Inverted sugar syrup

Invert sugar

Identifiers
CAS Number	8013-17-0
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1201647
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.446
PubChem	21924868
Properties
Molar mass	360.312 g/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	C05BB03 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Inverted or invert^[1] sugar syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose; it is obtained by splitting the disaccharide sucrose into these two components. Compared with its precursor, sucrose, inverted sugar is sweeter-tasting^[2][3] and its products tend to retain moisture and are less prone to crystallization. Inverted sugar is therefore valued by bakers, who refer to the syrup as invert syrup.^[4]

Sucrose is a disaccharide, a molecule derived from two simple sugars (monosaccharides). In sucrose, the monosaccharide building blocks are fructose and glucose. The splitting of sucrose is a hydrolysis reaction. The hydrolysis can be induced simply by heating an aqueous solution of sucrose, but more commonly, catalysts are added to accelerate the conversion. The biological catalysts that are added are called sucrases (in animals) and invertases (in plants). Sucrases and invertases are types of glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Acid, such as lemon juice or cream of tartar, can also accelerate the conversion of sucrose to invert sugar.

Chemical reaction of the inversion

The term "inverted" is derived from the practice of measuring the concentration of sugar syrup using a polarimeter. Plane polarized light, when passed through a sample of pure sucrose solution, is rotated to the right (optical rotation). As the solution is converted to a mixture of sucrose, fructose and glucose, the amount of rotation is reduced until (in a fully converted solution) the direction of rotation has changed (inverted) from right to left.

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (sucrose, Specific rotation = +66.5°) + H₂O (water, no rotation) → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose, Specific rotation = +52.7°) + C₆H₁₂O₆ (fructose, Specific rotation = −92°)

net: +66.5° converts to −19.65° (half of the sum of the specific rotation of fructose and glucose)

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a molecule breaks down by the addition of water. Hydrolysis of sucrose yields glucose and fructose about 85%, the reaction temperature can be maintained at 50–60 °C (122–140 °F).

Inverting sugar

Inverted sugar syrup can be easily made by adding water and roughly one gram of citric acid per kilogram of sugar.^[5] (Lemon juice is 5% to 6% citric acid, with a negligible amount of ascorbic acid, so this would correspond to about 20 grams of lemon juice per kilogram of sugar.) Cream of tartar (one gram per kilogram)^[5] or fresh lemon juice (10 milliliters per kilogram) may also be used.

The mixture is boiled to get to a temperature of 114 °C (237 °F),^[5] and will convert enough of the sucrose to effectively prevent crystallization, without giving a noticeably sour taste. Invert sugar syrup may also be produced without the use of acids or enzymes by thermal means alone: two parts granulated sucrose and one part water simmered for five to seven minutes will convert a modest portion to invert sugar.

Basic formula by weight [note 1]
sucrose	100%
water	50%
acid	0.1%

Commercially prepared enzyme-catalyzed solutions are inverted at 60 °C (140 °F). The optimum pH for inversion is 5.0. Invertase is added at a rate of about 0.15% of the syrup's weight, and inversion time will be about 8 hours. When completed the syrup temperature is raised to inactivate the invertase, but the syrup is concentrated in a vacuum evaporator to preserve color.^[6]

Commercially prepared hydrochloric-acid catalysed solutions may be inverted at the relatively low temperature of 50 °C (122 °F). The optimum pH for acid-catalysed inversion is 2.15. As the inversion temperature is increased, the inversion time decreases.^[6] They are neutralized when the desired level of inversion is reached.^[7][8]

In confectionery and candy making, cream of tartar is commonly used as the acidulant, with typical amounts in the range of 0.15-0.25% of the sugar's weight.^[9] The use of cream of tartar imparts a honey-like flavor to the syrup.^[8] After the inversion is completed, it may be neutralized with baking soda using a weight of 45% of the cream of tartar's weight.^[10][11]

Neutralization [note 2]
cream of tartar	100%
baking soda	45%

When adding baking soda and whipping or mixing, the hot syrup will foam and bubble up, so some care is required. A much taller pan than otherwise needed will contain the foam. Make sure there is enough water remaining in the syrup to dissolve the baking soda. Alternatively, dissolve the baking soda in a little extra water, and ensure the syrup's temperature is somewhat below 100 °C (212 °F).^[12]

Concentrating the syrup and final temperature [13]
Sucrose	Water	Boiling point
30%	70%	100 °C (212 °F)
40%	60%	101 °C (214 °F)
50%	50%	102 °C (216 °F)
60%	40%	103 °C (217 °F)
70%	30%	106 °C (223 °F)
80%	20%	112 °C (234 °F)
90%	10%	123 °C (253 °F)
95%	5%	140 °C (284 °F)
97%	3%	151 °C (304 °F)
98.2%	1.8%	160 °C (320 °F)
99.5%	0.5%	166 °C (331 °F)
99.6%	0.4%	171 °C (340 °F)

The amount of water can be increased to increase the time it takes to reach the desired final temperature, and increasing the time increases the amount of inversion that occurs.^[12] In general, higher final temperatures result in thicker syrups, and lower final temperatures, in thinner ones.

All constituent sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) support fermentation, so invert sugar solutions may be fermented as readily as sucrose solutions.

