Jerry Springer: The Opera

Jerry Springer: The Opera
Music Richard Thomas
Lyrics Richard Thomas and Stewart Lee
Book Richard Thomas and Stewart Lee
Basis The Jerry Springer Show

Jerry Springer: The Opera is a British musical written by Richard Thomas and Stewart Lee, based on the television show The Jerry Springer Show. The musical contains irreverent treatment of Christian themes, extensive profanity, and surreal images, such as a troupe of tap-dancing Ku Klux Klan members. The musical is completely sung through, with only two exceptions: the title character, Jerry, who speaks throughout the production; and Steve Wilkos, who has a brief speech.

The musical ran for 609 performances in London from April 2003 to February 2005 before touring the UK in 2006. The production won four Laurence Olivier Awards, including Best New Musical. The first North American performance was at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas to benefit Golden Rainbow, featuring performers for the then-current versions of The Phantom of the Opera, Mamma Mia!, and other Las Vegas Strip theatrical shows. The musical has been performed by a number of American regional theatre companies and made its New York City debut on 29–30 January 2008 at Carnegie Hall. Harvey Keitel starred as Jerry Springer.

Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy beginning in January 2005, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints.[1] The organisation Christian Voice led street protests against the screening at nine BBC offices[2] and announced their intention to bring blasphemy charges, due to the depictions of the Christian characters in Act II. The Christian Institute attempted to bring a private prosecution against the BBC,[3] but the Magistrates Court refused to issue a summons, a decision which was later upheld by the High Court of Justice.[4] Protests continued at tour venues in 2006 and on the Internet.

Principal roles

(Sometimes the roles are shared by the person playing the first role; sometimes the roles are played by additional actors)

Synopsis

Act I

Jerry Springer's frenzied audience greets Jerry as he arrives at his notorious TV talk show. His first guest, Dwight, is cheating on Peaches with Zandra. The three fight, and Jerry's security men break up the battle. Jerry is briefly admonished by his inner Valkyrie. Dwight is also cheating with a transsexual, Tremont. After a commercial break, Jerry's second guest, Montel, tells his partner, Andrea, that he likes to dress as a baby and that he is cheating on her with Baby Jane, a woman who dresses as a little girl. Jerry's Warm-Up Man contributes to Andrea's humiliation and is fired. Jerry again wrestles with his inner Valkyrie. Jerry's final guests are Shawntel and her husband, Chucky. She wants to be a stripper and demonstrates a dance before her mother, Irene, arrives. Irene attacks Shawntel. Chucky pleads innocence, but Jerry's secret JerryCam camera footage shows that Chucky is a patron of strip clubs and a Ku Klux Klan member. The Klan comes up on stage, and the Warm Up Man gives Montel a gun. The Warm-Up Man jostles Montel, who accidentally shoots Jerry.

Act II

Jerry is found injured in a wheelchair, accompanied by his security man, Steve. The scene is Purgatory, a fog enshrouded wilderness. Jerry meets ghostly versions of his talk show guests, who have all suffered unpleasant fates. Jerry tries to justify his actions to the ghosts. The Warm-Up Man arrives and is revealed to be Satan. Baby Jane asks Satan to spare Jerry's soul. Satan forces Jerry to return to Hell with him to do a special show.

Act III

Jerry arrives in Hell at a charred version of his Earthly TV studio. The audience is locked into cracks in its walls. Jerry reads cue cards produced by Baby Jane that introduce Satan, who is in charge of the proceedings. Satan seeks an apology for his expulsion from Heaven and wants to reunite Heaven and Hell. Jerry must faithfully read the cue cards, which introduce Jesus, the next guest, who resembles Montel. Jesus and Satan trade accusations. Adam and Eve are next; they are reminiscent of Chucky and Shawntel. They argue with Jesus, and Eve eventually attacks him. Mary, mother of Jesus, who resembles Irene, condemns Jesus. Everyone turns against Jerry, who hopes for a miracle.

God and the angels arrive and ask Jerry to come to Heaven and help God judge Humanity. He accepts the offer, but the angels and devils fight over Jerry; and the talk-show host finds himself suspended over a pit of flame. Jerry launches into a series of glib homilies asking for his life, but finally gives up and makes an honest statement that resounds with his audience. Devils, angels, and everyone sing a hymn of praise to life.

