Lamborghini V12

Lamborghini V12
From left to right: Giotto Bizzarrini, Ferruccio Lamborghini and Gian Paolo Dallara at Sant'Agata Bolognese in 1963, with a Lamborghini V12 engine prototype.
Overview
Manufacturer	Lamborghini
Production	1963-2011
Combustion chamber
Configuration	60° V12 petrol engine
Displacement	3.5: 3,465 cc (211.4 cu in), 3.9: 3,929 cc (239.8 cu in), 4.8: 4,754 cc (290.1 cu in), 5.2: 5,167 cc (315.3 cu in), 5.7: 5,707 cc (348.3 cu in), 6.0: 5,992 cc (365.7 cu in), 6.2: 6,192 cc (377.9 cu in), 6.5: 6,498 cc (396.5 cu in)
Cylinder bore	3.5: 77.0 mm (3.03 in) 6.2: 87.0 mm (3.43 in) 6.5: 95.0 mm (3.74 in)
Piston stroke	3.5: 62.0 mm (2.44 in) 6.2: 86.8 mm (3.42 in) 6.5: 76.4 mm (3.01 in)
Cylinder block alloy	Cast aluminium alloy
Cylinder head alloy	Cast aluminium alloy
Valvetrain	double overhead camshaft, 3.5/4.0/4.8: 2-valves per cyl, 5.2/5.7/6.0/6.2/6.5: 4-valves per cyl
Compression ratio	6.2: 11.6:1 6.5: 11.8:1
Combustion
Fuel system	3.5/3.9/4.8/5.2: 6 Weber carburettors, 5.7/6.0/6.2/6.5: electronic multi-point sequential fuel injection
Fuel type	Petrol/Gasoline
Oil system	3.5/3.9: wet sump, 6.2/6.5: dry sump
Cooling system	Water-cooled
Output
Power output	3.5: 273.7 PS (201.3 kW; 270.0 bhp) 6.2: 580 PS (427 kW; 572 bhp) @ 7,500 rpm 6.5: 640 PS (471 kW; 631 bhp) @ 7,500 rpm
Specific power	3.5: 79 PS (58.1 kW; 77.9 bhp) per litre 6.2: 94.4 PS (69.4 kW; 93.1 bhp) per litre 6.5: 98.6 PS (72.5 kW; 97.3 bhp) per litre
Torque output	6.2: 650 N·m (479 lbf·ft) @ 5,500 rpm 6.5: 660 N·m (487 lbf·ft) @ 5,200 rpm
Dimensions
Dry weight	253 kg (6.5 litres)
Chronology
Successor	Lamborghini V12 L539

The Lamborghini V12 refers to the flagship V12 engine used by Lamborghini. Lamborghini have had two generations of V12 engines through their history, both of which were developed in-house. The first-generation Lamborghini V12 was a sixty degree (60°) V12 petrol engine designed by Lamborghini,^[1][2] and was the first internal combustion engine ever produced by the firm.

It first entered production in 1963 as a 3.5 litre displacing 3,465 cubic centimetres (211.4 cu in) fitted on Lamborghini's first car, the Lamborghini 350GT.^[1][2] The engine remained in use for almost fifty years, the final version, a 6.5 litre, installed in the Lamborghini Murciélago. Lamborghini discontinued their first-generation V12 after the Murcielago, opting for a brand-new V12 that first saw use on the Lamborghini Aventador.^[3]

History

An early Lamborghini V12 engine used in the Espada and Jarama

When Ferruccio Lamborghini set out to compete with Ferrari, he contracted Giotto Bizzarrini to design the engine for his car and, according to some accounts, paid him a bonus for every horsepower over what Ferrari's V12 could produce. The finished 3.5-litre (214 cu in) V12, with minor improvements, went on to become the 6.5 litre powering the Lamborghini Murciélago LP 640, and completed its service for Lamborghini with the final version of the Murciélago, the Murciélago LP 670-4 SuperVeloce.^[4]

Technical overview

The engine was designed from the start to be a quad cam 60 degree V12 - as an intentional snub by Mr. Lamborghini of Ferrari's single overhead camshaft per-bank design. When the 3,464 cubic centimetres (211.4 cu in) prototype was tested in 1963, it was able to produce 370 brake horsepower (276 kW; 375 PS) at 9,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) - a figure of almost 107 brake horsepower (80 kW; 108 PS) per litre. Bizzarrini insisted that the engine was mechanically capable of reaching 400 brake horsepower (298 kW; 406 PS) at 11,000 rpm with an uprated fuel system, but the design was judged adequate, and when fitted with production carburettors, all the auxiliary systems, and detuned for road use, the engine still made 280 brake horsepower (209 kW; 284 PS).^[5]

