Kerch Strait Bridge

Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 36°33′02″E / 45.2672°N 36.5505°E / 45.2672; 36.5505 (Kerch Strait)

The new bridge follows the red line, along the Tuzla Spit and Tuzla Island. The existing ferry route is shown in blue.

The Kerch Strait Bridge (rus. Керченский мост [kérchenskiy most] or Крымский мост [krímskiy most]) is a road-rail bridge under construction by the Russian Federation, to span the Strait of Kerch between the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea and the Taman Peninsula of Krasnodar Krai. The current connection is by the Kerch Strait ferry between Port Kavkaz and Port Krym.

In January 2015, the multibillion-dollar contract for the construction of the bridge was awarded to Arkady Rotenberg's SGM Group. In May 2015, construction of the bridge commenced; it is projected to be opened on December 18, 2018.

History

15-20 centuries ago: If you consider the history of the Peninsula, then surely the idea of a bridge across the Kerch Strait was first conceived by the ancient Greeks. The Bosporan Kingdom was situated on two peninsulas, Kerch and Taman. Yet, at that time, construction of a 2–4 km bridge was not possible.[1]

1870: Following successful construction of the Indo-European Telegraph by the British government, a railroad route from England to India, through the Crimea and across Kerch Strait was considered but deemed too expensive.

1903: Tsar Nicholas II: Considered the idea, but dismissed it because of war, first the Russo-Japanese War and then World War I[1]

World War II

The idea of this bridge was first conceived by Albert Speer in early 1943.[2] He hoped that the bridge would help spearhead the German invasion of the North Caucasus. From January to October 1943 the retreat of the German Caucasus Army/Army Group A, took place across the Strait of Kerch. To support the retreat the German Organisation Todt (OT) had built a ropeway across the Kerch Strait with a daily capacity of 1,000 tons. On 7 March 1943 Hitler ordered the construction of a combined Road and Railway bridge over the Strait of Kerch within 6 months. In April 1943, the OT had started with the construction of a combined iron road and railway war-bridge across the strait of Kerch. On 1 September 1943 concentrated Soviet attacks began on the remnants of the bridge head, so that the German retreat was accelerated. At this time the new bridge was not yet completed (only one third was completed). As part of the German retreat, the Wehrmacht blasted the already completed parts of the bridge.[3]

The 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) bridge was actually built in the summer of 1944 after the liberation of the Crimea by the Red Army from the materials left on the site by the Wehrmacht. It was destroyed within six months by flowing ice, due to the absence of groynes.

Post-Soviet times

Since 1944, various bridge projects to span the strait have been proposed or attempted. The idea of a Kerch Strait bridge resurfaced after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in 1994 the Russian and Ukrainian sides failed to finalize the project.[4]

Since the mid 1960s the Kerch hydrounit project («Керченский гидроузел») developed here. It was a system of dams and bridges across the strait. The project was not implemented in connection with the collapse of the USSR.[5][6]

2001: "....construction of a highway and rail bridge across the Straits Kerch, at the mouth of the Sea of Azov onto the Black Sea, which will link the southern Russia region of Krasnodar with the Crimean peninsula. This project will require investments of $1 billion, and is to be completed in the Summer of 2005"[7]

On 25 April 2010, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed an agreement to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait.[8] Russia and Ukraine signed a memorandum of mutual understanding on the construction of the bridge on 26 November 2010.[9]

Former Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov was a vocal advocate for a highway bridge across the strait, expressing hope that it would bring the Crimeans closer to Russia, both economically and symbolically.[4]

The rejection of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement in November 2013 led to increased interest in the construction of a bridge between Crimea and the Taman Peninsula of Russia.[10] In late January 2014, the Ukrainian and Russian governments decided that a new joint Ukrainian-Russian company would be commissioned to handle the construction of the bridge, while the Russian state enterprise Russian Highways (Avtodor) would become responsible for the bridge in the long term.[10] Additionally, it was decided a special working group would determine the location and set the technical parameters.[10] Construction was estimated by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine to take 5 years with a cost between $1.5 and $3 billion.[10] In early February 2014, Russian Highways (Avtodor) was instructed by the First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia to work on a feasibility study to be published in 2015.[10][11]

Crimean crisis

Following the outbreak of the 2014 Crimean crisis the Prime Minister of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev, signed a governmental decree on 3 March 2014 to create a subsidiary of Russian Highways (Avtodor) to build a bridge along the Kerch Strait.[11][12] The precise location, or intended timeline have not been publicly discussed.

The Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014 amid the deteriorating situation in Ukraine spurred further interest in construction of a bridge. A bridge over the Kerch strait would provide a land route from mainland Russia to the Crimean peninsula that bypasses Ukrainian-controlled territory.

