International reactions to the Arab Spring

The international reactions to the Arab Spring have been disparate, including calls for expanded liberties and civil rights in many authoritarian countries of the Middle East and North Africa in late 2010 and 2011.

General statements

Varying reactions

Harsh government responses to protests in many Arab countries have met international condemnation.[23][24][25][26] However, there have been some notable exceptions.

France, the former colonial ruler of Tunisia, refused to denounce President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali's attempt to disperse demonstrators in his country by force in January 2011 prior to the Tunisian revolution; Foreign Affairs Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie said the French "must not stand out as lesson-givers" in Tunisia, while the French minister for agriculture defended Ben Ali, saying, "President Ben Ali is someone who's frequently judged badly, [but] he's done a lot of things."[27] The French government later took a leading role in supporting the opposition to Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi in Libya, forming a tripartite alliance with the United Kingdom and Lebanon on the United Nations Security Council to successfully lobby for international military intervention,[28][29] though it was Peru that was the first country to sever bilateral relations with the government in Tripoli over the crackdown on Libyan protesters in February 2011.[30]

The government of Iran condemned the Egyptian government's response to protests[26] and was harshly critical of the Bahraini monarchy's reaction to the demonstrations in the Gulf archipelago,[31] but has virtually ignored President Bashar al-Assad's violent suppression of protests during the uprising in Syria[32][33] and according to the U.S. government, has possibly provided aid to suppressing the protests.[34]

Conversely, while Qatar staked out its place as a primary backer of the attempted revolution against Gaddafi and a "key ally" of the partially recognized National Transitional Council, the provisional government of the self-declared Libyan Republic,[35][36] it steadfastly supported the supranational Gulf Co-operation Council in its military intervention to quell protests in neighboring Bahrain, contributing troops to the Peninsula Shield Force mission there.[37]

The government of Morocco received praise from the U.S. government for its response to major protests,[38][39] though the U.S. condemned the governments of Tunisia,[40] Libya,[41] Egypt,[42] Bahrain,[43][44] Syria,[45][46] and Yemen[47] for their actions in dealing with demonstrators. However, it has stopped short of calling for regime change in Bahrain alone among those states.[48]

Saudi Arabia was one of the first Arab countries to publicly condemn the Syrian government over its reaction to the uprising in that country, with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia giving a televised speech shortly after midnight on 8 August to announce the recall of its ambassador from Damascus and warn authorities to institute major reforms and stop all violence.[49] However, it was also the largest contributor of troops to GCC operations to help suppress the Bahraini uprising,[50] as well as a vocal supporter of Bahrain's embattled monarchy amidst protests and violence in Manama.[51] Saudi Arabia also supported a GCC-sponsored transition agreement to bring peace to Yemen and phase out the incumbent government there, which was repeatedly rebuffed despite Saudi pressure.[52] After an attempt on Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh's life, Saudi authorities allowed the wounded leader to undergo several months of hospital treatment in Riyadh, the Saudi Arabian capital, but eventually allowed him to return home despite earlier suggestions that he would be contained in Saudi Arabia.[53][54]

Reactions around the world turned many into activists from afar when the effects of the Arab Spring began to affect their loved ones still in these countries. After seeing the personal nature of the repression, many who were abroad began to speak out, creating a global network that would help hold these leaders accountable. While many citizens abroad typically feared coming out against their own government, by the time the Libyan government began to fall most were actively speaking against their government’s oppression.[55]

For other countries in the region, foreign policy has been heavily shaped by the Arab Spring. For example, many in Turkey are calling for “zero problems with neighbors” approach which helps unify MENA countries by ending warfare and struggle across the region. This is a proactive response which recognizes a country like Turkey’s unique influence in the region.[56]

Interest in the Arab spring had a different tone around the world. In South Korea, for example, there was political coverage that focused on the causes of the arab spring but never really went into in depth analysis. This important difference is between the United States vested interest in the country compared to other countries across the globe. South Korea, an ever increasing world power, has very little use in covering this story. Most of the newspapers took tones that reflected a possible sentiment similar to what people would feel in China and in North Korea but never really sought far to compare the two. Political coverage in these far reaching parts of the globe was dim because of the lack of national interest in these states.[57]

In March 2011, just months after the protests started in Tunisia, Hillary Clinton commented on worldwide news sources,“Al Jazeera has been the leader in that are literally changing people’s minds and attitudes. And like it or hate it, it is really effective.” Clinton's State Department has even began Tweeting in Arabic and Farsi.[58] Global communication has become more prominent after Arab Spring to connect us all.

