Kings River (California)

Kings River (Wim-mel-che[1])
Rio de los Santos Reyes[1]
River
The Kings River in the San Joaquin Valley about 10 miles (16 km) below Pine Flat Dam
Name origin: Derived from Rio Los Santos Reyes (River of the Holy Kings), a name given to the river by Gabriel Moraga
Country	United States
State	California
Regions	Kings Canyon National Park, Fresno County, California, Kings County, California
Tributaries
- left	South Fork Kings River, Mill Creek
- right	Middle Fork Kings River, North Fork Kings River
Source	Confluence of Middle and South Forks
- elevation	2,257 ft (688 m)
- coordinates	36°50′17″N 118°52′29″W / 36.83806°N 118.87472°W [1]
Mouth	Central Valley (either Tulare Lakebed or San Joaquin River)
- elevation	184 ft (56 m) [1]
- coordinates	36°03′00″N 119°49′28″W / 36.05000°N 119.82444°WCoordinates: 36°03′00″N 119°49′28″W / 36.05000°N 119.82444°W [1]
Length	125 mi (201 km)
Basin	1,693 sq mi (4,385 km^2) [2]
Discharge	for Piedra, California
- average	2,287 cu ft/s (65 m^3/s) [2]
- max	91,000 cu ft/s (2,577 m^3/s) [3]
- min	0 cu ft/s (0 m^3/s)
Map showing the course of the Kings River, with the drainage area above Centerville indicated

The Kings River is a major river of south-central California. About 125 miles (201 km) long, it drains an area of the high western Sierra Nevada and the Central Valley. The headwaters originate at elevations of above 13,000 feet (4,000 m) along the Sierra crest, in and around Kings Canyon National Park. Further west in the foothills, the river is impounded in Pine Flat Lake, before flowing into the Central Valley south of Fresno, where most of its water is used for irrigation. The Kings River was named by the commander of a Spanish military expedition into the Central Valley in 1805.^[4]

A large alluvial fan has formed where the river's gradient decreases in the Central Valley so the river divides into distributaries. Southern distributaries enter the endorheic basin surrounding Tulare Lake while northern distributaries join the San Joaquin River, eventually reaching San Francisco Bay via the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. Tulare Lake was formerly one of the largest freshwater lakes in western North America, but heavy water diversions have left it dry except in years of exceptionally heavy runoff.

Course

A photograph taken by Ansel Adams of the Middle Fork and from the south Fork of Cartridge Creek

It arises in the Sierra Nevada, consisting of three forks. The Middle and South Forks start in Kings Canyon National Park, while the North Fork starts in the John Muir Wilderness. The South Fork flows in Kings Canyon: a spectacular 8,000-foot (2,400 m) deep glacial valley. The forks join in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in Fresno County, California, where the river becomes an attraction for whitewater rafting (class 3 rapids). From that point, the Kings River flows about 125 miles (200 km) to the Tulare Lake bed, with a surface elevation at 56 m (184 ft), near Stratford, California.^[5][6] In the foothills, the water from the river is impounded at Pine Flat Dam.^[6][7]

In the Central Valley, the river flows south of Fresno, California, where its water is diverted for agriculture.^[6][7] The river splits into Cole Slough and the Old Kings River at the People's Weir, the largest weir in the Kings River system. The Old River was the main course of the river until two floods in 1861 and 1867, the first of which created Cole Slough and the second of which caused it to become the river's new main course. Since then the Old River has been dry except when river flows are exceptionally high. Dutch John Cut diverges from Cole Slough and joins the Old River to reform the main channel of the Kings River. Cole Slough is then mostly diverted into several canals in the vicinity of Laton. The river system between People's Weir and Laton is collectively known as the Kings River Complex.^[8]

The Kings River splits six miles (10 km) north of Lemoore into a set of North and South Fork distributaries. These forks join again nearly five miles (8 km) west of Lemoore. Clark's Fork distributary splits off from the South Fork and flows 5.5 miles (9 km) to join the returning North Fork distributary. The North Fork distributary flows westward to the point where it joins the Fresno Slough, a link to the San Joaquin River when in flood, where its channel turns southwest and rejoins the main channel 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Lemoore. The river flows through an artificial channel into the normally dry Tulare Lake bed about ten miles (16 km) south of Stratford.^[6][7]

Distributaries of the Kings River

• In the middle of the San Joaquin Valley, the Kings River divides into North Fork Distributary, South Fork Distributary and Clark's Fork distributaries. North Fork Distributary connects to the Fresno Slough that drains into the San Joaquin River (during high flows), before turning to the south rejoining with the other distributaries to reform the Kings River and emptying into Tulare Lake.

