Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster

Henry of Lancaster
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester
Later arms of Henry of Lancaster: The royal arms of King Henry III a label France of three points
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester
Predecessor	Thomas, 2nd Earl
Successor	Henry of Grosmont, 4th Earl, later 1st Duke of Lancaster
Born	c. 1281
Died	22 September 1345 (aged c. 63–64) Leicester Castle
Spouse	Maud Chaworth
Issue	Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster Blanche of Lancaster, Baroness Wake of Liddell Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster Joan of Lancaster, Baroness Mowbray Isabel of Lancaster, Prioress of Amesbury Eleanor of Lancaster, Countess of Arundel Mary of Lancaster, Baroness Percy
House	Plantagenet
Father	Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster
Mother	Blanche of Artois

Seal of Henry of Lancaster from the Barons' Letter, 1301, which he signed as Henricus de Lancastre, Dominus de Munemue (Henry of Lancaster, Lord of Monmouth). His shield couche shows the armorial of Plantagenet differenced by a bend azure (see below)

Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester and Lancaster (c. 1281 – 22 September 1345) was a grandson of King Henry III (1216-1272) of England and was one of the principals behind the deposition of King Edward II (1307-1327), his first cousin.

Origins

He was the younger son of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester,^[1] a son of King Henry III by his wife Eleanor of Provence. Henry's mother was Blanche of Artois, Queen Dowager of Navarre.

Henry's elder brother Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, succeeded their father in 1296, but Henry was summoned to Parliament on 6 February 1298/99 by writ directed to Henrico de Lancastre nepoti Regis ("Henry of Lancaster, nephew of the king", Edward I), by which he is held to have become Baron Lancaster. He took part in the Siege of Caerlaverock in July 1300.

Petition for succession and inheritance

After a period of longstanding opposition to King Edward II and his advisors, including joining two open rebellions, Henry's brother Thomas was convicted of treason, executed and had his lands and titles forfeited in 1322. Henry did not participate in his brother's rebellions; he later petitioned for his brother's lands and titles, and on 29 March 1324 he was invested as Earl of Leicester. A few years later, shortly after his accession in 1327, the young Edward III of England returned the earldom of Lancaster to him, along with other lordships such as that of Bowland.

Revenge

On the Queen's return to England in September 1326 with Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Henry joined her party against King Edward II, which led to a general desertion of the king's cause and overturned the power of Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester, and his namesake son Hugh the younger Despenser.

He was sent in pursuit and captured the king at Neath in South Wales. He was appointed to take charge of the king and was responsible for his custody at Kenilworth Castle.

Full restoration and reward

Henry was appointed "chief advisor" for the new king Edward III of England,^[2] and was also appointed captain-general of all the king's forces in the Scottish Marches.^[3] He was appointed Constable of Lancaster Castle and High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1327. He also helped the young king to put an end to Mortimer's regency and tyranny, also had him declared a traitor and executed in 1330.

Loss of sight

In about the year 1330, he became blind.

Later life and death

Henry spent the last fifteen years of his life at Leicester Castle. There he founded a hospital for the poor and infirm in an extension of the castle bailey. It became known as the Newarke, and Henry was buried in the hospital chapel when he died in 1345. The king and queen attended his funeral. His son Henry of Grosmont, first Duke of Lancaster, had his father's remains moved to the collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke, which he had built when he enhanced his father's foundation.^[4][5]

Trinity Hospital chapel in the Newarke, Leicester

Nickname

According to Froissart, he was nicknamed Wryneck, or Tort-col in French, possibly due to a medical condition.

Succession

He was succeeded as Earl of Lancaster and Leicester by his eldest son, Henry of Grosmont, who subsequently became Duke of Lancaster.

Issue

He married Maud Chaworth, before 2 March 1296/1297.^[6]

Henry and Maud had seven children:

• Henry, Earl of Derby, (about 1300–1360/61)
• Blanche of Lancaster, (about 1305–1380) married Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell
• Matilda of Lancaster, (about 1310–1377); married William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster and had descendants.
• Joan of Lancaster, (about 1312–1345); married John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray and had descendants
• Isabel of Lancaster, Abbess of Amesbury, (about 1317-after 1347)
• Eleanor of Lancaster, (about 1318–1371/72) married (1) John De Beaumont and (2) 5 Feb. 1344/5, Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and had descendants
• Mary of Lancaster, (about 1320–1362), who married Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and was the mother of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Arms

Prior to his restoration to his earldoms, Henry bore the royal arms of King Henry III, differenced by a bend azure. Upon his restoration, his difference changed, to a label France of three points (that is to say a label of three points azure each charged with three fleur-de-lys or.^[7]

• 
  Shield prior to restoration
• 
  Shield as Earl of Lancaster and Leicester

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster

16. Henry II of England               8. John of England                       17. Eleanor of Aquitaine               4. Henry III of England                             18. Aymer of Angoulême               9. Isabella of Angoulême                       19. Alix de Courtenay               2. Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster                                   20. Alfonso II, Count of Provence               10. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence                       21. Garsenda of Sabran               5. Eleanor of Provence                             22. Thomas I of Savoy               11. Beatrice of Savoy                       23. Marguerite of Geneva               1. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester                                         24. Philip II of France               12. Louis VIII of France                       25. Isabelle of Hainaut               6. Robert I of Artois                             26. Alfonso VIII of Castile               13. Blanche of Castile                       27. Eleanor of England (daughter of 16 and 17)               3. Blanche of Artois                                   28. Henry I, Duke of Brabant               14. Henry II, Duke of Brabant                       29. Mathilde of Flanders               7. Matilda of Brabant                             30. Philip of Swabia               15. Marie of Hohenstaufen                       31. Irene Angelina of Byzantium

In fiction

Henry is a supporting character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by William Sabatier in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Romain Rondeau in the 2005 adaptation.^[8]

References

1. Armitage-Smith, Sir Sydney, John of Gaunt: king of Castile and Leon, duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, (Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd., 1904), pg 197.
2. Leese, Thelma Anna, Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399, (Heritage Book Inc., 2007), 201.
3. Burke, John, A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, (Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley:London, 1831), 424.
4. S.H. Skillington & Colin Ellis, Historical Guide To Leicester, (Leicester, 1933)
5. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/leics/vol2/pp48-51
6. Cambrian Archaeological Association, Archaeologia cambrensis, Volume 3, (W.Pickering:London, 1852), 15.
7. Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
8. "Les Rois maudits: Casting de la saison 1" (in French). AlloCiné. 2005. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.

Secondary Sources

• Armitage-Smith, Sir Sydney (1904). John of Gaunt: king of Castile and Leon, duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster. Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd.
• Burke, John (1831). A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
• "Archaeologia cambrensis". Cambrian Archaeological Association. London: W.Pickering. vol. 3. 1852.
• Leese, Thelma Anna (2007). Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399. Heritage Book Inc.