United State's reaction was formed by it's history, "Washington’s pursuit of regional security over democracy dated back to traditional interests in a US-led security framework and cordial ties with oil-rich Arab states. Administrations from both major parties had long backed pro-US Arab tyrants to preserve oil flows and defend Israel. These behaviors stemmed from historic changes in the 1970s, including Great Britain’s departure from the Persian Gulf in 1971, the 1973 War and oil shock, and, in 1979, the Iranian Revolution and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan."[59] The United States narrative could change dramatically with a Trump Presidency. His hawkish comments on foreign policy are similar to that of Presidential Nominee Clinton’s. So far, most of his cabinet appointments confirm a hawk like foreign policy position and one that would rely on heavy intervention in the area.[60]

A divided international response can be seen in the difference in the response from the United States and the response from Russia. While the United States openly supported any group looking for democratic representation Russia took a much more hands off approach. Russia, an authoritarian state, has been seen supporting other authoritarian regimes in more geopolitically convenient areas. Northern Africa did not however pose enough of a threat or advantage for Russia to become actively involved in the regime change but nevertheless was a point of contention between Russia and the west.[61]

Criticism of responses

Some scholars and pundits, including Slavoj Žižek and Robert Fisk, have argued that the range of international reactions to the various protests, uprisings, and revolutions associated with the Arab Spring demonstrate hypocrisy on the part of governments in the Western world and elsewhere. Žižek, a Slovenian political theorist, charged that the "western liberal reaction to the uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia frequently shows hypocrisy and cynicism".[62]

When asked if he considered Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian president, to be an "authoritarian ruler" prior to the popular movement that ousted him from power, the United States' President Barack Obama replied that he tends "not to use labels for folks", called him a "stalwart ally in many respects to the United States", and claimed that Mubarak "has been a force for stability and good in the region", something American journalist Jeremy Scahill criticized.[63] Scahill also claimed that "the day before US missiles began raining down on ... Libya ... security forces under the control of Yemen's US-backed president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, massacred more than fifty people who were participating in an overwhelmingly peaceful protest".[64] The Obama administration has since called for Saleh to hand over power to his vice president and commit to a transition to plural democracy for Yemen,[47] but its comparative sluggishness in supporting the Yemeni protest movement versus its swift backing of Libyan protesters and rebel fighters faced some criticism.[65] American academic and investigative journalist Nir Rosen also criticized the U.S. government for more than doubling military assistance to Yemen between 2009 and 2010.[66]

During international operations in Libya, Irish journalist Patrick Cockburn called NATO's concern for Libyans "deeply hypocritical ... when they ignore or promote savage repression in Bahrain".[67] Veteran British journalist Robert Fisk also condemned the relative lack of concern on the part of Western leaders over the security crackdown in Bahrain.[68]

American philosopher and counterculture commentator Noam Chomsky claimed, "The U.S. and its allies will do anything they can to prevent authentic democracy in the Arab world. The reason is very simple. Across the region, an overwhelming majority of the population regards the United States as the main threat to their interests."[69] It is known that the United States supported the regimes of Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen all the way up to and during the protests. The United States strategically changed it's support when it became evident that the regimes were losing power.[70] Israel considered these countries regimes a "strategic treasure." [71]

Western leaders were not the only targets of rebuke from commentators for their reactions to the Arab Spring. Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah's response to the uprisings also came under criticism, with Iranian academic Hamid Dabashi penning an op-ed for Al Jazeera in which he called Nasrallah a "once mighty warrior being bypassed by the force of history", accusing him of hypocrisy for supporting Shia protesters in Egypt and Bahrain but backing the "murderous" Shia government in Syria against peaceful demonstrators. Nasrallah, Dabashi claimed, had started out as a supporter of the Arab Spring when it appeared it would affect only allies of the West, but was deliberately silent on protests, including the Iranian protests, that sought to topple anti-Western governments.[72]