Shelf life

Invert sugar provides more powerful preserving qualities (a longer shelf life) to products that use it.

The shelf life of partial inverts is approximately six months, depending on storage and climatic conditions. Crystallized invert sugar solutions may be restored to their liquid state by gently heating.

Notable uses

• Honey is a mixture (principally) of glucose and fructose, giving it similar properties to invert syrup. This gives it the ability to remain liquid for long periods of time.
• Jam, when made, produces invert sugar during extensive heating under the action of the acid in the fruit. The large quantities of monosaccharides produced then allows for the product to be stored for relatively long periods of time, with the sugar acting as a preservative.
• Golden syrup is a syrup of approximately 56% invert syrup, 44% sucrose.
• Fondant filling for chocolates is unique in that the conversion enzyme is added, but not activated by acidification (microenvironment pH adjustment) or cofactor addition depending on the enzyme(s), before the filling is enrobed with chocolate. The very viscous (and thus formable) filling then becomes less viscous with time, giving the creamy consistency desired. This results from the sub-optimal enzyme(s) conditions purposely created by withholding activation factors, which allows only a fraction of the enzyme(s) to be active, or allows all enzyme(s) to proceed at only a fraction of the biological rate [biologically, it's realistically a combination of both: a reduced number of functional enzymes, with the ones that do function having reduced catalytic kinetics/rates].
• Cigarettes use inverted sugar as a casing to add flavour.^[14]
• Alcoholic beverage manufacturers often add invert sugar in the production of drinks like gin, beer and sparkling wines for flavouring. Candi sugar is a type of invert sugar used in the brewing of Belgian-style beers to boost alcohol content without drastically increasing the body of the beer; it is frequently found in the styles of beer known as dubbel and tripel.^[8]
• Cadbury Creme Eggs are filled with inverted sugar syrup produced by processing fondant with invertase.^[15][16]

See also

• High-fructose corn syrup

External links

• "Invertase". Retrieved 2012-11-27.

Notes

1. This formula presentation is based on sucrose or sugar mass, and is not to be confused with a true-percentage-based formula. It is analogous to baker's percentages. The acid per-cent is low and presumes no neutralization, higher amounts are commonly used. The water per-cent may be changed for a variety of reasons, including the inversion time as well as boiling time it takes to reach the final temperature.
2. This formula is based on cream of tartar or potassium bitatrate mass. While this method does not measure the syrup's pH, it will neutralize all the added cream of tartar. However, some of the acid may already have been neutralized by hard water.

References

1. The Sugar Association: What are the types of sugar?
2. "Making simple syrup is an exercise in chemical reactions". A Word from Carol Kroskey. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2006-05-01. In addition to increased moisture retention ability, converting sucrose to invert syrup has two other interesting results: increased sweetness and better solubility. On a sweetness scale where sucrose is set at 100, invert syrup ranks about 130.
3. "Types of Sugar - The Sugar Association". Retrieved 2014-10-14. Because fructose is sweeter than either glucose or sucrose, invert sugar is sweeter than white sugar.
4. Hubert Schiweck, Margaret Clarke, Günter Pollach Sugar" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2
5. Eddy Van Damme. "Invert sugar recipe". Retrieved 2012-09-27.
6. Bernard W. Minifie (1989). Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology (3rd ed.). Aspen Publishers, Inc. p. 246. ISBN 083421301X. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
7. M.D. Ranken, Christopher G J Baker, R.C. Kill, eds. (1997). Food Industries Manual (24th ed.). London, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional. pp. 407–408. ISBN 0751404047. Retrieved 2014-06-30. Commercially, invert sugar is prepared as a syrup of about 70% soluble solids concentration. Invert sugar can be produced by holding a 65% sucrose solution containing 0.25% hydrochloric acid at 50°C (122°F) for one hour. Sodium bicarbonate should then be added to neutralize the acid.
8. The Sugar Beet. 25. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird & Company. 1904. pp. 171–172. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
9. Lean, Michael EJ (2006). Fox and Cameron's Food Science, Nutrition & Health, 7th Edition (7th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780340809488. Retrieved 2014-07-01.
10. Morrison, Abraham Cressy (1904). The Baking Powder Controversy, Volume 1. New York: The American Baking Powder Association. p. 154. Retrieved 2014-07-02. The best cream of tarter baking powder on the market contains about 28 per cent of bicarbonate of soda. To neutralize this quantity ... 62.6 per cent of cream of tartar is required. This quantity will leave in the food 70 per cent of anhydrous Rochelle Salts.
11. Joseph A. Maga, Anthony T. Tu, eds. (1995). Food Additive Toxicology. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 71. ISBN 0824792459. Retrieved 2014-07-03. See Table 24.
12. Neil L. Pennington, Charles W. Baker, eds. (1990). Sugar: User's Guide To Sucrose. New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0442002971. Retrieved 2014-07-01.
13. Norman N. Potter, Joseph H. Hotchkiss, eds. (1998). Food Science (5th ed.). Aspen Publishers, Inc. p. 468. ISBN 083421265X. Retrieved 2014-07-01. See Table 20.3
14. "BAT Global Ingredients". British American Tobacco. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
15. Cadbury website. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
16. LaBau, Elizabeth. What is Invertase? About.com. Retrieved April 10, 2015.