Back on solid ground, Baby Jane tells Jerry that he must go back to Earth. Jerry wakes up in his television studio, having been shot, his life ebbing away as he is cradled in Steve's arms. Jerry gives a final speech, and everyone is joined in sorrow.

Musical numbers

Act I
  1. "Overtly-ture"
  2. "Audience Very Plainsong"
  3. "Ladies & Gentlemen"
  4. "Have Yourselves a Good Time"
  5. "Bigger Than Oprah Winfrey"
  6. "Foursome Guests"
  7. "I've Been Seeing Someone Else"
  8. "Chick With a Dick"
  9. "Talk to the hand"
  10. "Adverts 1"
  11. "Intro to Diaper Man"
  12. "Diaper Man"
  13. "Montel Cums Dirty"
  14. "This is My Jerry Springer Moment"
  15. "Mama Gimmee Smack on the Asshole"
  16. "I Wanna Sing Something Beautiful"
  17. "Adverts II"
  18. "First Time I Saw Jerry"
  19. "Backstage Scene"
  20. "Poledancer"
  21. "I Just Wanna Dance"
  22. "It Has No Name"
  23. "Some Are Descended from Angels"
  24. "Jerrycam"
  25. "Klan Entrance" / "End of Act One"
Act II
  1. "Gloomy Nurses"
  2. "Purgatory Dawning"
  3. "Eat Excrete"
  4. "Haunting"
  5. "Him Am the Devil"
  6. "Every Last Mother Fucker Should Go Down"
  7. "Grilled & Roasted"
  8. "Transition Music"
Act III
  1. "Once in Happy Realms of Light"
  2. "Fuck You Talk"
  3. "Satan & Jesus Spat"
  4. "Adam & Eve & Mary"
  5. "Where Were You?"
  6. "Behold God"
  7. "Marriage of Heaven & Hell"
  8. "This is My Cheesey"
  9. "Jerry it is Finished"
  10. "Jerry Eleison"
  11. "Please Don't Die"
  12. "Take Care"
  13. "Martin's Richard-Esque Finale De Grand Fromage"
  14. "Play Out"


History

Battersea Arts Centre and the Edinburgh Festival

Richard Thomas's one-act opera, Tourette's Diva, was performed at London's Battersea Arts Centre in May 2000 and featured two members of a dysfunctional family singing obscenities to each other. This led Thomas to create his one-man show How to Write an Opera About Jerry Springer, which was performed at the Centre in February 2001.

In May 2001, Thomas returned to the Battersea Arts Centre with his show How to Write an Opera About Jerry Springer, accompanied by four singers in a tiny studio theatre. It attracted positive press and investment. Stewart Lee teamed up with Thomas, and the two began to write Jerry Springer: The Opera. The show received its first performance, while still under development, at the Centre in August 2001, with a cast of twelve. It ran for a week, selling out. When the show returned to the Centre in February 2002, the three-week run sold out in advance.

The show was then performed in concert at the Edinburgh Festival in August 2002, selling out. Jerry Springer came to see the show and endorsed it, stating, "I wish I'd thought of it myself."[5] The Edinburgh run included the introduction of character of Tremont – an amalgamation of two previous characters. Australian-born actor, Andrew Bevis, created the new role.

Following the Festival run, Nicholas Hytner offered to include the show in his opening season as director of the National Theatre in London.

National Theatre and Cambridge Theatre

The first fully staged production of the musical was performed at the National Theatre on 29 April 2003, with a cast of 33, including Bevis as Tremont and Michael Brandon as Jerry. It played to packed audiences and received favourable reviews. The show had its final performance at the National Theatre on 30 September 2003, before moving to the West End.

On 10 November 2003, the show opened at the Cambridge Theatre, with the same cast as the National Theatre production, and ran there until 19 February 2005, before starting a tour of the United Kingdom. The West End run was sponsored by British Sky Broadcasting. On 12 July 2004, David Soul took over the role of Jerry from Michael Brandon.

