estimate the altitude or slant range of the aerial target. Two observers then track the aircraft through a pair of telescopes on opposite sides of the director. The trackers turn handwheels to keep the crosshairs of their respective telescope on the aircraft image. The rotation of the handwheels provides the director with data on the aircraft's change in elevation and change in azimuth in relation to the director. As the mechanisms inside the director respond to the rotation of the handwheels, a firing solution is mechanically calculated and continuously updated for as long as the target is tracked. Essentially, the director predicts future position based on the aircraft's present location and how it is moving.

After their introduction, directors soon incorporated correction factors that could compensate for ballistic conditions such as air density, wind velocity and wind direction. If the director was not located near the gun sections, a correction for parallax error could also be entered to produce even more accurate firing direction calculations.[5]

Directors transmit three important calculated firing solutions to the anti-aircraft gun firing crew: the correct firing azimuth and quadrant elevation calculated to determine where exactly to aim the gun, and for guns that use ammunition with timed fuzes, the director also provides the flight time for the projectile so the fuze can be set to detonate in close proximity to the target.

Early anti-aircraft artillery batteries located the directors in the middle of the position, with the firing sections (guns) located at the corners of the position.[6] Before the introduction of radars, searchlights were used in conjunction with directors to allow night target engagement.[7]

U.S. Army anti-aircraft directors

M2 director on T6 trailer
M2 gun director 1932

Naval directors

Surviving examples

A Number 1 Mark III Predictor used with the QF 3.7 inch AA gun. South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ , Lone Sentry
  2. ↑ "Skylighters: An Introduction to Antiaircraft Artillery and Searchlights". skylighters.org.
  3. ↑ Mark 51 Article on the Mark 51 director at NavWeaps.com
  4. ↑ , Brooks Directors and height finders
  5. ↑ p.23, Brown
  6. ↑ p.172, Journal of the United States Artillery
  7. ↑ p.352, Dow Boutwell, Brodinsky, Frederick, Pratt Harris, Nixon, Takudzwa Chaita, Robertson
  8. ↑ also known as the BTL 10 predictor, p.170, Bennett
  9. ↑ "Vickers No.1 anti-aircraft predictor, 1942". Powerhouse Museum.

References

External links

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