Tributaries of the Kings River

Los Gatos Creek historically tributary to North Fork Kings River distributary. Fish Creek Hughes Creek Mill Creek Pine Flat Dam, Pine Flat Lake Deer Creek Zebe Creek Russian Charlie Creek Lefever Creek Billy Creek Sycamore Creek Big Creek Sacata Creek Redoak Creek Lower Rancheria Creek Sycamore Springs Creek North Fork Kings River Dinkey Creek Basin Creek Patterson Creek Weir Creek Black Rock Creek Williams Creek Mule Creek Rancheria Creek Teakettle Creek Long Meadow Creek Wishon Dam, Wishon Reservoir Woodchuck Creek Short Hair Creek Sharp Creek Helms Creek Dusy Creek Post Corral Creek Burnt Corral Creek Flemming Creek Nichols Canyon Meadow Brook Fall Creek Division Lake Regiment Lake

Davis Creek Mill Flat Creek Verplank Creek Fox Canyon Creek Converse Creek Spring Creek Cabin Creek Garlic Meadow Creek Rough Creek Ten Mile Creek Middle Fork Kings River Deer Canyon Creek Brush Canyon Creek Tombstone Creek Wren Creek Silver Creek Crown Creek Rogers Creek Gorge of Despair Crystal Creek Blue Canyon Creek Lost Canyon Creek Rattlesnake Creek Alpine Creek Dog Creek Kennedy Creek Dougherty Creek Horseshoe Creek Goddard Creek Disappearing Creek Windy Canyon Creek Cartridge Creek Rimbaud Creek Palisade Creek Cataract Creek Glacier Creek Dusy Branch Helen Lake

South Fork Kings River (This is the actual river that flows through Kings Canyon) Lockwood Creek Redwood Creek Windy Gulch Boulder Creek Grizzly Creek Lightning Creek Deer Cove Creek Lewis Creek Comb Creek Sheep Creek Hotel Creek Roaring River Sugarloaf Creek Ferguson Creek Granite Creek Copper Creek Avalanche Creek Bubbs Creek Sphinx Creek Charlotte Creek Cross Creek North Guard Creek East Creek Glacier Creek Gardiner Creek Woods Creek Woods Creek Arrow Creek Kid Creek

History

The Kings River was named by Lieutenant Gabriel Moraga on one of the first expeditions by the Spanish to the Central Valley of California on January 6, 1805.^[4] The river was originally named Rio de los Santos Reyes (River of the Holy Kings) to honor the Biblical Magi.^[9] Jedediah Smith named it the Kimmel-che or Wimmel-che "after a tribe of Indians of that name who reside on it".^[10]

On the valley floor the Kings River is responsible for certain groundwater recharge. There is evidence in the Hanford area that depths to groundwater are increasing, indicating concern for safe yields of the Tulare Lake groundwater subbasin.^[11]

Ecology

The Middle and South forks of the river converge to form the main Kings River.

North American beaver (Castor canadensis) have recolonized the Kings River including Kings Canyon National Park. Although there is some controversy as to whether beaver were native, fur trapper accounts place beaver in the river before they were trapped out in the late nineteenth century. A 14-man party led by Ewing Young which included Jonathan J. Warner in the fall of 1832 trapped the Kings River "up to and some distance into the mountains and then passed on to the San Joaquin River, trapped that river down to canoe navigation in the foothills, where a canoe was made...".^[12] Young and Warner certainly were well above the 1,000 foot level in the Sierras as the headwaters of the San Joaquin River at Martha Lake is less than two miles from the headwaters of the Kings River, above 10,000 feet near Mount Goddard in Kings Canyon National Park and this was the natural route (Hell for Sure Pass) for Ewing and Warner to cross from the source of one river to the other. Williams similarly interpreted accounts of Colonel Warner's expedition, stating that "Warner, had been trapping fur-bearing animals at the headwaters of the Kings River about the same time that the Walker party was descending the Merced River".^[13] These interpretations of Young and Warner trapping high up on the Kings River is buttressed by an eyewitness account taken by Tappe from a retired game warden in 1940, who stated that beaver were "apparently not uncommon on the upper part of the Kings River" until 1882-1883.^[14]