In 2004, a Broadway production was announced, and then cancelled.[6][7]

2006 UK Tour

In September 2005, seven months after the show closed in London's West End, it was announced that the show would tour 21 regional theatres around the United Kingdom. Nine theatres that were originally scheduled to host the show pulled out after Christian Voice threatened to picket them. In addition, Arts Council England turned down a bid for funding, stating that the decision was based on the show's commercial pedigree rather than "pressure from extremist groups".[8]

The tour ran for 22 weeks, starting at the Theatre Royal in Plymouth on 27 January 2006. Immediately prior to the show's opening in Plymouth, it was reported that members of the far-right British National Party were part in a local campaign against the performances,[9] although Christian Voice claimed to disapprove of their involvement. According to Ticketmaster UK, ticket sales were good throughout the tour, and reviews were positive.

The cast for the tour included several cast members from the London cast, and American actor, Rolf Saxon, replaced David Soul as Jerry Springer. The tour had a scaled-down set and scaled-down effects as well as a smaller on-stage "audience".

Jerry Springer's reply

Well, I saw it. When it opened, they invited me to see it on the West End in London. I thought they did a really good job. I mean, I'd prefer it were about someone else. It was awkward for me to watch it. For one, it's about yourself, so there's no common experience. There's no one I can ask, "Gee, how did you feel?" I can't call Figaro or Carmen and say, "Hey, how did you feel about your opera?" It's just a very personal moment that I can't express to anybody. And then I felt a little bit awkward because, as I was watching it, everyone was looking at me to see what my reaction was. It was uncomfortable.[10]

Protests and controversy

In addition to the Christian protests at the BBC facilities, several venues throughout the 2006 tour saw protests. The Manchester Evening News reviewer saw the protests as misplaced, writing "an audacious and scandalous, yet ultimately moral and challenging show that's recommended to anyone who can accept the odd dose of outrage in their lives."[11] Another reviewer recommended, "don’t get your knickers in such a twist, drop ‘em and enjoy yourself."[12]

Consequences

The opposition by Christian Voice caused the cancer charity Maggie's Centres to reject a £3,000 donation from Jerry Springer: The Opera. Christian Voice threatened to picket their centres, which provide palliative care to cancer sufferers and their families. It claimed it had warned the charity that accepting cash from a show full of "filth and blasphemy" would be a public relations disaster.[18]

In January 2007 Christian Voice, represented by Stephen Green, attempted to prosecute BBC director-general Mark Thompson for blasphemy over the show. A summons was refused due to lack of prima facie evidence that a crime had been committed, and a provision of the 1968 Theatres Act which enshrines the right of free expression in theatrical works.[19] An appeal to the High Court was dismissed on 5 December 2007, with the decision of the lower court upheld on all counts and ruling that it was reasonable to conclude that the play "in context" could not be considered as blasphemous.[20][21]

Asked about the controversy during an interview with The Observer in 2009, Lee stated:

"If you have been on the verge of becoming a millionaire and that has not happened because of far-right pressure groups, and your work has been banned and taken apart, and you've been threatened with prosecution, and the police have advised people involved with your production to go into hiding, and bed and breakfasts won't have the cast to stay because they're blasphemers, and you have to cross a BNP picket line to go to work in Plymouth, you do start to think, well, what can be worse than that?"[22]

Asked if the experience affected his stand-up comedy, Lee replied: "It did make me feel there was not much point ever trying to reach a mass audience with anything interesting and provocative. You just run the risk of being misunderstood on a large scale".[22]

Profanity

The musical contains extensive profanity. It has been accused of including "8,000 obscenities"[23]—it is not known where this count originated, but the 8,000 figure is popularly quoted.[24][25] 8,000 obscenities over the show's 120 minute runtime would imply that there were 66 obscenities a minute, and thus more than 1 per second. Several publications, including the Daily Mail and The Sun, claimed a figure of "3,168 mentions of the word fuck and 297 of the word cunt". According to the BBC investigation, however, there were 96 uses of "fuck" and nine uses of "cunt". The BBC report said "While a substantial number, this was not necessarily unacceptable in terms of late night terrestrial television."[26] The numbers reported by the Mail and the Sun were found by multiplying the number of cast members singing a profanity at the same time, i.e. the reported 297 uses of the word cunt is the result of multiplying the 33 cast members by the nine occurrences of the word.

According to writer Stewart Lee, there are 174 swear words in all.[27]

UK Parliament

The BBC's role in broadcasting the musical was raised in the UK Parliament. Generally, they voiced more concern over the reactions of Christian groups than over the show itself.

