Latvians

This article is about the ethnic group called Latvians or Letts. For the inhabitants of Latvia, see Demographics of Latvia.
Latvians
latvieši
Total population
c. 1.5–1.6 million
Regions with significant populations

 Latvia 1 229 067 (2014)[1]

Other significant population centers:
 United States 96,070–102,000 (2009)[2]
 United Kingdom 102,000 (2014)[3][4]
 Canada 27,870 (2006)[5]
 Germany 27,752 (2014)[6]
 Brazil 25,000 (2002)[7][8][9]
 Ireland 20,593 (2011)[10]
 Australia 20,124 (2011)[11]
 Russia 20,068 (2010)[12]
 New Zealand 20,000 (2004)[13]
 Norway 8,077 (2013)[14]
 Ukraine 5,079 (2001)[15]
 Sweden 4,116 (2009)[16]
 Denmark 3,799 (2012)[17]
 Spain 3,711 (2011)[18]
 Italy 2,689 (2014)[19]
 Lithuania 2,300 (2012)[20]
 Estonia 2,198 (2016)[21]
 France 1,702 (2007)[22]
 Belarus 1,549 (2009)[23]
 Netherlands 1,400 (2002)[24]
 Finland 1,164 (2013)[25]
 Kazakhstan 1,123 (2009)[26]
  Switzerland 736 (2006)[27]
 Belgium 679 (2008)[28]
 Iceland 654 (2013)[29]
 Turkmenistan 500 (2010)
 Moldova 400 (2010)
 Portugal 383 (2010)[30]
 Venezuela 300[31]
 Poland 293 (2011)[32]
 Georgia 200[33]
 Argentina 200[33]
 Czech Republic 193 (2011)[34]
 Austria 152 (2002)[35]
 Uzbekistan 140 (2000)[36]
 Chile 100[33]
 Greece 69 (2006)[37]
 Kyrgyzstan 82 (2009)[38]
 Croatia 11 (2001)[39]
Religion

Predominantly Christianity: Lutheranism, with Roman Catholic, Latvian Orthodox and Dievturi minorities.

Historically Baltic Paganism.
Related ethnic groups
Lithuanians, Kursenieki, Latgalians, Semigallians, Livonians

Latvians (Latvian: latvieši; Livonian: leţlizt) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to what is modern-day Latvia and the immediate geographical region. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts,[40][41] although this term is obsolescent. The Latvian people share a common Latvian language.

History

A Finnic-speaking tribe known as the Livs settled among the Latvians and modulated the name to "Latvis," meaning "forest-clearers," which is how medieval German, Teutonic settlers also referred to these peoples. The Germanic settlers referred to the natives as "Letts" and the nation to "Lettland", naming their colony Livonia or Livland.

The Latin form, Livonia, gradually referred to the whole territory of the modern-day Latvia as well as southern Estonia, which had fallen under minimal Germanic influence. Latvians and Lithuanians are the only surviving members of the Baltic branch of the Indo-European family.

Genetics

Paternal haplogroups N1c-Tat and R1a are the two most frequent, reaching 39.9% each among ethnic Latvians.[42] N1c-Tat mutation probably originated in South Siberia eight to nine thousand years ago and had spread through the Urals into the Europe where it is currently most common among Finno-Ugric and Baltic people. Balts, however, differ from Finno-Ugrics by the predominance of the N1c-L550 branch of N1c-Tat.[43] Haplogroup R1a is associated with the spread of Indo-European languages.

A recent autosomal study has shown that among other European populations, Latvians are genetically related to Lithuanians, followed distantly by Estonians.[44]

Culture

Influences

In 1649 settlement of the Latvian speaking Kursenieki spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk).

Latvians share a common language and have a unique culture with traditions, holidays, customs and arts. The culture and religious traditions have been somewhat influenced by Germanic, Scandinavian, and Russian traditions. Latvians have an ancient culture that has been archaeologically dated back to 3,000 B.C. Latvians maintained a considerable connection and trade with their neighbors, and near ethnic cousins the Finno-Ugrians, otherwise known contemporarily as Estonians and eventually Finns as well. The first indications of human inhabitants on the lands of modern Latvia date archaeologically to ~9,000 B.C., suggesting that the first settlers were hunters that stayed almost immediately following the end of the last Ice Age. Colonizers from the south arrived quickly, driving many of the hunters northward as polar ice caps melted further, or east, into modern-day Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The Roman author Tacitus remarked upon the "Aestii" peoples, thought to be inhabitants of the modern Baltic lands, suggesting that they were abound with formidable, yet peaceful and hospitable people. The Latvian peoples remained relatively undisturbed until Papal intervention via the Germanic, Teutonic Order colonized Kurzeme (Courland in English, Kurland in German), beginning in the first half of the 13th century. Papal decrees ordered the Teutonic Order to spread the "Word of the Lord" and the Gospel of Christianity throughout "uncivilized", "Pagan lands." Though these attempts to Christianize the population failed, and the Teutonic Order eventually redeployed southward, to the region of what was once known as East Prussia.