Murciélago Roadster with its V12 engine

Over the years, this V12 engine has nearly doubled in displacement - first to 6,192 cubic centimetres (377.9 cu in), and later to 6,496 cubic centimetres (396.4 cu in). It has seen the modification of the cylinder heads to allow four valves per cylinder, the replacement of Weber carburettors with electronic fuel injection, and the re-engineering of the lubrication system from a wet sump to a dry sump design. However, the engine that powers the current Murciélago LP 640 can trace its lineage directly to the F1-inspired design of Bizzarrini and his team more than forty years ago.^[5]

Audi ownership

The V12 engine used in the Lamborghini Aventador LP 700-4

Since Lamborghini was purchased in 1998 by the German Volkswagen Group subsidiary AUDI AG, the V12 engine continued undergoing constant upgrade, growing its displacement from 5.7 liters (Diablo VT then in production^[6]) to the final 6.5 liters (Murciélago LP670-4 Superveloce^[7]). It tooks years to decide that a new-from-scratch engine was needed and finally the made the decision: Lamborghini's all-new L539 6.5 litre engine for their 2011 Aventador produces 700 PS (510 kW; 690 hp),^[3] is 18 kg lighter, is "over-square" (bore:95 mm - stroke:76,4 mm)^[8] and has a different firing order: 1–12–4–9–2–11-6–7–3–10–5–8 instead of 1–7–4–10–2–8–6–12–3–9–5–11.^[5]

Specifications

First Generation

engine configuration — 3.5 & 3.9

^[1][2] 60° V12 engine; wet sump lubrication system

engine configuration — 6.2 & 6.5

60° V12 engine; dry sump lubrication system

engine displacement etc.

3.5: 3,465 cubic centimetres (211.4 cu in); bore x stroke: 77.0 by 62.0 millimetres (3.03 in × 2.44 in) (stroke ratio: 1.24:1 - 'oversquare/short-stroke engine'); 288.7 cc per cylinder^[2]

3.9: 3,929 cubic centimetres (239.8 cu in)

4.8: displacement increase to 4,754 cubic centimetres (290.1 cu in) by increasing both the bore and stroke.^[9]

5.2: 5,167 cubic centimetres (315.3 cu in) Stroke increased to 75 mm, compression ratio 9.5:1 and downdraft Weber carburetors.^[10]

5.7: 5,707 cubic centimetres (348.3 cu in)

6.0: 5,992 cubic centimetres (365.7 cu in), bore x stroke: 87.0 by 84 millimetres^[11]

6.2: 6,192 cubic centimetres (377.9 cu in); bore x stroke: 87.0 by 86.8 millimetres (3.43 in × 3.42 in) (stroke ratio: 1.00:1 - 'square engine'); 516.0 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.7:1

6.5: 6,496 cubic centimetres (396.4 cu in); bore x stroke: 88.0 by 89.0 millimetres (3.46 in × 3.50 in) (stroke ratio: 0.99:1 - 'square engine'); 541.3 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.8:1

cylinder block & crankcase

^[1] cast aluminium alloy; pressed-in cylinder liners

cylinder heads & valvetrain — 3.5 & 3.9

^[1] cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, chain-driven double overhead camshaft

cylinder heads & valvetrain — 6.2 & 6.5

cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 48 valves total, chain-driven double overhead camshaft

aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 3.5

^[2] six twin-barrel side-draught Weber 40 DCOE 2 carburettors; one or two ignition distributors

aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 3.98

six twin-barrel down-draught carburettors; one or two ignition distributors

aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 6.2 & 6.5

two air filters, four cast alloy throttle bodies each with Magneti Marelli electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy intake manifold; two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, electronic sequential multi-point indirect fuel injection with intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with 12 individual direct-acting single spark coils

exhaust system — 6.2 & 6.5

two 3-branch exhaust manifolds per cylinder bank, connected to dual-inlet catalytic converters, heated oxygen (lambda) sensors monitoring pre- and post-catalyst exhaust gasses

power and torque outputs and applications^[1]

3.5: 284 metric horsepower (209 kW; 280 bhp) @ 6,500 rpm; 325 newton metres (240 lbf·ft) @ 4,500 rpm — Lamborghini 350GT

3.5: 324 metric horsepower (238 kW; 320 bhp) @ 7,000 rpm — Lamborghini 350GT Veloce