Early Day Motion no 488, THE BBC AND JERRY SPRINGER - THE OPERA, was tabled on 12 January 2005, by Jeffrey Donaldson MP:

    That this House regards with dismay the decision by the BBC to broadcast Jerry Springer - The Opera on   BBC2, causing widespread offence to Christians and those of other faiths by its mocking portrayal of Jesus Christ, Holy Communion and some of the central tenets of the Christian faith; condemns the show's juvenile and offensive use of repeated profanity in an attempt at humour; further notes that it is particularly serious that the show should have been transmitted by the publicly-funded national broadcaster and questions whether it places the Corporation in breach of its Charter; laments the arrogant dismissal of Christian concerns by the content of programmes aired by the BBC; and calls on the government publicly to rebuke the corporation for its attack on the religion adhered to by over 70 per cent. of the UK population and for its lowest common denominator approach to ethics in its attempts to chase ratings.[28]

EDM no 531, BBC AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, was later tabled on 17 January 2005 by Dr Evan Harris MP:

    That this House applauds the decision by the BBC to stick by its decision to broadcast, 'Jerry Springer - The Opera' on BBC2 on 8 January, despite the orchestrated campaign from religious pressure groups, the irresponsible actions of one of which caused alarm and distress to the families of BBC executives by making public their contact details and exposing them to hate attacks; believes that individuals have a choice whether or not to watch programmes which they are warned might be offensive to them, and that broadcasters have the right and duty to broadcast a variety of work, some of which may receive differing critical opinions; recognises that in any case this particular programme was of undoubted artistic merit as demonstrated by the opera having attracted a record number of awards, and substantial theatre audiences; reminds the BBC that its own study What the World Thinks of God suggested Britain was the most religiously sceptical country in the world and that as a publicly-funded national broadcaster the Corporation has a duty to reflect society in its output which will entail broadcasting programmes which some religious people find offensive; and calls on the BBC to stand firm against the increasingly assertive religious pressure being applied to restrict freedom of expression.[29]

EDM no 1270, JERRY SPRINGER DVD WITHDRAWAL, was tabled on 14 December 2005 by Don Foster MP:

    That this House agrees with Noam Chomsky that `if you're really in favour of free speech, then you're in favour of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise. Otherwise, you're not in favour of free speech'; regrets the apparent decision of Sainsbury's and Woolworths to respond to minimal pressure by withdrawing DVDs of Jerry Springer: the Opera from sale in their stores; recognises that Jerry Springer: the Opera is a widely acclaimed work of art having won eight major awards including best musical at the Olivier Awards, the Critics' Circle Awards and the Evening Standard Awards; notes that vociferous minority pressure groups now increasingly target works of art with the outcome that the majority are sometimes denied the choice to judge works for themselves; and calls on the Government to ensure that freedom of expression remains a central principle of society and to protect the ability of individuals to explore comprehensively and lawfully all aspects of culture.[30]

EDM no 488 received 5 supporting signatories. EDM no 531 received 16 signatories. EDM no 1270 received 40 signatories.

American regional productions

Hollywood Theater, MGM Grand in Las Vegas

The musical premiered on 17 March 2007.. It was performed in semi concert-style with costumes and a minimal set at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas as a benefit for Las Vegas-based HIV/AIDS charity, Golden Rainbow.

The show had its official American premiere in a non-equity production in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory Theatre that began on 3 May 2007, with a 14 May opening.[31]

Several regional productions of the show have since been performed, and popularity for the show amongst amateur groups continues to grow.

Australian productions

The play was staged at the Sydney Opera House from 21 to 26 April 2009, starring David Wenham as Jerry, David Bedella as Jonathan Weiruss/Satan, Ursula Yovich as Andrea/Archangel Michel, Kate Miller-Heidke as Baby Jane, Alison Jiear as Shawntel/Eve, and Marcus Graham as special guest star; also appearing are Andrew Bevis and James Millar.[32][33]

Canadian productions

The first Canadian production opened in Toronto, Ontario on 16 January 2009 at Hart House Theatre. It was directed by theatre critic and Director Richard Ouzounian. Music Direction by Lily Ling and choreography by Shannon Cote. The best-selling show in Toronto for the 08 – 09 season. It featured Byron Rouse in the title Role and Jean-Paul Bevilacqua as "Jonathan/Satan". Other original Canadian Cast members include Linda Gallant (Shawntel/Eve), Scott Gorman (Montel/Adam), Jocelyn Howard (Peaches/Baby Jane), Brandi Hewitt (Zandra/Irene/Mary), Ian Bender (Tremont/Gabriel), Benjamin Mehl (Chucky/Jesus), Hayley Toane (Andrea/Angel Michael), Gregory Finney (Dwight/God), and James Schedlich (Steve Wilkos)

