Ko-Ko

Not to be confused with the character in The Mikado.
For other uses, see Koko (disambiguation).

"Ko-Ko" is a 1945 bebop recording composed by Charlie Parker. The original recorded version features Parker on alto saxophone with trumpeter Miles Davis, double bassist Curley Russell and drummer Max Roach. Due to the absence of Bud Powell, Dizzy Gillespie was enlisted to play piano, instead of his usual trumpet.[1] Pianist Sadik Hakim, then known as Argonne Thornton, was also known to be present at the session. Rumors persist to this day about precisely who played trumpet and piano on this piece; some claim Gillespie plays trumpet[2] and, or instead of, piano; some claim Hakim is the pianist on all or part of one or both of the takes.[3][4][5]

The piece starts in the key of B flat minor. It is based upon the chord changes of the song "Cherokee" by Ray Noble.

Overview

A recording ban, imposed by the American Federation of Musicians from 1942-1944, prevented musicians in the nascent bebop movement from recording new works during the crucial formative period of this emerging genre. As a result, the "Ko-Ko" session, along with the "Shaw 'Nuff" session led by Dizzy Gillespie earlier in the year, is considered by many to be the very first time Bebop was ever recorded.[6][7]

Charlie Parker said that while playing Ray Noble's tune "Cherokee", "I found that by using the higher intervals of a chord as a melody line and backing them with appropriately related changes, I could play the thing I'd been hearing."[8] He had played that piece so many times that by the end he hated it, but he had mastered the chords perfectly in all 12 keys. "Ko-Ko" has a partially improvised head and the chords are based on "Cherokee".[9]

Other musicians involved include Curly Russell on bass and Max Roach on drums. Trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie played piano on most pieces while 19-year-old Miles Davis played trumpet.

In 2002, the Library of Congress added "Ko-Ko" to the National Recording Registry.[10]

Recording session

Charlie Parker's Ri Bop Boys - Ko-ko

"Ko-Ko" was recorded on November 26, 1945, at WOR studios in New York City. In the booklet accompanying Charlie Parker: The Complete Savoy Studio Sessions author James Patrick gives a full account of the session, informed by "[d]ocuments from the Savoy files and the recollections of Teddy Reig, who produced the session..."

A standard three hour/four side session was scheduled for November 26, 1945, at the WOR studios in New York for which Parker would supply original composititions. A Union contract was arranged the preceding week and Parker; Miles Davis, trumpet; Bud Powell, piano; Curly Russell, bass; and Max Roach, drums, were booked for the date. On the 26th Reig went to Parker's apartment to bring Bird to WOR and was informed the Powell had gone with his mother to Philadelphia where she was buying a house. No need to worry, however; Dizzy Gillespie was present and introduced to Reig: "Here's your piano player". Parker also had contacted pianist Argonne Thornton (later a.k.a. Sadik Hakim)... and asked that he appear at the studio...[3]

Other recordings at this session were "Billie's Bounce", "Warming Up a Riff", "Now's the Time", "Thriving on a Riff", and "Meandering". The album The Charlie Parker Story fully documents this session, as does the aforementioned Complete Savoy Studio Sessions box set.

Duke Ellington also wrote and recorded a song called Ko-Ko in 1940 at Victor's studios in Chicago.[11]

Structure

There were two takes:

In both Takes the piece starts with a 32-bar introduction, split into four 8-bar phrases, each likely written by Gillespie:

Following the intro in the first take Parker and Davis start to play the melody of "Cherokee". They are interrupted by someone clapping and whistling and shouting "You can't play that".

After the introduction in the second take are two 64-bar solos from Parker on the saxophone; each solo (or "chorus") follows the Thirty-two-bar form (AABA), except that the number of bars is augmented to 64, partly due to the extensive importance of solos in bebop music, and partly due to the extremely fast 300bpm tempo. It is an extremely virtuosic solo, incorporating fast quavers and formulaic improvisation. The second chorus of the solo opens with a two-bar quotation from the notably difficult clarinet piece "High Society", made famous by clarinettist Alphonse Picou.

