Kondraty Ryleyev

Portrait by an unknown artist

Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleyev, also spelled Kondraty Feodorovich Ryleev (Russian: Кондра́тий Фёдорович Рыле́ев, September 29 (September 18 O.S.), 1795 – July 25 (July 13 O.S.), 1826) was a Russian poet, publisher, and a leader of the Decembrist Revolt, which attempted to overthrow the Russian monarchy in 1825.

Early life

Ryleyev was born in the village of Batovo, now part of Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast.[1] His father, Fyodor Ryleyev, was an impoverished nobleman, a small landowner, who was later employed as the manager of one of Prince Golitsyn's estates.[2]

In spite of his family's pecuniary difficulties, Ryleyev was able to study at the Corps des Pages, an elite military academy attended only by members of the nobility, in Saint Petersburg.[3] After his graduation, Ryleyev was awarded a commission in the First Cavalry Company of the First Reserve Artillery Brigade.[4] He participated in the foreign campaigns of 1814 and 1815, seeing action in Poland, Germany and France, during the Napoleonic Wars.[5]

In 1818, Ryleyev resigned his commission, and for a time was employed tutoring the children of a wealthy landowner named Tevyashev. A year later he married the landowner's daughter, Natalya Tevyasheva, and went on to father two children.[6]

Career

He gained recognition in literary circles in 1820, for penning a satirical ode To the Favorite, addressing an unpopular Tsarist official, Alexey Andreyevich Arakcheyev.[7][8] That same year he joined a Masonic lodge in Saint Petersburg, where he became acquainted with several future members of the Decembrist uprising.[9]

In need of a regular income, from 1821 to 1824, Ryleyev worked as an assessor of the Saint Petersburg criminal court.[10] He frequently used his position to aide common men and women in distress.[11] One of those he assisted was twenty-year-old Alexander Nikitenko, an educated Ukrainian serf, working in Saint Petersburg, whom Ryleyev met in a bookstore.[12] Nikitenko had been struggling for some time to obtain emancipation.[13] He explained his dilemma to Ryleyev, who immediately set about convincing several influential cavalry officers, old comrades of his, to campaign for Nikitenko's freedom.[14] Nikitenko's case became something of a cause célèbre in Saint Petersburg, and the pressure ultimately proved to be too much for Nikitenko's owner, Count Sheremetev, to bear.[15] He granted Nikitenko his freedom on October 11, 1824.[16]

Ryleyev did not completely abandon his literary pursuits, however. In 1821, he joined the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers (Вольное общество любителей российской словесности) — an influential association of Russian writers and intellectuals.[17] Ryleyev also edited and co-published a popular annual literary almanac, The Polar Star (Полярная звезда), with Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev between 1823 and 1825.[18] The three issues that Ryleyev published contained contributions from many of the foremost Russian authors and poets of the age, among them: Alexander Pushkin, Pyotr Vyazemsky, Vasily Zhukovsky, and Evgeny Baratynsky.[19][20] He also continued to write poetry during this period. His most well-known poems being Grazhdanskoe muzhestvo (Civic Courage), Grazhdanin (The Citizen), and Ispoved' Nalivaiki (Nalivaiko's Confession).[21] Ryleyev's writing was influenced largely by his compatriots Pushkin, Derzhavin, Gnedich, and the British poet Lord Byron, whose verse and account of the Greek War of Independence served to inspire many Russian intellectuals and artists of Ryleyev's generation.[22] Ryleyev was a minor poet, but his poetry was passionate, and popular at the time it was published.[23][24][25]

Ryleyev could not support his family with his literary work alone, and after leaving the criminal court, he found employment with the Russian-American Company as a manager in the Saint Petersburg office.[26][27]

Ryleyev the revolutionary

In 1823, Ryleyev was recruited by Ivan Pushchin to the revolutionary Northern Society, an organization of reform-minded individuals, mainly veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, dedicated to abolishing serfdom, and replacing the Tsar's government with either a democratic republic or a constitutional monarchy.[28]

Ryleyev believed that the revolt was likely to fail and the participants would be executed. Still, he argued that their sacrifice would not be in vain, as the uprising might "awaken Russia."[29][30][31] As Ryleyev explained prior to the uprising:

An upheaval is essential. The tactics of revolution may be summed up in two words--to dare. If we come to grief our failure will serve as a lesson to those who come after us.[32]

Another Decembrist leader, Pavel Pestel, further elaborated on the motivations of the Society's members:

The desirability of granting freedom to the serfs was considered from the very beginning; for that purpose a majority of the nobility was to be invited in order to petition the Emperor about it. This was later thought of on many occasions, but we soon came to realize that the nobility could not be persuaded...we became even more convinced when the Ukrainian nobility absolutely rejected a similar project [proposed by] their military governor.[33]