Irish Production

NYMT (National Youth Musical Theatre) Ireland staged the first Irish Production of Jerry Springer: The Opera in the Grand Canal Theatre, Dublin. Starring Simon Delaney as Jerry and Eoin Cannon as Johnathan Weiruss/Satan, the show took place from 31 Oct – 5 Nov 2011.[34]

Awards and nominations

The show won four awards at the 2004 Laurence Olivier Awards; Best New Musical, Best Sound Design, Best Actor in a Musical (David Bedella) and Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical (the Chorus).[35][36] It also won Best Musical at the 2004 Critics' Circle Theatre Awards,[37] Best Musical at the 2003 Evening Standard Awards[38] and the 2004 WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers' Choice Awards Best New Musical and London Newcomer of the Year (Benjamin Lake).[39] The show won four awards at the 2003 Nowt2Do.Com Awards, Best Actor in a Musical (David Bedella) Best Actress in a Musical (Alison Jiear) Best London Show and Most Entertaining Show.[40] In 2006, the show won Best Touring Production at the TMA Awards.[41]

It is the only show ever to win all four "Best Musical" awards.

Original London production

Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result
2003 Evening Standard Award Best Musical Won
Nowt2Do.Com Award Best London Show Won
Best Actor in a Musical David Bedella Won
Wills Morgan Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Alison Jiear Won
Best Ensemble Performance Nominated
Must See Musical Nominated
Funniest Night Out Nominated
Most Entertaining Night Out Won
Best Spectacle Nominated
Most Unusual Night Out Nominated
2004 Critics' Circle Theatre Award Best New Musical Won
Best Actor in a Musical David Bedella Won
Michael Brandon Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Alison Jiear Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical The Chorus Won
Best Director Stewart Lee Nominated
Best Theatre Choreographer Jenny Arnold Nominated
Best Sound Designer Mike Walker Won
Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won
Best Actor in a Musical David Bedella Won
Michael Brandon Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Alison Jiear Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical The Chorus Won
Best Director Stewart Lee Nominated
Best Theatre Choreographer Jenny Arnold Nominated
Best Sound Design Mike Walker Won
Theatregoers' Choice Award Best New Musical Won
Best Actor in a Musical David Bedella Nominated
Michael Brandon Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Alison Jiear Nominated
London Newcomer of the Year Benjamin Lake Won
Best Choreographer Jenny Arnold Nominated

Original UK tour

Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result
2006 TMA Award Best Touring Production Won

Television

Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy when the BBC televised the musical on 8 January 2005 as part of an evening of Jerry Springer-themed programming on BBC Two. News of the screening had prompted TV standards campaigners Mediawatch to write a letter to the BBC Chairman of the BBC Governors, Michael Grade, asking him to reconsider the decision to show the musical.[42]

On 7 January, the day before the broadcast, the BBC announced that it had received over 47,000 complaints about its plans to screen the musical – the most complaints ever received about a British television broadcast.[23] Many commentators, including the BBC, attributed such a high volume of complaints to an orchestrated campaign by various Christian groups. Supporters of the BBC's broadcasting of the show pointed out that the supposedly blasphemous content was clearly presented as a fantasy in the mind of the dying central character and was not intended to be a serious comment on Christ or Christian theology. John Beyer, chairman of Mediawatch-UK, argued that the BBC should shoulder much of the blame for the campaign against the musical since they had promoted the musical as "pushing back the boundaries of taste" and "controversial" when it had never been intended to offend the groups who campaigned against it.

In November 2005, a DVD of the show was made available in the UK. However, because of complaints by customers, Sainsbury's and Woolworths decided to stop selling the DVD. Many blogs and Liberal Democrat MP, Lynne Featherstone[43] condemned the action from the stores as being corporate censorship, something which both retailers deny. Most other retailers continued to stock the DVD.[44]

On the DVD's commentary, it was stated that it would not be possible to tour the show in the UK due to pressure from religious groups, but since the release of the DVD, the UK Tour 2006 went forward. The DVD commentary also stated that Stewart Lee was unhappy with an unscripted action by Alison Jiear. In the "Adam and Eve and Mary" scene in Act II, Jiear runs her hand under Jesus's loincloth, prompting a surprised look from Leon Craig, the actor playing Jesus. Lee said, on the commentary, "I wish she hadn't done that".

