Brown marmorated stink bug

Brown marmorated stink bug
Adult female
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Halyomorpha
Species: H. halys
Binomial name
Halyomorpha halys
Stål, 1855[1]

Halyomorpha halys, also known as the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), or simply the stink bug, is an insect in the family Pentatomidae that is native to China, Japan and Taiwan.[2] It was accidentally introduced into the United States, with the first specimen being collected in September 1998.[3] The brown marmorated stink bug is considered to be an agricultural pest,[4] and by 2010–11 had become a season-long pest in U.S. orchards.[5]

Description

The adults are approximately 1.7 centimetres (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the shield shape characteristic of other stink bugs. They are various shades of brown on both the top and undersides, with gray, off-white, black, copper, and bluish markings. Markings unique to this species include alternating light bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding. The stink glands are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs, and on the dorsal surface of the abdomen.[6]

Behavior

A brown marmorated stink bug on a tomato fruit

The brown marmorated stink bug is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears. It is a sucking insect, a "true bug", that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant in order to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens.

The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family.[7] The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become colder, often in the thousands. In one home more than 26,000 stinkbugs were found overwintering.[8] Adults can live from several months to a year.[9][10] They will enter under siding, into soffits, around window and door frames, chimneys, or any space which has openings big enough to fit through. Once inside the house, they will go into a state of hibernation. They wait for winter to pass, but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active, and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures. Two important vectors of this pest are landscape ornamentals Tree of Heaven and Princess Tree.[11]

The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-Octenal.[12] The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander."[5] The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.

During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs. The animals use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.[13]

In the United States

The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan. It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery. The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in September 1998.[4][14] Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year.[7][15] Between 2001 and 2010 there were fifty-four reported sightings of BMSB at shipping ports in the United States.[16] However, stink bugs are listed as non-reportable, meaning that they do not need to be reported or have any required action taken to remove the insect. This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions.

Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug recovered as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a black light trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension (RCE) Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford, New Jersey. [17] In 2002, it was again collected in New Jersey from black light traps located in Phillipsburg and Little York and was found on plant material in Stewartsville. It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut and New York on the eastern coast of the United States. By 2009, this agricultural pest had reached Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Oregon.[18] In 2010 this pest was found in additional states including Indiana,[19] Michigan,[20] Minnesota,[21] and other states.[22] As of November 2011 it has spread to 34 U.S. states[5] and by 2012 to 40 and showed an increase of 60% in total numbers over 2011.[23]

Population increase

Stink bug photographed at an angle

As of 2010, seventeen states have been categorized as having established BMSB populations, with several other states along the eastern half of the United States were reported as having more than normal numbers of stink bugs.[24][25] Currently stink bug populations are on the rise because the climate in the United States is ideal for their reproduction. In optimal conditions an adult stink bug will develop within 35 to 45 days after hatching.[16] Female stink bugs are capable of laying four hundred eggs in their lifetime.[26] BMSB is also capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States, no matter the climate. In warmer climates, multiple generations can occur annually, which can range from two generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in states such as California, Arizona, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.[16][27][28]

The addition of two more generations allowed the population to explode, leading to the establishment of several other populations in neighboring states. Currently there does not appear to be any environmental limiting factors that are slowing their distribution across the United States. They also are extremely mobile insects capable of moving from host to host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes. Currently it is estimated that BMSB populations will continue to grow and spread to other states, especially during unusual periods of warm weather.

Agricultural effects

Effects of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (May 2013)

The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United States. They feed on a wide array of plants including apples, apricots, Asian pears, cherries, corn, grapes, lima beans, peaches, peppers, tomatoes, and soybeans.[29] This makes them extremely versatile as they do not require a specific plant to feed on. To obtain their food stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant tissue in order to extract the plant fluids.[30] In doing so, the plant loses necessary fluids that can lead to deformation of seeds, destruction of seeds, destruction of fruiting structures, delayed plant maturation, and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens.[30] While harvesting the plant's juices, the stink bug injects saliva into the plant creating a dimpling of the fruit's surface, and rotting of the material underneath.

The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit, leaf destruction, and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables. In most cases the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market as the insides are usually rotten. In field crops such as corn and soy beans the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants. When stink bugs feed on corn they go through the husk before eating the kernels, hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting. The same damage is seen in soy beans as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds. One visual cue of stink bug damage to soybean crops is the "stay green" effect, where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season, while other plants in the field die off normally. One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the "edge effect", in which they tend to infest crops thirty to forty feet from the edge of the field. Farmers or individuals who suspect having stink bugs in their crops should contact their respective State Department of Agriculture for information on how to manage the infestation and possible ways to prevent future incidences.

Control

Control of stink bugs is a priority of the Department of Agriculture which has developed an artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps. Because the bugs insert their proboscis below the surface of fruit and then feed, some insecticides are ineffective; in addition, the bugs are mobile, and a new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed, making permanent removal nearly impossible. In the case of soybean infestations research shows that spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops. However even this method is limited as new populations move back into the area, or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas. There is also evidence that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, a common chemical used to combat infestations.[16] Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing promising results are oxamly (96% mortality rate) and moribund (67% mortality rate).[16] Many other commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields, rather than actually killing them. The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of Kaolin clay.[16] As of 2012, native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as they adapt to the new food source.[23] Managing this pest species is challenging because there are currently few effective pesticides that are labeled for use against them. Researchers are looking into ways to effectively control this species but many more experiments are needed to develop a consistent pesticide.