3.9: - 400 GT, Miura, Islero, Jarama, Espada, Countach LP400

4.8: - Countach LP500 S

5.2: - Countach Quattrovalvole and LM002

5.7: - Diablo and Diablo VT

6.0: - Diablo GT

6.2: 580 metric horsepower (427 kW; 572 bhp) @ 7,500 rpm; 650 newton metres (479 lbf·ft) @ 5,500 rpm —

6.5: 640 metric horsepower (471 kW; 631 bhp) @ 7,500 rpm; 660 newton metres (487 lbf·ft) @ 5,200 rpm — Lamborghini Murciélago LP 640 Coupé and Roadster

6.5: 650 metric horsepower (478 kW; 641 bhp) — Lamborghini Reventón and Murciélago LP 650-4 Roadster

6.5: 670 metric horsepower (493 kW; 661 bhp) @ 8,000 rpm; 660 newton metres (487 lbf·ft) @ 6,500 rpm — Lamborghini Murciélago LP 670-4 SuperVeloce

Second Generation

Type: V12, 60°, Multi Point Injection

Displacement: 6,498 cm³ (396.5 cu.in.)

Bore and stroke: Ø 95 mm x 76,4 mm

Valve gear: Variable valve timing electronically controlled

Compression ratio: 11.8 (± 0.2) : 1

Maximum power: 700 CV (515 kW) @ 8,250 RPM

Maximum torque: 690 Nm (507 lbft) @ 5,500 RPM

Emission class: EURO 6 – LEV 2

Emission control system: Catalytic converters with lambda sensors

Cooling system: Water and oil cooling system in the rear with variable air inlets

Engine management system: Lamborghini Iniezione Elettronica (LIE) with Ion current analysis

Lubrification system: Dry sump^[12]

Formula One

Lamborghini's 3.5L V12 Formula One engine, the 3512, at the Lamborghini Museum.

Lamborghini made the move to Formula One in 1989 when the FIA outlawed turbocharged engines.^[13] Former Scuderia Ferrari designer / engineer Mauro Forghieri was commissioned to design and build a new, 3.5 litre V12 engine for use by the French Larrousse team in 1989. Dubbed the Lamborghini LE3512,^[14] (Lamborghini Engineering 3.5 liters 12 cylinders) the 3,493 cc (213.2 cu in), 80° V12 engine was reported to be the best sounding engine of the new 3.5L naturally aspirated formula. Lamborghini representatives stated at the engines début race, the 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro, that they chose a lower ranked team to join Formula One (Larrousse was in its third season using Lola chassis') as it was felt at the early stage of its development the 3512 would not be able to do justice to one of the teams usually closer to the front of the grid. Also, the front running teams already had existing engine suppliers in place (McLaren with Honda, Williams with Renault, Benetton with Ford, and Ferrari who made their own engines).

The Lamborghini V12 did impress many in 1989 despite its unreliability, and the engines best result in its first year came thanks to fast but accident prone Larrousse driver Philippe Alliot when he qualified his Lola LC89 in 5th position for the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez, only 1.417 seconds slower than the V10 McLaren-Honda of pole winner Ayrton Senna. Alliot then backed up that performance by scoring the engine's first point in Formula One by finishing 6th in the race and setting the 4th fastest race lap in the process. Unfortunately, Alliot's team mate for the second half of 1989, former Ferrari driver Michele Alboreto, never came to grips with either the Lola or the Lamborghini. In his eight races for Larrousse he recorded four DNF's, two failures to pre-qualify, one failure to qualify, and a single 11th-place finish in Portugal.

The Lamborghini V12's best finish came when Larrousse driver Aguri Suzuki finished 3rd in the infamous 1990 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka. Its time in Formula One (1989-1993) would prove to be frustrating though as poor reliability became the norm for the engine, despite being used by Grand Prix winning teams such as Lotus and Ligier who could boast driving talent such as Derek Warwick (Lotus - 1990), and Thierry Boutsen (Ligier - 1991).