References

  1. ↑ Simon Freeman (30 March 2005). "BBC 'right' to screen Jerry Springer musical". The Times. London. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  2. ↑ "Protest held over Springer show". BBC News. 9 January 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  3. ↑ "Legal threat over Springer opera". BBC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  4. ↑ "Springer Opera legal bid rejected". BBC News. 16 June 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  5. ↑ Thorpe, Vanessa (9 January 2005). "The Observer, 2005". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  6. ↑ "Playbill article on the proposed Broadway production". Playbill. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  7. ↑ "Springer musical set for Broadway". BBC News. 27 April 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  8. ↑ "Arts Council England takes a tough stand on attacks against freedom of artistic expression". Arts Council England. 19 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  9. ↑ Youngs, Ian (26 January 2006). "Springer tour faces new protests". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ Bourke, Kevin (21 March 2006). "Manchester Evening News review". Manchestereveningnews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  12. ↑ "Reviews Gate.com". Reviews Gate.com. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  13. ↑ Protests as Jerry Springer opens BBC News, February 2006
  14. ↑ Christians Gather in Yorkshire to Protest Against Jerry Springer – The Opera, Christian Today, 23 February 2006
  15. ↑ Pastor leads Jerry Springer musical protests at theatre, The Scotsman, 14 August 2009
  16. ↑ 'Jerry Springer Opens to More Protests in Cardiff', Christianity Today, 13 June 2006. [Retrieved 14 September 2011]
  17. ↑ "Jerry Springer the Opera His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen". http://www.christian.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-05. External link in |work= (help)
  18. ↑ "Entertainment | Row over Springer opera donation". BBC News. 23 February 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  19. ↑ "Press Release". Christian Voice. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  20. ↑ "Entertainment | Springer opera court fight fails". BBC News. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  21. ↑ Green, R (on the application of) v The City of Westminster Magistrates' Court [2007] EWHC 2785 (Admin) (5 December 2007)
  22. 1 2 O'Hagan, Sean (6 December 2009). "Interview: Stewart Lee". The Observer. London. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  23. 1 2 "Protests as BBC screens Springer". BBC News. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  24. ↑ "BBC braced for Springer musical storm". Edinburgh Evening News. 8 January 2005. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  25. ↑ "The Sun Says: Obscene TV". The Sun. London. January 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  26. ↑ "Finding by the Governors' Programme Complaints Committee: Jerry Springer — the Opera, BBC Two". March 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  27. ↑ Stewart Lee (15 February 2006). "Christian Voice is outside, praying for our souls ...". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  28. ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2004-05/488
  29. ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/edm/print/2004-05/531>
  30. ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2005-06/1270
  31. ↑ "Bailiwick Repertory Theatre | Jerry Springer – The Opera". Bailiwick.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  32. ↑ Sydney Opera House — Jerry Springer
  33. ↑ Blake, Elissa (17 April 2009). "Jerry Springer: The Opera". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  34. ↑ Keating, Sara (3 November 2011). "Jerry Springer: The Opera". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  35. ↑ "Laurence Olivier Awards: Past Winners". Archived from the original on 2006-04-12. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  36. ↑ "Oliviers:Kelly, Dench and Jerry honoured at Olivier Awards". officiallondontheatre, 23 February 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2011
  37. ↑ "Critics' Circle Theatre Awards for 2001–04". Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  38. ↑ "Springer musical wins theatre prize". BBC News. 24 November 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  39. ↑ "Whatsonstage.com Theatregoer's Choice Awards 2004". Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  40. ↑ "Nowt2Do.Com Awards". Retrieved 24 May 2006.
  41. ↑ "TMA Awards by Whatsonstage.com". Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  42. ↑ John C Beyer (4 January 2005). "BBC urged to reconsider Jerry Springer The Opera". Mediawatch. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  43. ↑ "Jerry Springer: The Opera DVD". 6 December 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
  44. ↑ Alan Connor (8 December 2005). "Merry Hell". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2006.

Sources

External links

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