British journalist Brian Whitaker said King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia "[betrayed] more than a little irony" in his condemnation of Bashar al-Assad's regime, considering Saudi Arabia's dearth of political freedom. He concluded that the Saudi monarchy's positioning on the Arab Spring protests was part of ongoing efforts to outmanoeuvre and isolate its traditional rival Iran, an ally of Assad, as well as to limit the actual amount of political liberalisation occurring in the region. Whitaker criticised the Saudi-sponsored GCC initiative in Yemen, claiming it "was meant to prevent a genuine revolution, not help to accomplish it", and called Saudi Arabia's actions amidst the regional unrest a "monarchical insurance scheme" evident in its intervention to support the Bahraini monarchy.[73]

World economy

As many of the world's major oil producing countries are in the Middle East, the unrest has caused a rise in oil prices. The International Monetary Fund accordingly revised its forecast for 2011 oil prices to reflect a higher price, and also reported that food prices could also increase.[74] Additionally, concerns about Egypt's Suez Canal had raised shipping and oil prices.[75]

The World Bank's June 2011 Global Economic Prospects report estimated that the turmoil may reduce growth in the region by 1 percent[76] or more, with countries such as Egypt and Tunisia registering growth rates 3 or more percentage points lower than what they would have been in the absence of the crises. Overall GDP in Egypt is projected to rise 1.0 percent in 2011.[77]

Media coverage

Al Jazeera won praise for its coverage of the protests, angering the governments in which countries faced protests.[78] United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton remarked: "Al Jazeera has been the leader in that they are literally changing people's minds and attitudes. And like it or hate it, it is really effective". She also stated that "viewership of Al Jazeera is going up in the United States because it's real news. You may not agree with it, but you feel like you're getting real news around the clock instead of a million commercials..."[79]

The use of social media has been extensive.[80][81] As one Egyptian activist tweeted during the protests, "We use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world".[82] Internet censorship has also been a factor, and entire nation states were taken almost completely offline.[83]

In an attempt to quantify the likelihood of regime change in Arab World countries following the protests, The Economist newspaper created its "Shoe-Thrower's index".[84] The name is derived from shoeing: throwing shoes, showing the sole of one's shoe, or using shoes to insult, all of which are forms of protest primarily associated with the Arab world.[85][86] According to their index, Yemen has the highest likelihood of a revolution, whereas Qatar has the lowest. The index factors in the number of years the current ruler has been in power, the percentage of the population consisting of young people, per capita GDP, democracy index, political corruption, and freedom of the press. BBC News used its own "Unrest Index" in its analysis of the protests.[87]

Alen Mattich of the Wall Street Journal created the "Revolting Index" to rate the likelihood of revolts by state based on "social unfairness, propensity to revolt, and a trigger". Mattich readily admits, however, that "the methodology is crude. There's been no econometric work done".[88]