In 1993 after four years in Formula One with only one significant result for the engine, Bob Lutz of Lamborghini's parent company Chrysler, did a hand-shake deal with McLaren boss Ron Dennis for the team to test the LE3512 to evaluate its potential as a race winner.^[15][16] McLaren made a modified version of their 1993 race car, the McLaren MP4/8 to test the engine (the test car, which took three months to modify to fit the longer and heavier V12^[16] was dubbed the MP4/8B^[15]). Testing was completed by triple World Champion Ayrton Senna, and future dual World Champion Mika Häkkinen at both the Silverstone Circuit in England and the Estoril circuit in Portugal.^[16] After Senna suggested certain changes to Forghieri (a less brutal 'top end' and a fatter mid-range),^[16] engine power increased from 710 bhp (529 kW; 720 PS) to approximately 750 bhp (559 kW; 760 PS) and both drivers were very impressed despite the engine still being somewhat unreliable (Häkkinen reported a massive engine blow up while testing at Silverstone,^[16] though he did manage to lap the 5.226 km (3.260 mi) circuit some 1.4 seconds faster than with the Ford V8 powered MP4/8).^[15] According to reports, Senna even wanted to race the engine at the Japanese Grand Prix^[15] believing that while reliability might be a problem, at least he would be quicker than with the Ford powered race car^[16] (ironically Senna would win in both Japan and the last race in Australia with the existing MP4/8). Despite this however, Ron Dennis decided to go with Peugeot V10 engines in 1994 due to a better commercial agreement that would give long term stability to the team and at the end of the 1993 season, the Lamborghini LE3512 was retired from Grand Prix racing^[16] after the company was sold by Chrysler to an Indonesian investor group led by Tommy Suharto.^[15]

The Lamborghini, which on all cars it powered carried the words "Chrysler powered by Lamborghini" (other than the McLaren MP4/8B which was all virgin white, though the test engines were badged as Chrysler), was one of only five V12 engines used in the naturally aspirated era from 1989-2013, the others being from Ferrari (1989-1995), Honda (1991-1992), Yamaha (1991-1992), and Porsche (1991).

LE3512 Power output

• 1989 - 600 bhp (447 kW; 608 PS)
• 1990 - 640 bhp (477 kW; 649 PS)
• 1991 - 640 bhp (477 kW; 649 PS)
• 1992 - 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS)
• 1993 - 710 bhp (529 kW; 720 PS)
• 1993 McLaren tests - 750 bhp (559 kW; 760 PS)

F1 Statistics 1989-1993

• Races - 80 (49 starts)
• Wins - 0
• Pole Positions - 0
• Podiums - 1 (3rd - 1990 Japanese Grand Prix, Aguri Suzuki, Larrousse Lola LC90)
• Points - 20
• Teams - Larrousse (1989-1990, 1992-1993), Lotus (1990), Ligier (1991), Modena Team (1991), Minardi (1992)
• Best Qualifying - 5th, Philippe Alliot, Larrouse Lola LC89, 1989 Spanish Grand Prix
• Best Constructors' Championship - 6th, Larrousse, 1990 (11 points)
• Best Drivers' Championship - 12th, Aguri Suzuki, 1990 (6 points)

See also

applications of the V12 engine

• Lamborghini 350GT
• Lamborghini Miura
• Lamborghini Espada
• Lamborghini Countach
• Lamborghini LM002
• Lamborghini Diablo
• Lamborghini Murciélago

list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines article

• V12 – 6.2/6.5 V12 430-471 kW sub-section of the above article
• V10 – 5.2 FSI V10 412 kW sub-section of the above article
• V10 – 5.0 V10 368 kW sub-section of the above article

References

1. "Lamborghini - History - Masterpieces - 350 GT". Automobili Lamborghini Holding Spa. Lamborghini.com. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
2. "Lamborghini 350, 400 & Islero". CarsFromItaly.net. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
3. "Lamborghini unveils new V12 engine".
4. "Lighter Murcielago here in 2008". AutoCar.co.uk. © Haymarket Media Group. 9 November 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
5. http://jalopnik.com/5690495/a-farewell-to-the-old-lamborghini-v12/
6. http://www.lambocars.com/diablo/diablo_vt.html
7. http://www.lambocars.com/murcielago/murcielago_lp670-4_superveloce.html
8. "Lamborghini: tutti i dettagli e i video del nuovo V12" (in Italian). www.motori.it. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
9. http://www.lambocars.com/countach/countach_lp500_s.html
10. http://www.lambocars.com/countach/countach_lp500_quattrovalvole.html
11. http://www.lambocars.com/diablo/diablo_gt.html
12. http://www.lamborghini.com/en/models/aventador-lp-700-4/technical-specifications/
13. Lamborghini 3512 Formula One V12 @ STATSF1
14. "Alcune applicazioni storiche - 1989/1993" [Some historical applications] (in Italian). Retrieved 2016-04-06.
15. Rainer Nyberg (2001). "McLaren's brief flirtation with the Chrysler empire". 8w.forix.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
16. "What if Senna had driven a McLaren-Lamborghini in 1994?". www.race2play.com. F1 Racing. 2011-04-04. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2016-04-08.

External links

• Lamborghini.com official website
• A Farewell to the Old Lamborghini V12