History of local government in Yorkshire

The history of local government in Yorkshire is unique and complex. Yorkshire is the largest historic English county[1] and consists of a diverse mix of urban and rural development with a heritage in agriculture, manufacturing, and mining.[2] After a long period of very little change, it has been subject to a number of significant reforms of local government structures in modern times, some of which were controversial.[3] The most significant of these was the Local Government Act 1972[4] and the 1990s UK local government reform. It currently corresponds to several counties and districts and is mostly contained within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.

Ancient divisions

Yorkshire in 1832

Yorkshire originated in antiquity as the Kingdom of Jórvík. It was traditionally divided into West, North and East ridings. The term originates from Old Norse þriðing, "third part", a legacy of the area's 9th century Scandinavian settlers. Each of the ridings was then further subdivided into smaller units called Wapentakes, which were administered by an early form of democratic representation termed a "Thing". Later the wapentakes were used as the basis for administration. In about 1823 the wapentakes were:

Riding Wapentakes
East[5] Buckrose, Dickering, Harthill – (Bainton beacon, Holme beacon, Hunsley beacon and Wilton beacon), Holderness – (North, Middle and South), Howdenshire, Hullshire, Ouse and Derwent
North[6] Allertonshire, Birdforth, Bulmer, Gilling East and West, Halikeld, Hang East and West, Langbaurgh East and Langbaurgh West, Pickering Lythe, Ryedale, Whitby Strand, City Of York
West[7] Agbrigg and Morley (Agbrigg and Morley divisions), Barkston Ash, Ewcross, Claro Lower and Upper, Morley, Osgoldcross, Skyrack Lower and Upper, Staincliffe East and West, Staincross, Strafforth and Tickhill Lower and Upper

Apart from these was the Ainsty wapentake to the west of the City of York.[8]

Modern local government

1904 map of Yorkshire

The borough corporations of Beverley, Doncaster, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Pontefract, Richmond, Ripon, Scarborough and York were reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1889, as part of the Local Government Act 1888, Yorkshire was divided into administrative counties (each with a county council) and county boroughs. The administrative counties closely followed the ancient ridings, with the exclusion of the large towns of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield and York. Yorkshire continued to be classed as a single county under the act, although each of the ridings retained their own lieutenancies and shrievalties. York became associated with the West Riding for this purpose. In 1894 the remainder of the county, that was not a county borough or municipal ('non-county') borough, was divided into urban and rural districts by the Local Government Act 1894. Several new county boroughs were created from 1889 to 1974:

Riding Headquarters County boroughs in 1889 New county boroughs
East[9] Beverley Kingston-upon-Hull none
North[10] Northallerton Middlesbrough (abolished 1968) Teesside (1968)
West[11] Wakefield Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Sheffield, York Barnsley (1913), Dewsbury (1913), Doncaster (1927), Rotherham (1902), Wakefield (1915)

The North Riding gained 6,252 acres (25.30 km2) from County Durham when the Teesside county borough was created in 1968.[10]

Distribution of population in 1971

With the creation and growth of county boroughs, and a movement of people from the country to the towns and cities, the population in the county boroughs began to outnumber those in the administrative counties. By 1971, 53% of the population of Yorkshire were living in the county boroughs. The division of population in 1971 was as follows:[12]

Riding Administrative
county		 County
boroughs		 Total
East 257,340 285,969 543,309
North 329,423 396,233 725,656
West 1,793,473 1,991,540 3,785,013
Total 2,380,236 2,673,742 5,053,978

Changes in 1974

Local government in England was reformed in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972.[13] Under the act, the ridings lost their lieutenancies and shrievalties and the administrative counties, county boroughs and their councils were abolished.[4] The area of Yorkshire was divided between a number of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties:[14]

County after 1974 Existing area
Cleveland (southern part) Teesside and part of the North Riding
Cumbria (part only) Sedbergh Rural District from the West Riding
Durham (part only) Startforth Rural District from the North Riding
Greater Manchester (part only) Saddleworth Urban District from the West Riding
Humberside (northern part) Kingston upon Hull and most of the East Riding plus Goole from the West Riding
Lancashire (part only) Bowland Rural District, Barnoldswick, Earby, and part of Skipton Rural District from the West Riding
North Yorkshire York; most of the North Riding; Harrogate, Knaresborough and Selby from the West Riding; and part of the East Riding around Filey
South Yorkshire Barnsley, Doncaster, Sheffield and Rotherham from the West Riding
West Yorkshire Bradford, Dewsbury, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds and Wakefield from the West Riding

The reform sought to amalgamate the urbanised parts of the West Riding in the South and West Yorkshire metropolitan counties.[15] The other counties, known as non-metropolitan or shire counties,[15] recognised the urbanised areas that had developed around the River Tees and the Humber, leaving North Yorkshire as a predominantly rural county. The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties also became counties for purposes such as lieutenancy.[4]

Royal Mail reaction

The Royal Mail adopted South, North and West Yorkshire as postal counties in 1974. It also recognised the transfers from Yorkshire to Cumbria, Durham and Lancashire and the creation of Cleveland. In Humberside, the part from Yorkshire became the North Humberside postal county. Greater Manchester could not be adopted as a postal county, so Saddleworth (which was part of the Oldham post town) was included in the Lancashire postal county. Postal counties are no longer in official use.[16]

District name changes

Some changes were unpopular,[3] and a provision of the 1972 act allowed district councils to change the names of their districts. Within Humberside, the Borough of Beverley was changed to East Yorkshire Borough of Bevereley and North Wolds district was changed to East Yorkshire in 1981, reflecting their historic association with Yorkshire.