References

  1. Rudd, Kevin (20 May 2011). "Keep the faith with the Arab spring". The Australian. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  2. "African Leaders Share Thoughts about Democracy". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  3. Clark, Campbell (27 May 2011). "PM resists G8 calls for more aid to Egypt, Tunisia". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  4. "Solid Foundation Being Laid Towards Ensuring Equitable Development For Generations: President Isaias (PART VI)". Eritrean Ministry of Information (Shabait). 27 May 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  5. "Solid Foundation Being Laid Towards Ensuring Equitable Development For Generations: President Isaias (PART VII)". Eritrean Ministry of Information (Shabait). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  6. Juppé, Alain (16 April 2011). ""Arab spring" symposium – Closing speech by Alain Juppé, Ministre d'Etat, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the Arab World Institute". France in the United Kingdom - French Embassy. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  7. Bryant, Lisa (26 May 2011). "Sarkozy: Critical That G8 Support Arab 'Spring'". Voice of America News. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  8. Juppé, Alain (6 June 2011). "Alain Juppé at the Brookings Institution on the Arab Spring". VoltaireNet. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  9. "Lieberman on 'Arab spring': Economic stability is the key". Intermountain Jewish News. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  10. Paxton, Robin (2 April 2011). "INTERVIEW-Kazakh PM says opposition needed in parliament". Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  11. Meyer, Henry; Schneeweiss, Zoe (8 June 2011). "Kyrgyzstan Leader Warns of 'Arab Spring' Effect in Central Asia". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  12. "Najib's push for moderation". 17 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  13. McCully, Murray (2 August 2011). "Murray McCully Speech: The Arab Spring". Scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  14. "Russian, Uzbek leaders concerned by Arab spring". Reuters. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  15. "Medvedev compares 'Arab Spring' to fall of Berlin Wall". Expatica. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  16. "Turkey Says It Supports GCC Intervention in Bahrain". Politact. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  17. Porter, Andrew (27 May 2011). "Arab Spring will add to extremism if we do not help, says David Cameron". London. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  18. Peck, Tom (23 May 2011). "Arab Spring refugees not welcome here, says William Hague". London. The Independent. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  19. Doward, Jamie (28 May 2011). "UK training Saudi forces used to crush Arab spring". The Guardian. London. The Observer. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  20. "The Arab Spring is a more defining event than 9/11, says William Hague". The Periscope Post. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  21. "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa". The White House. 19 May 19, 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. Poonawalla, Aziz (19 May 2011). "Transcript and word cloud of Obama's "Moment of Opportunity" #mespeech". BeliefNet. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  23. "Poland rallies E Europe's support for 'Arab Spring'". Kuwait Times. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  24. "Syria protests: US and UN condemn armed crackdown". BBC News. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  25. "Botswana condemns Libya". Mmegi Online. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  26. 1 2 "Iran backs anti-Mubarak protests in Egypt – foreign minister". Ria Novosti. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  27. Crumley, Bruce (12 January 2011). "Why France Is Staying Silent On Tunisia Turmoil". Time. TIME. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  28. "Libya: UK, France and Lebanon table no-fly zone plan". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  29. Willsher, Kim (20 March 2011). "As France takes the reins on Libya, Sarkozy triumphs". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  30. "Peru cuts ties with Libya and condemns violence". BBC News. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  31. "Iran and Bahrain exchange threats of embassy closure while Kuwait confirms expulsion of Iranian diplomats". Payvand Iran News. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  32. "The View From Iran Of Syria's Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  33. Theodoulou, Michael (17 April 2011). "Syria's unrest eyed closely by Iran". The National. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  34. Gollust, David (14 April 2011). "US Says Iran Helping Syria Quell Protests". Voice of America News. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  35. "Qatar recognises Libyan rebels after oil deal". Al Jazeera English. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  36. "Saudi Arabia stops Libyan rebel from visiting ally". Chennai, India. The Hindu. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  37. "Qatar, other Gulf states deploy troops to Bahrain". World Tribune. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  38. Jha, Lalit (11 March 2011). "US welcomes democratic reforms in Morocco". MSN News. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  39. "Sec. Clinton Calls Morocco "Well-Positioned to Lead" on Democratic Reforms; Affirms U.S. Support for Moroccan Autonomy Plan as "Serious, Realistic, and Credible" Approach to Resolve Western Sahara Crisis". Reuters/PR Newswire. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  40. Dorning, Mike (14 January 2011). "U.S. Condemns Violence Against Civilians in Tunisia". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  41. Calabresi, Massimo (4 March 2011). "Obama Refines Talk of Libya Intervention". Time. TIME. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  42. McGreal, Chris; MacAskill, Ewen (2 February 2011). "US condemns Egypt violence as attempt to manage political crisis fails". London. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  43. "US condemns Bahrain for crackdown on Shi'ite groups". Zee News. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  44. "US condemns ally Bahrain". SBS World News Australia. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  45. "U.S. condemns Syria's 'brutal repression' of protesters". Haaretz. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  46. "US tells Syria's Assad to step down". Sky News. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  47. 1 2 "Obama says Yemen pres must transfer power". Reuters AlertNet. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  48. Solomon, Jay (4 June 2011). "White House to Host Bahrain Royal to Push Reform". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  49. "Saudi Arabia withdraws ambassador from Syria". Al Jazeera English. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  50. "GCC troops dispatched to Bahrain to maintain order". Al Arabiya. 14 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  51. Greenberg, Joel (22 April 2011). "Bahrain crackdown fueling tensions between Iran, Saudi Arabia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  52. Haykel, Bernard (14 June 2011). "Saudi Arabia's Yemen dilemma". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  53. "Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh 'will not return home'". London. The Daily Telegraph. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  54. Raghavan, Sudarsan; DeYoung, Karen (23 September 2011). "Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh makes unexpected return from Saudi Arabia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  55. Moss, Dana M. "Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, And The Case Of The Arab Spring." Social Problems 63.4 (2016): 480-498. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Nov. 2016.
  56. Aras, Bülent, and Sevgi Akarçeşme. “Turkey and the Arab Spring.” International Journal, vol. 67, no. 1, 2011, pp. 39–51. www.jstor.org/stable/23265964.
  57. Ha, Jae Sik, and Donghee Shin. "Framing The Arab Spring: Partisanship In The News Stories Of Korean Newspapers." International Communication Gazette 78.6 (2016): 536-556. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.
  58. News, ABC. "Sec. of State Hillary Clinton: Al Jazeera is 'Real News', U.S. Losing 'Information War'". ABC News. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
  59. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660063.001.0001/acprof-9780199660063-chapter-3
  60. Gulf. Middle East Monitor: The Gulf [serial online]. November 2016;26(11):1-12. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 18, 2016.
  61. Dannreuther, Roland. "Russia And The Arab Spring: Supporting The Counter-Revolution." Journal Of European Integration 37.1 (2015): 77-94. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.
  62. Zizek, Slavoj (1 February 2011). "Why fear the Arab revolutionary spirit?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  63. Scahill, Jeremy (18 April 2011). "Obama: Egypt's Mubarak (In Power 28 Years) Not an Authoritarian Leader". RebelReports. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  64. Scahill, Jeremy (18 April 2011). "The Dangerous US Game in Yemen". The Nation. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  65. Gundun, James (19 May 2011). "Separating Obama's Myths From His "Facts"". The Trench. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  66. Rosen, Nir (18 March 2011). "How it Started in Yemen: From Tahrir to Taghyir". Jadaliyya. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  67. Cockburn, Patrick (17 April 2011). "So the Arab landscape shifts – and confusion reigns". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  68. Fisk, Robert (14 May 2011). "Why no outcry over these torturing tyrants?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  69. Chomsky, Noam (11 May 2011). "The U.S. and Its Allies Will Do Anything to Prevent Democracy in the Arab World". Democracy Now. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  70. "The United States and the Arab Spring: The Dynamics of Political Engineering". Arab Studies Quarterly. 35 (3).
  71. Heilbrunn, Jacob. (2011). Israel and me Arab revolutions. The National Interest, February 14, http:// nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/israel-me-arab-revolutions-4872
  72. Dabashi, Hamid (22 June 2011). "Arab Spring exposes Nasrallah's hypocrisy". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  73. Whitaker, Brian (8 August 2011). "Saudi Arabia's message to Syria, decoded". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  74. "Oil price rising to dangerous levels for economy". money.canoe.ca/. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  75. Shadid, Anthony (17 February 2011). "Suez Canal Workers Join Broad Strikes in Egypt". The New York Times.
  76. http://go.worldbank.org/IMNFFGQXA0
  77. http://go.worldbank.org/J71A6G0841
  78. Campbell, Matthew (25 February 2011). "Al Jazeera Enrages Dictators, Wins Global Viewers With Coverage of Unrest". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  79. Sec. of State Hillary Clinton: Al Jazeera is 'Real News', US Losing 'Information War', ABC, 2 March 2011, retrieved 3 March 2011
  80. "Social media, cellphone video fuel Arab protests". The Independent. UK. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  81. "The Realist Prism: Politics vs. Social Media in the Arab Uprising". Worldpoliticsreview.com. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  82. "The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects". Miller-mccune.com. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  83. "Craig Labovitz's Blog". Monkey.org. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  84. "The Shoe-Thrower's index". The Economist. 9 February 2011.
  85. Gammell, Caroline (15 December 2008). "Arab culture: the insult of the shoe". London: The Telegraph.
  86. "Bush shoe-ing worst Arab insult". BBC News. 16 December 2008.
  87. "Middle East protests: Country by country". News. BBC. 16 February 2011.
  88. Mattich, Alen (25 February 2011). "Introducing the Revolting Index". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/21/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.