History of science and technology

For historical accounts of the development of science and technology, see history of science and history of technology.

The history of Science and Technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it (technology) have changed over the centuries. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.

Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public. In the early 1930s, after a famous paper given by the Soviet historian Boris Hessen, was focused into looking at the ways in which scientific practices were allied with the needs and motivations of their context. After World War II, extensive resources were put into teaching and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help the public better understand both Science and Technology as they came to play an exceedingly prominent role in the world. In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise. At the present time it is often closely aligned with the field of science studies.

Modern engineering as it is understood today took form during the scientific revolution, though much of the mathematics and science was built on the work of the Greeks, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Indians. See the main articles History of science and History of technology for these respective topics.

Universities with HST programs

Argentina

Australia

Belgium

Canada

France

Germany

Greece

India

History of science and technology is a well developed field in India. At least three generations of scholars can be identified. The first generation includes D.D.Kosambi, Dharmpal, Debiprasad Chattopadhyay and Rahman. The second generation mainly consists of Ashis Nandy, Deepak Kumar, Dhruv Raina, S. Irfan Habib, Shiv Visvanathan, Gyan Prakash, Stan Lourdswamy, V.V. Krishna, Itty Abraham, Richard Grove, Kavita Philip, Mira Nanda and Rob Anderson. There is an emergent third generation that includes scholars like Abha Sur and Jahnavi Phalkey.

Departments and Programmes

The National Institute of Science, Technolology and Development Studies had a research group active in the 1990s which consolidated social history of science as a field of research in India. Currently there are several institutes and university departments offering HST programmes.

Israel

Japan

Netherlands

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Academic study of the History of Science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton at Harvard with his book Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The History of Science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested Scientists and Physicians rather than professional Historians.[28] With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of Science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.[29]

Prominent historians of the field

See also the list of George Sarton medalists.

Journals and periodicals

See also

Professional societies

References

  1. ↑ The University of Sydney. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  2. ↑ Université de Liège. "CHST". Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  3. ↑ University of Toronto. "History and Philosophy of Science and Technology". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  4. ↑ University of King's College. "History of Science & Technology". Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  5. ↑ Berlin Technical University. "Philosophy, Theory of Science, and History of Science and Technology". Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  6. ↑ Tel Aviv University. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  7. ↑ Bar Ilan University. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  8. ↑ Kyoto University (November 20, 2010). "Philosophy and History of Science". Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Tokyo Institute of Technology. "Department of History and Philosophy of Science". Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ Utrecht University. "History and Philosophy of Science". Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  11. ↑ Utrecht University. "Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and Humanities". Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  12. ↑ University of the Basque Country. "Máster Universitario en Filosofía, Ciencia y Valores" (in Spanish). Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  13. ↑ University of the Basque Country. "THEORIA. International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science". Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  14. ↑ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. "Centre d'Història de la Ciència". Retrieved April 10, 2008.
  15. ↑ Universitat Valencia. "Instituto de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia Lopez Piñero". Retrieved April 10, 2010.
  16. ↑ Linköping University. "Tema Teknik och social förändring". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  17. ↑ University of Bern. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  18. ↑ "History of the Sciences - School of History - University of Kent". www.kent.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  19. ↑ University College London. "Science and Technology Studies". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  20. ↑ University College London. "The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  21. ↑ University of Oxford. "History of Science: Instruments, Museums, Science, Technology". Archived from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  22. ↑ University of Leeds. "History & Philosophy of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  23. ↑ University of Manchester. "History of Science, Technology and Medicine". Retrieved December 12, 2007.
  24. ↑ University of Bristol. "Department of Philosophy". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  25. ↑ University of Cambridge. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  26. ↑ University of Durham. "Department of Philosophy". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  27. ↑ London Centre for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology. "History of Science, Medicine and Technology".
  28. ↑ Nathan Reingold, "History of Science Today, 1. Uniformity as Hidden Diversity: History of Science in the United States, 1920-1940," British Journal for the History of Science 1986 19(3): 243-262
  29. ↑ Dauben, JW; Gleason, ML; Smith, GE (2009). "Seven decades of history of science: I. Bernard Cohen (1914-2003), second editor of Isis". Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences. 100 (1): 4–35. doi:10.1086/597575. PMID 19554868.
  30. ↑ Arizona State University. "Center for Biology and Society - Education". Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  31. ↑ Brown University. "Committee of Science and Technology Studies".
  32. ↑ Brown University. "History of Mathematics at Brown". Archived from the original on June 12, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  33. ↑ Case Western Reserve University. "History and Philosophy of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  34. ↑ Case Western Reserve University. "History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  35. ↑ Cornell University. "Science and Technology Studies". Retrieved May 16, 2006.
  36. ↑ Georgia Institute of Technology. "School of History, Technology, and Society". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  37. ↑ Harvard University. "Department of the History of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  38. ↑ Johns Hopkins University. "History of Science, Medicine, and Technology". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  39. ↑ Lehigh University. "The Science, Technology, and Society Program". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  40. ↑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Program in Science, Technology, and Society". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  41. ↑ Michigan State University. "HPS at LBC". Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  42. ↑ New Jersey Institute of Technology. "Program in Science, Technology, and Society". Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  43. ↑ Oregon State University. "Graduate Programs". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
  44. ↑ Princeton University. "Program in History of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  45. ↑ Rutgers University. "History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Health". Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  46. ↑ Stanford University. "History and Philosophy of Science and Technology". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  47. ↑ University of California, Berkeley. "History of science and technology". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  48. ↑ University of California, Los Angeles. "History of Science Program". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  49. ↑ University of California Santa Barbara. "Center for Information Technology & Society". Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  50. ↑ University of Florida. "Department of History". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  51. ↑ University of Minnesota. "History of Science, Technology, and Medicine". Retrieved April 21, 2009.
  52. ↑ University of Oklahoma. "Department of the History of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  53. ↑ University of Pennsylvania. "History & Sociology of Science". Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  54. ↑ University of Pittsburgh. "History & Philosophy of Science". Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  55. ↑ University of Puget Sound. "Science, Technology, & Society". Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  56. ↑ University of Wisconsin–Madison. "History of Science". Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  57. ↑ Wesleyan University. "Science in Society program". Retrieved April 29, 2009.
  58. ↑ Yale University. "History of Science and Medicine". Retrieved July 30, 2006.

Bibliography

Historiography of science

History of science as a discipline

External links

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