River modifications

The Kings River is used to irrigate over 1.2 million acres (5020 km²) and provides water to fourteen Central Valley cities.^[15] It is extensively dammed for flood control, irrigation, and power generation. The Pine Flat Dam, built in 1954, impounds the river near Piedra as it flows out of the foothills into the Central Valley. Built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the dam is 440 feet (130 m) high and stores 1,000,000 acre feet (1.2 km³) of water, and serves mainly to control seasonal flooding.^[16] The North Fork is impounded to form Black Rock Reservoir, Wishon Reservoir and Courtright Reservoir. Wishon and Courtright are the lower and upper reservoirs for the Helms Pumped Storage Plant, one of the largest pumped-storage hydroelectric stations in California with a capacity of 1,212 megawatts.

A second large dam on the Kings River, the Rodgers Crossing Dam, was proposed for construction in the late 1980s, upstream from Pine Flat. At a planned height of 600 feet (180 m), it would have backed water up through the foothills for 12 miles (19 km). Environmental and recreational concerns have halted the project thus far.^[17]

Further downstream, the Friant-Kern Canal crosses the Kings River approximately 10 miles west of Pine Flat Dam, where water can be turned out into the Kings River through the Kings River wasteway. The canal then continues southwards towards Bakersfield.^[18] The purpose of the 152-mile (245 km) channel, which starts on the San Joaquin River and ends at the Kern River, is to provide irrigation water to farms on the east side of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Construction work on the canal lasted from 1945 to 1951.^[19]

On the lower river west of Highway 99, since 1959 Kings River Conservation District (KRCD) has worked to protect the flood carrying capacity of Kings River channels and levees. Maintenance efforts have focused on approximately 140 miles (230 km) of levees along the river from below Kingsburg near 8½ Avenue in Kings County to Highway 41 near Stratford on the South Fork of the river, and to McMullin Grade (Highway 145) on the North Fork. During flood releases, KRCD maintains 24-hour patrols monitoring the levee banks for sloughing, erosion and boils.^[20]

Panorama of the Kings River near Piedra

See also

• List of rivers of California

References

1. "Kings River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1981-01-19. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
2. "USGS Gage #11222000 on the Kings River at Piedra, CA (Monthly Streamflow)". National Water Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1896–1959. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
3. "USGS Gage #11222000 on the Kings River at Piedra, CA (Peak Streamflow)". National Water Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1896–1959. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
4. A Synopsis of Kings River History, from El Rio Reyes Trust website, accessed September 12, 2011
5. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park (PDF) (Map). Cartography by National Park Service. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
6. USGS Topo Maps for United States (Map). Cartography by United States Geological Survey. ACME Mapper. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
7. Durham, David L. (2001). Place-Names of Central California. Clovis, California: Word Dancer Press. p. 146. ISBN 1-884995-33-0.
8. "The Kings River Handbook" (PDF). Kings River Conservation District. June 2003. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
9. Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). Place Names of the High Sierra. San Francisco: Sierra Club. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
10. C. Hart Merriam (1924). "Jedediah Smith's Route across the Sierra in 1827". California Historical Society Quarterly. 3: 25–29. doi:10.2307/25613600. JSTOR 25613600.
11. J. Torrey, P. Awosika et al., Environmental Impact Report for the Hanford Mall, Earth Metrics Inc. for the city of Hanford and State of California Clearinghouse, rpt. 10082, March 8, 1990
12. Col. Jonathan J. Warner (1907). "Reminiscences of Early California -1831 to 1846 in Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 7". Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern California, Historical Society of Southern California: 187. Retrieved Mar 30, 2010.
13. Earle E. Williams (June 1973). "Tales of Old San Joaquin City" (PDF). San Joaquin Historian: 9. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
14. Tappe, Donald T. (1942). "The Status of Beavers in California" (PDF). Game Bulletin No. 3. California Department of Fish & Game: 8. Retrieved Apr 11, 2010.
15. http://sierra2thesea.net/central-valley/kings-river-runoff-could-fall-26-percent-with-global-warming
16. "Pine Flat Dam". California Department of Water Resources. California Data Exchange Center. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
17. "Kings River". California Rivers. Friends of the River. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
18. US EPA. "Tulare Lake Basin Hydrology and Hydrography: A Summary of the Movement of Water and Aquatic Species".
19. "Friant Division Project". Central Valley Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
20. "Kings River Flood Control Maintenance". Kings River Conservation District.

External links

• Kings River Handbook