Similarity in appearance to native species

Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus, the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae. It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug including Acrosternum, Euschistus, and Podisus, except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (4th) antennal segment.[31] The adult rice stink bug (Oebalus pugnax) is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color, the smaller size, and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug.[32]

Predators

In China, Trissolcus japonicus,[33] a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae, is a primary predator.[34] This species is not currently present in the U.S., but is undergoing study for possible introduction.[5] The major problem with this idea is the possibility that japonicus will also become an invasive species with no native predators. Before introducing the Chinese wasp, scientists are trying to find natural predators of the stink bug already present in the United States. To do so they have studied other species of parasitoid wasps native to the United States. They found that several other species of the parasitoid wasps attacked stink bug eggs in Virginia soybean fields.[35] Researchers have also experimented with different spider species as well as the Wheel bug. Several spider species attacked both the eggs as well as live stink bugs. Woodlice eat stinkbug eggs.[36] The Wheel bug, however, was the most voracious predator and attacked the eggs as well as stink bugs more consistently.[37] Scientists are hoping that other animals such as birds will eventually begin preying on stink bugs as populations continue to rise.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wermelinger, Beat; Denise Wyniger; Beat Forster. 2008. First records of an invasive bug in Europe: Halyomorpha halys Stål (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), a new pest on woody ornamentals and fruit trees? Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft: Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse 81: 1–8.
  2. ↑ "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  3. ↑ Jacobs, Steve (September 2010). Brown Marmorated Stink Bug — Entomology — Penn State University:. State College, PA: Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  4. 1 2 "Move Over, Bedbugs: Stink Bugs Have Landed". New York Times. September 26, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010. Government and university researchers say they need more time to study the bug, which has been in the United States since about 1998. Native to Asia, it was first found in Allentown, Pa., and has no natural enemies here.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Stink Bug Invasion: Is a Wasp the Solution to Save Valued Crops?". PBS NewsHour. May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  6. ↑ Jacobs, Steven B. (May 2009). "Entomological Notes: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University Department of Agriculture. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
  7. 1 2 Gyeltshen J; Bernon G; Hodges A. (July 2010). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)". University of Florida, IFAS. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  8. ↑ Inkley DB, 2012. Characteristics of home invasion by the brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 47(2):125–130.
  9. ↑ Meacham, Jennifer (October 5, 2010). "Asian stink bugs invade Oregon". KATU News. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  10. ↑ Marchiando, Collin. "Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Frequently Asked Questions". Rutgers University, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  11. ↑ Wallner AM, Hamilton GC, Nielsen AL, Hahn N, Green EJ, et al. (2014) "Landscape Factors Facilitating the Invasive Dynamics and Distribution of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorphahalys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after Arrival in the United States" PLoS ONE 9(5): e95691. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095691
  12. ↑ Henderson, Will; Khalilian, Ahmad; Han, Young (July 9–12, 2006). Detecting Stink Bugs/Damage in Cotton Utilizing a Portable Electronic Nose (PDF). Oregon Convention Center; Portland, Oregon: Clemson University. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  13. ↑ Polajnar, Jernej; et al. (2016). "Vibrational communication of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys)". Physiological entomology. doi:10.1111/phen.12150.
  14. ↑ "Penn State University extension site on the insect". ento.psu.edu. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  15. ↑ Invasive.org; Lance, David R. "brown marmorated stink bug". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Forestry Archive; Gary Bernon. Invasive.org is a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ARS. 2010b. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Research Updates. USDA-ARS, Kearneysville, WV. 6 pp.
  17. ↑ "Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
  18. ↑ LaBonte, James (November 2, 2009). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". ODA Plant Division, Insect Pest Prevention and Management; Report. Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: Potentially Serious Pest Found in Indiana". Purdue University. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  20. ↑ "State Ag. Department Confirms Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan". State of Michigan. February 1, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Pest Tracker". Purdue University. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  23. 1 2 Darryl Fears (May 26, 2013). "Scientists wage war on pervasive stink bugs". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  24. ↑ "On the Trail of the Stink Bug". Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences.
  25. ↑ "Qualitative analysis of the pest risk potential of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in the United States" (PDF). Center for Plant Health Science and Technology.
  26. ↑ "brown marmorated stink bug - Halyomorpha halys". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  27. ↑ Day, Eric (February 24, 2011). "Brown marmorated stink bug" (PDF). Virginia Tech. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  28. ↑ Sutphin, Michael (July 25, 2011). "Virginia's tree fruit industry has new insecticide to fight stink bugs". Virginia Tech News. Virginia Tech University. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  29. ↑ US EPA, OCSPP, OPP, FEAD. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". www.epa.gov. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  30. 1 2 McPherson, J. E., and R. M. McPherson. 2000. Stink Bugs of Economic Importance in America North of Mexico, Boca Raton, FL. 253 pp.
  31. ↑ Bessin, Ric. "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Look-A-Likes in Kentucky" (PDF). Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Rice Stink Bug (Oebalus pugnax)". Louisiana State University AgCenter. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  33. ↑ Talamas EJ, Buffington M, Hoelmer K (2013) New synonymy of Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 33: 113–117. doi: 10.3897/JHR.33.5627
  34. ↑ Pfeiffer, Douglas G. (March 30, 2009). "Brown Marmorated Stink Bug". Fact Sheet. Virginia Tech Department of Entomology. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  35. ↑ Roberson, Roy (November 20, 2009). "Natural predators tested for stink bug control". News article. southeast Farm Press. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
  36. ↑ Bailey, Pat (March 15, 1999). "Humble Roly-Poly Bug Thwarts Stink Bugs in Farms, Gardens". UC Davis News Service.
  37. ↑ http://www.stopbmsb.org/stopBMSB/assets/File/Research/BMSB-SAP-Dec-2013/Native-Natural-Enemies-Shrewsbury.pdf

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