South-Eastern Latvia (Latgale), due to having a relatively large ethnic Russian population, has maintained a large Russian influence.

Religion

The Basilica of the Assumption in Aglona, the most important Roman Catholic church in Latvia.

Most of the religious Latvians belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but in Eastern Latvia (Latgale) the Roman Catholic Church is predominant, a small minority of Latvians belong to the Latvian Orthodox Church and other religious congregations.[45] In the late 18th century, a small but vibrant Herrnhutist movement played a significant part in the development of Latvian literary culture, before it was absorbed into the mainstream Lutheran denomination.

Language

The national language of the Latvian people is Latvian. Latvian is part of a unique linguistic branch of Indo-European languages: the Baltic languages.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://data.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/Sociala/Sociala__ikgad__iedz__iedzskaits/IS0080.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0
  2. ↑ "Detailed Tables - American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  3. ↑ Population by country of birth and nationality, Annual Population Survey, Office of National Statistics, 2014] Archived August 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ BNS. "TVNET :: Ārvalstīs - Lielbritānijā pašlaik dzīvo 39 tūkstoši viesstrādnieku no Latvijas". Tvnet.lv. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  5. ↑ http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
  6. ↑ "Federal Statistical Office - Foreign population by average-age and average duration of residence". Destatis.de. 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  7. ↑ "Um atalho para a Europa". Epoca. Editora Globo S.A. 24 June 2002. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Brazilian Embassy in Stockholm
  9. ↑ A Millenarian Migration: Varpa
  10. ↑ "CSO Emigration" (PDF). Census Office Ireland. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  11. ↑ http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf
  12. ↑ Russians#cite note-gks-1
  13. ↑ http://www.latviansonline.com/pdf/040713diaspora_en.pdf#search='latvian%20diaspora%2020%2C000%20brazil'
  14. ↑ http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2013-04-25?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=109859
  15. ↑ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  16. ↑ http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2009A01_BR_BE0110TAB.pdf
  17. ↑
  18. ↑
  19. ↑ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
  20. ↑ "Gyventojų skaičius metų pradžioje. Požymiai: tautybė - Rodiklių duomenų bazėje". Db1.stat.gov.lt. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  21. ↑ "Population by ethnic nationality". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  22. ↑ Archived December 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ ru:Латыши#cite note-5
  24. ↑ http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CCD504EA-9D41-40C2-AE28-BFB0A51C2045/0/2005k3b15p096art.pdf
  25. ↑ "Taulukko: Kieli iän ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain 1990 - 2010". Pxweb2.stat.fi. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  26. ↑ Ethnic composition, religion and language skills in the Republic of Kazakhstan
  27. ↑ http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf
  28. ↑ "Bevolking per nationaliteit, geslacht, leeftijdsgroepen op 1/1/2008" (in Dutch). Statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  29. ↑ http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1174&src=https://rannsokn.hagstofa.is/pxen/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN43004%26ti=Population+born+abroad+by+background%2C+sex%2C+citizenship+and+country+of+birth+2013%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Uppruni/%26lang=1%26units=Number
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ Latvijas Republikas un Venecuēlas Bolivāra Republikas attiecības
  32. ↑ (Polish) http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf
  33. 1 2 3 lt:Latviai
  34. ↑ http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/1000466A60/$File/c01t01.pdf
  35. ↑ ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf
  36. ↑ Этнический атлас Узбекистана Институт "Открытое общество", 2002 - 451 с. (см.)
  37. ↑ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf
  38. ↑ http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf
  39. ↑ "SAS Output". Dzs.hr. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  40. ↑ "Lett" at Oxford Dictionaries
  41. ↑ "Lett" at Merriam-Webster Online
  42. ↑ http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Kasperavicuite.2004.pdf Kasperaviciute et al. 2004 (link broken)
  43. ↑ http://dna2012.gerichtsmedizin.at/files/DNA_in_Forensics_2012.pdf Pamjav H, Nemeth E, Feher T, Volgyi A "Genetic journey of the N1c haplogroup"
  44. ↑ http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005472#pone-0005472-t002 Nelis et al. "Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East"
  45. ↑ "Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā" (in Latvian). Retrieved 2012-07-25.
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