After the solo from Parker is a 32-bar drum solo from drummer Max Roach. The drums for the piece are tuned higher than normal, which gives the solo a brighter, livelier feel.

The piece finishes with a 28-bar coda, integrating the main themes from the introduction and improvisation from Parker and Davis, and finally an imperfect cadence.

Releases

"Ko-ko" was issued and reissued many times over the years. The original release was as the B-side coupled with Don Byas' rendition of How High the Moon on the a 78 rpm Savoy 597. This record was reissued as Savoy 916, the Savoy 900 series being dedicated to Bebop. On both records the group was credited as "Charlie Parker's Ri Bop Boys".

The song was subsequently released on Savoy XP 8001: Charlie Parker, Vol. 2 (7 inch EP) and Savoy MG 9000: Charlie Parker, Vol. 1 (10 inch LP) when these formats came into vogue in the early 1950s. It was also released on Savoy XP 8097: Bird - Diz - Bud - Max, Vol. 1 and Savoy MG 9034: Bird - Diz - Bud - Max on the same formats. These were compilations of bebop tracks by Parker, Gillespie, Powell and Roach; on both of these latter releases the title was listed as "Co-coa".

"Ko-Ko"'s next release was on Savoy MG 12014: The Genius of Charlie Parker. This was also its first 12-inch LP release. The Charlie Parker Story was released next, which included all of the takes from the entire session. This album was the first to release the aborted first take of "Ko-ko" along with the previously released master take.

The master take of "Ko-ko" was released next on Savoy 12126: The Jazz Hour, a compilation of various Savoy artists; and then on Savoy SJL 2201: Bird/The Savoy Recordings (Master Takes).

And, as noted above, the entire session was reissued again on the box set Charlie Parker: The Complete Savoy Studio Recordings..[12]

CD reissues followed in the 1990s. The Genius of Charlie Parker[13] and The Charlie Parker Story[14] were both reissued on CD by Nippon Columbia. Complete Savoy Masters[15] and Complete Savoy Sessions[16] were issued as a CD box sets by Definitive Classics, and this session was included in The Complete Savoy and Dial Studio Recordings 1944-1988 released in 2000 by Atlantic Records.[17]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Urbano, Tommaso. "The Ko-ko session: November 26, 1945, Charlie Parker Reboppers' recording for Savoy". themusicofmiles. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  2. ↑ Gitler, Ira (1956). The Musings of Miles (liner notes). Miles Davis. Prestige Records. PRLP 7007.
  3. 1 2 Patrick, James (1978). "The Koko Session". Charlie Parker: The Complete Savoy Studio Sessions (booklet). Charlie Parker. Arista Records. S5L 5000.
  4. ↑ Porter, Bob (1978). "Talking with Teddy". Charlie Parker: The Complete Savoy Studio Sessions (booklet). Charlie Parker. Arista Records. S5L 5000.
  5. ↑ Hakim, Sadik. "Reflections of an Era: My Experiences with Bird and Prez". anthonyflood.com. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  6. ↑ "Charlie Parker: 'Bird Lives!' Part 1". npr.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  7. ↑ Patay, Matthew. "Charlie Parker Biography". imdb.com. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Shapiro, Nat and Hentoff, Nat. Hear Me Talkin' To Ya, Courier Dover Publications, 1955, page 354 - ISBN 0-486-21726-4, ISBN 978-0-486-21726-0
  9. ↑ Reisner, Robert George. Bird: The Legend of Charlie Parker, Da Capo Press, page 103 - ISBN 0-306-80069-1
  10. ↑ "The National Recording Registry 2002". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  11. ↑ See the Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz vol.III to listen at the first issue.
  12. ↑ "Charlie Parker Discography". jazzdisco.org. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  13. ↑ The Genius of Charlie Parker at Discogs
  14. ↑ The Charlie Parker Story at Discogs
  15. ↑ Parker, Charlie. Complete Savoy Masters at AllMusic
  16. ↑ Parker, Charlie. Complete Savoy Sessions at AllMusic
  17. ↑ Parker, Charlie. The Complete Savoy and Dial Studio Recordings 1944-1948 at AllMusic

See also

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