In his poem, Nalevaiko's Confession, Ryleyev makes veiled allusions to his own willingness to die for the Decembrists' cause:

Say not, thou holy man, again
That this is sin, thy words are vain,
Be it fearful mortal sin
Worse than all crimes that ever have been,
I care not - for could I but see
My native land at liberty,
Could I but see my race restored
To freedom from the foreign horde,
All sins would I upon me take...
Try not with threats my mind to shake,
Persuasive words no change can make...
I know full well the dire fate
Which must upon the patriot wait
Who first dare rise against the foe
And at the tyrant aim the blow.
This is my destined fate - but say
When, when has freedom won her way
Without the blood of martyrs shed,
When none for liberty have bled?
My coming doom I feel and know
And bless the stroke which lays me low
And, father, now with joy I meet
My death, to me such end is sweet.[34]

In 1824, Ryleyev was appointed to the directorate of the Northern Society, and was destined to play a key role in the ill-fated uprising.[35][36][37] He proved to be an inspirational speaker and talented recruiter. Fellow conspirator, Nikolay Bestuzhev, would later write of Ryleyev:

Physically his appearance was unattractive and he always spoke in a very simple way, but when he touched on his favourite theme--love of his country--his face lit up, his black glowing eyes shone with an unearthly light and his words flowed like a stream of lava.[38]

During discussions among the Decembrists regarding what form of government should replace the monarchy, Ryleyev sided with Nikita Muravyev, favoring a government modeled after that of the United States.[39] If the Imperial Family refused to go peacefully into exile, Ryleyev, like Pestel, was willing to support regicide in order to attain the goal of self-governance.[40][41]

Ryleyev's friend, the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, later recounted one Decembrist meeting that he was invited to attend at Ryleyev's apartment in October 1824:

There must have been more than a dozen people in the room, but at first I could not distinguish anything because of the dense blue haze of pipe and cigar smoke. They were sprawling on sofas and on the deep windowsills; young Alexander Odoevsky and (Alexander) Bestuzhev sat cross-legged, Turkish fashion on a Persian carpet...
An intense youth, pale-complexioned, with a prominent forehead, a face like Shelley, lifts a glass - "Death to the Tsar." The toast is received with emotion. Ryleev's jet-black eyes light up with an inner flame...Everyone drink's except me, a Pole and a guest...They sing to the death of the Tsar...the rhythmic chant flows through the open windows for all to hear. A glow of a lantern out on the quay suddenly lights up the room. The chant stops abruptly, as fear sobers them up. The shadow of Radishchev in the Fortress crosses my mind.[42]

Decembrist revolt

On the morning of December 26 (December 14 O.S.), 1825, a group of officers commanding some 3,000 men assembled in Saint Petersburg's Senate Square. They refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, instead proclaiming their loyalty to his brother, Grand Duke Constantine, and to the Decembrists' constitution, crying "Constantine and Constitution."[43] They expected to be joined by the rest of the troops stationed in Saint Petersburg, but this did not occur. The revolt was further hampered when its nominal leader, Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy, suffered a last-minute change of heart and chose to hide in the Austrian Embassy during the confrontation.[44] His second-in-command, Colonel Bulatov, was also nowhere to be found. After a hurried consultation the rebels appointed Prince Evgeny Obolensky as their leader.[45]

Ryleyev was heard to remark:

What we foresaw will happen. Our last moments are near, but they are the moments of our liberty. We have lived them and now I willingly forfeit my life.[46]

For several long hours there was a standoff between the 3,000 rebels and the 9,000 troops loyal to Nicholas I stationed outside the Senate building, with some desultory shooting from the rebel side. Nearby stood a vast crowd of civilian on-lookers, who began fraternizing with the rebels, but whom the leaders of the revolt did not call upon to participate in the action.[47] Eventually, the new Tsar appeared in person, at the square. He sent Count Mikhail Miloradovich, a hero of the Napoleonic Wars, who enjoyed great popularity with both officers and ordinary soldiers, to parley with the rebels. While delivering a speech encouraging the rebels to surrender, Miloradovich was shot dead by one of the rebels, Peter Kakhovsky. At the same time, a rebelling grenadier squad led by Lieutenant Nikolay Panov, entered the Winter Palace, but failed to seize it and retreated.