Russian state media reported that the day after the accession agreement between Crimea and Russia was signed, Russian President Vladimir Putin said the bridge project would be accelerated. In president Putin's vision, the bridge would provide both road and rail links between Crimea and Krasnodar Krai.[13][14][15]

On 1 October 2014, the Ukrainian government publicly announced its withdrawal from the bilateral Kerch Bridge agreement, after having given Russia six months' notice of its intentions through diplomatic channels.[16]

In January 2015, the contract for the construction of the bridge was awarded to the SGM Group, whose owner Arkady Rotenberg is reportedly a close personal friend of Putin and was internationally sanctioned in response to the alleged Russian military involvement in Ukraine. SGM typically constructs pipelines and has no experience building bridges, according to the BBC News.[17]

Construction

Construction of the Crimean bridge (March 2016)

Construction on the bridge began in May 2015. The project is estimated to cost 228 billion roubles (4.36 billion USD). [18] The project will include construction of a 2-lane railway and a 4-lane highway along with the bridge. The bridge is scheduled to be opened by December 2018 for testing and to be fully operational by June 2019.[19] Three temporary bridges will be built by 2016, to facilitate access (independent of weather and currents) for main construction.[20] As of October 2015, the first of the temporary bridges has been constructed, connecting Tuzla Island and Taman peninsula.[21] Approximately 200 bombs from the World War II era were found in the area during pre-construction clearance.[22] On 19 February 2016, project of the bridge was officially approved by the Russian state expertise commission.[23]

Design of the planned bridge

The Russian government's draft resolution of 1 September 2014 requires the bridge to have 4 lanes of vehicle traffic and 2 railway lines.[24] It would probably need to be 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) long, and 60 metres (200 ft) high. It will be built along the so-called southern route, utilizing the Tuzla Spit, so that the multi-year construction project does not interfere with ferry operations in the northern end of the strait.[25] The final design has not been selected, however it may be a steel Lattice truss bridge: either a 2-deck bridge with vehicles on the upper deck and trains running beneath, or, parallel trusses with trains on one side, vehicles on the other side. A truss bridge will require dozens of pilings, which will impact the current flowing underneath, and the (relatively narrow) deep water channel would present a challenge to shipping. A suspension bridge with a high clearance would be better for shipping, but would present a major construction challenge.[26]

A Russia Today (RT) news video dated 2 October 2015 contains a 2-minute 38 second CGI concept of the bridge design, annotated with various measurements. It shows a 4-lane, flat deck highway bridge running parallel with the separate 2-track railway. The main span over the Kerch Strait shipping channel will have a steel arch support, 227 metres wide with a 35-metre clearance above the water to allow for ships to pass under. There will be 3 segments: from the Taman Peninsula to Tuzla Spit is 7 km; across Tuzla Island is 6.5 km; and from Tuzla Island to the Crimean Peninsula is 5.5 km (19 km total).[27]

References

  1. 1 2 http://thehimki.ru/novoe_na_thehimki_319.html
  2. ↑ "Crimean Bridge Measures the Span of Putin's Ambitions", from bloomberg.com April 20, 2016
  3. ↑ Inside the Third Reich by Albert Speer, Chapter 19, pg. 270 (1969, English translation 1970)
  4. 1 2 Лужков присоединяет Крым к России. Kommersant (in Russian). 8 April 1999. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  5. ↑ Проект для моря. Vokrug sveta (in Russian). 1 December 1972. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  6. ↑ На стыке двух морей (33-36 pages). Tekhnika Molodezhi (in Russian). January 1985. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  7. ↑ http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2001/eirv28n08-20010223/eirv28n08-20010223.pdf
  8. ↑ Azarov creates group for bridging the Kerch Strait, Kyiv Post (9 August 2010)
  9. ↑ Russia, Ukraine to construct bridge across Kerch Strait, Kyiv Post (26 November 2010)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 «Автодор» приступает к подготовке проекта моста через Керченский пролив Читайте далее Vedomosti (14 February 2014)
  11. 1 2 Medvedev Signs Decree Creating Contractor for Kerch Strait Bridge Project The Moscow Times (4 March 2014)
  12. ↑ Медведев распорядился создать компанию для строительства моста через керченский пролив, Dozhd (3 March 2014)
  13. ↑ "Russia green lights road and rail bridge to Crimea". RT. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  14. ↑ "Russia to Build Bridge to Crimea". RIA Novosti. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  15. ↑ "Kerch Strait bridge to be built ahead of schedule — deputy minister". ITAR-TASS. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  16. ↑ "Ukraine withdraws from Kerch Strait bridge project with Russia". ITAR-TASS. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  17. ↑ "Ukraine conflict: Putin ally to build bridge to Crimea". BBC News. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  18. ↑ http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/kerchenskiy_mist_vge_buduyut_foto_2053936
  19. ↑ http://www.silkroadreporters.com/2015/05/28/facing-economic-crisis-russia-embarks-on-ambitiously-expensive-bridge-to-crimea/
  20. ↑ http://tass.ru/ekonomika/2221927
  21. ↑ http://www.kp.ru/daily/26440.4/3310672/
  22. ↑ http://tvzvezda.ru/news/vstrane_i_mire/content/201507011341-7hr8.htm
  23. ↑ http://most.life/novosti/novosti/proekt-mosta-v-krym-poluchil-polozhitelnoe-zaklyuchenie-glavgosekspertizy-i-podtverdil-dostovernost-smetnoj-stoimost/
  24. ↑
  25. ↑
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ RT News; Russian Bridge to Crimea Going Up at Lightning Speed; 2 October 2015; accessed 18 March 2016.
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