1990s UK local government reform

A review of local government took place during the 1990s which made a number of changes to the counties created in 1974.[3] As part of the review, Cleveland[17] and Humberside[18] were abolished in 1996 and their districts were reconstituted as unitary authorities. In addition to becoming a unitary authority, the East Riding of Yorkshire was reintroduced as a county for the purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty (also including Hull) and North Yorkshire gained territory for this purpose; the changes to the ceremonial counties were reconfirmed by the Lieutenancies Act 1997. The unitary districts created are as follows:

Unitary authority Existing area Ceremonial county
East Riding of Yorkshire Humberside: Beverley, Boothferry (part), East Yorkshire, Holderness East Riding of Yorkshire
Hull Humberside: Hull East Riding of Yorkshire
Middlesbrough Cleveland: Middlesbrough North Yorkshire
Redcar and Cleveland Cleveland: Langbaurgh North Yorkshire
Stockton-on-Tees Cleveland: Stockton-on-Tees North Yorkshire and County Durham
York North Yorkshire: York and parts of Selby, Harrogate and Ryedale North Yorkshire

2000s UK local government reform

In 2003 the government put forward further proposals to restructure local government in North Yorkshire as part of proposals for regional assemblies. This was to replace the two-tier North Yorkshire council structure with a single tier of unitary authorities within a directly elected regional assembly, and would also address the drastic loss of population of Ryedale council where 50% of its population had been absorbed into an enlarged York.[19]

Proposed options

Single unitary county council
Two unitary authorities
Two unitary authorities
Three unitary authorities

With the proposals for larger unitary district councils Selby council would have been merged with the unitary East Riding of Yorkshire council. The City of York council had become an expanded unitary council in 1996.

In the first stage of consultations, North Yorkshire County Council supported the unitary county option, with the districts all arguing for the status quo, though with Scarborough acknowledging strengths of merging with Rydale.

After initial consultation, the government adopted the single unitary county council option for second stage consultation. In part due to the unpopularity of the regional assembly that would also go with any reorganisation, the proposals were dropped.

Demography

The total area and population of Yorkshire from 1831 to 1991 is as follows. The area corresponds to the three ridings until 1971 and to West, North and South Yorkshire from 1981.[20]

Year 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901
Area (acres) 3,669,510 3,619,790 3,826,566 3,830,567 3,882,851 3,880,872 3,809,540 3,883,979
Population 1,371,359 1,582,001 1,761,692 2,033,610 2,436,355 2,837,034 3,218,882 3,512,838
Year 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Area (acres) 3,886,028 3,885,702 3,891,967 3,897,909 3,897,939 3,918,656 2,942,530 2,941,247
Population 3,897,682 4,098,490 4,389,679 4,622,659 4,725,976 5,053,989 3,967,192 3,978,484

From 1831 to 1991 there was a rise in population density from 0.4 to 1.4 people per acre.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vision of Britain - Yorkshire ancient county (historic map)
  2. ↑ John Bartholomew, Gazetteer of the British Isles, (1887)
  3. 1 2 3 HMSO, Aspects of Britain: Local Government, (1996)
  4. 1 2 3 Arnold-Baker, C., Local Government Act 1972, (1973)
  5. ↑ Vision of Britain - East Riding (Ancient) (historic map)
  6. ↑ Vision of Britain - North Riding (Ancient) (historic map)
  7. ↑ Vision of Britain - West Riding (Ancient) (historic map)
  8. ↑ Vision of Britain - Ainsty (historic map)
  9. ↑ Vision of Britain - East Riding (Admin) (historic map)
  10. 1 2 Vision of Britain - North Riding (Admin) (historic map)
  11. ↑ Vision of Britain - West Riding (Admin) (historic map)
  12. ↑ 1971 census
  13. ↑ Elcock, H, Local Government, (1994)
  14. ↑ Redcliffe-Maud & Wood, B., English Local Government Reformed, (1974)
  15. 1 2 Jones, B. et al., Politics UK, (2004)
  16. ↑ Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004)
  17. ↑ The Cleveland (Structural Change) Order 1995 SI 1995/187
  18. ↑ The Humberside (Structural Change) Order 1995 SI 1995/600
  19. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/3253328.stm
  20. 1 2 National Statistics - 200 years of the Census in Yorkshire
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