After spending most of the day in fruitless attempts to parley with the rebel force, the Tsar ordered a cavalry charge. However, the horses slipped on the icy cobbles and the officers retired in disorder. Eventually, as evening neared, the Tsar ordered three artillery regiments to open fire, with devastating effect.[48] To avoid the slaughter the rebels broke and ran. Some attempted to regroup on the frozen surface of the Neva River, to the north of Senate Square. However, here, also, they were targeted by the artillery and suffered many casualties. The cannon fire broke the ice, sweeping away countless dead and dying soldiers into the Neva River.[49] By dusk, that same afternoon, the revolt had been crushed.[50]

Arrest and execution

On the night of December 27 (December 15 O.S.), 1825, Ryleyev was arrested for his role in the uprising, and charged with treason and attempted regicide.[51] Along with four other Decembrists, judged to be the leaders of the rebellion, Ryleyev was sentenced to be drawn and quartered.[52] The method of execution was changed to hanging after the Tsar refused to confirm the verdict, returning it for further deliberation.[53]

During the many interrogations that followed his arrest, Ryleyev, unlike most of his fellow conspirators, never implicated anyone else in the rebellion.[54][55] Ryleyev then went one step further, pleading with the Investigation Committee in April 1826, to execute him alone for the revolt, stating:

If an execution is needed for the good of Russia, I am the only one who deserves it. I have long prayed that it will stop at me, and that the others will be returned by God's mercy to their families, their fatherland, and their noble Tsar. [56]

The date of execution was set for July 25 (July 13 O.S.), 1826.[57] When the executioner attempted to hang the five men, three of them, Muravyov-Apostol, Kakhovsky, and Ryleyev, dropped through the trapdoor only to have the rope around their necks break.[58] Ryleyev supposedly told the crowd watching the execution that Russia was an "unhappy country, where they don't even know how to hang you."[59] Muravyov-Apostol is said to have made a similar exclamation.[60] The Tsar simply ordered more rope, and the execution was carried out not long after the first attempt.[61][62] Ryleyev died holding a book of Byron's poetry.[63]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  2. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  3. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  4. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  5. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,pages 704-705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  6. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  7. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  8. ↑ Pushkarev, Sergei. The Emergence of Modern Russia 1801-1917, page 12 New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963
  9. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  10. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  11. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, page 90. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  12. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, pages xiii-xiv. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  13. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, pages xiii-xiv. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  14. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, pages xiii-xiv. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  15. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, pages xiv & 2. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  16. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, pages xiv. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  17. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  18. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 544. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  19. ↑ Dickinson, Sara. Breaking Ground: Travel and National Culture in Russia from Peter I to the Era of Pushkin, page 170. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006
  20. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 544. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  21. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  22. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,pages 704-705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  23. ↑ Jacobson, Helen Saltz. The Diary of a Russian Censor, page xiii. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1975
  24. ↑ Amert, Susan. "In a Shattered Mirror: The Later Poetry of Anna Akhmatova," page 120. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992
  25. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, page 90. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  26. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  27. ↑ Barratt, Glynn. Russian Shadows on the British Northwest Coast of North America, 1810-1890: A Study of Rejection of Defence Responsibilities, pages 18-19 Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press, 1983
  28. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  29. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  30. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 5. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  31. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, page 90. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  32. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 5. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  33. ↑ Mazour, A.G. The First Russian Revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement; its origins, development, and significance, page 8. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1937
  34. ↑ T. Hart-Davies, trans. The poems of K.F. Relaieff, pages 130-134 London: Remington & Co., 1887
  35. ↑ Pushkarev, Sergei. The Emergence of Modern Russia 1801-1917, page 65 New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963
  36. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704-705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  37. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 4. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  38. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 4. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  39. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  40. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 5. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  41. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, page 90. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  42. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 91-92. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  43. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 101. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  44. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 102. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  45. ↑ Crankshaw, Edward The Shadow of the Winter Palace pages 14-16. London: Penguin, 1978
  46. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 10. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  47. ↑ Crankshaw, Edward The Shadow of the Winter Palace pages 15-16. London: Penguin, 1978
  48. ↑ Crankshaw, Edward The Shadow of the Winter Palace pages 13-16. London: Penguin, 1978
  49. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 102. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  50. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 102. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  51. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,page 704. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  52. ↑ Raeff, Marc. Michael Speransky, Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772-1839: Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772-1839, page 315. Westport, CT: M. Nijhoff, 1957
  53. ↑ Raeff, Marc. Michael Speransky, Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772-1839: Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772-1839, pages 315-316. Westport, CT: M. Nijhoff, 1957
  54. ↑ T. Hart-Davies, trans. The poems of K.F. Relaieff, page 17 London: Remington & Co., 1887
  55. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, page 112. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  56. ↑ O'Meara, Patrick. K.F. Ryleev, page 276. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984
  57. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,pages 704-705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  58. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 118. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  59. ↑ De Grunwald, Constantin. Tsar Nicholas I, page 69. New York: Macmillan, 1955
  60. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 118. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  61. ↑ Cornwell, Neil. Reference Guide to Russian Literature,pages 704-705. London: FitzRoy Dearborn Publishers, 1998
  62. ↑ Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky, pages 118. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983
  63. ↑ Collins, Philip. Thomas Cooper, the Chartist: Byron and the 'Poets of the Poor', page 21. Nottingham: University of Nottingham Press, 1970
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