Hague Adoption Convention
| Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption | |
|---|---|
|
Ratifications of the Convention (countries in green have signed, but not ratified; countries in purple have ratified but are non-member states of the organization) | |
| Drafted | 29 May 1993 |
| Location | The Hague |
| Effective | 1 May 1995 |
| Condition | 3 ratifications |
| Ratifiers | 96 |
| Depositary | Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| Languages | French and English |
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (or Hague Adoption Convention) is an international convention dealing with international adoption, child laundering, and child trafficking in an effort to protect those involved from the corruption, abuses and exploitation which sometimes accompanies international adoption.[1] The Convention has been considered crucial because it provides a formal international and intergovernmental recognition of intercountry adoption to ensure that adoptions under the Convention will generally be recognized and given effect in other party countries.
Objectives
The preamble to the Convention states:
- Intercountry adoptions shall be made in the best interests of the child and with respect for his or her fundamental rights and to prevent the abduction, the sale of, or traffic in children and each State should take, as a matter of priority, appropriate measures to enable the child to remain in the care of his or her family of origin.
The main objectives of the Convention, set out in Article 1, are:
- to establish safeguards to ensure that intercountry adoptions take place in the best interests of the child and with respect for his or her fundamental rights as recognized in international law,
- to establish a system of co-operation amongst Contracting States to ensure that those safeguards are respected and thereby prevent the abduction, the sale of, or traffic in children,
- to secure the recognition in Contracting States of adoptions made in accordance with the Convention.
History
The Convention was developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law, the preeminent organization in the area of private international law. It was concluded on 29 May 1993 and entered into force on 1 May 1995.[2][3] As of July 2016, the Convention has been ratified by 96 states. South Korea, Nepal, and Russia are signatories, but have not ratified it.[4] Many countries which have not ratified the Convention do not permit foreign adoptions of their children nor adoptions of foreign children.
Polices and procedures of adoption
With respect to the previous multilateral instruments which include some provisions regarding intercountry adoption, the Hague Adoption Convention is the major multilateral instrument regulating international adoption which calls for the need for coordination and direct cooperation between countries to ensure that appropriate safeguards are respected.
Countries that have ratified the Hague Adoption Convention, agree to meet several requirements. The adoption process includes establishing a "Central Authority" to serve as the country's primary contact in adoption processes; satisfying several checks for a child eligible for adoption, including verifying the propriety of the adoption under the laws of both countries and making a reasonable effort to first facilitate a domestic adoption' and agreeing to use only certified adoption agencies.[5]
Article III of the convention outlines the responsibilities that the entire process must be authorized by central adoption authorities designated by the contracting states . If fully implemented at the national level, the Convention offers a protective framework against the potential risks of private adoption (when the adoptive parents set the terms of the adoption directly with the biological parents or with children's institutions placed in the country of origin, without recurring to accredited adoption service providers).[6]
The Implementation and Operation of the 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice, prepared by HCCH, provides assistance to the operation, use and interpretation of the Convention.[7]
Compliance
To comply with international standards, many changes have been introduced in national legislation enacting laws to criminalize the act of obtaining improper gains from intercountry adoptions.[8] However, instances of trafficking in and sale of children for the purpose of adoption continue to take place in many parts of the world. (see Child laundering.) In the fiscal year of 2006, the Department of State Office of Children's Issue's assisted in the return to the United States of 260 children abducted to or wrongfully retained from other countries and 171 children returned from countries that are Convention partners with the United States.[9] Especially during emergency situations, natural disasters or conflicts, it has been observed that children are adopted without strict legal procedures being followed, with a risk that there may be cases of child trafficking.[10] It has also been noted that there was an excessive bureaucratization of the adoption process followed the implementation of the Hague Adoption Convention, possibly establishing additional barriers to the placement of children.[11]
References
- ↑ "Text of Convention". Hague Conference on Private International Law. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ↑ Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
- ↑ "About Hague Adoption Convention". Hague Conference on Private International Law. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ↑ "Status Table". Hague Conference on Private International Law. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ↑ Milbrandt, J (2014). "Adopting the Stateless". Brooklynn Journal of International Law. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ↑ Isabelle Lammerant, Marlène Hofstetter, “Adoption: at what cost? For an ethical responsibility of receiving countries in intercountry adoption”, Terre des homes, 2007; HCCH 2008) The implementation and Operation of the 1993 Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice – Guide No. 1, Bristol: Family Law/Jordan Publishing Ltd
- ↑ The Implementation and Operation of the 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to Good Practice
- ↑ UNDP, Child Adoption. Trends and Policies Report, 2009
- ↑ "Report on Compliance with the Hague Convention" (PDF).
- ↑ United Nations, “Second Periodic reports of States parties due in 1998, Rwanda (CRC/C/70/Add22)
- ↑ Elizabeth Bartholet, International Adoption: Current Status and Future Prospects, 1993, p. 95