List auf Sylt

List auf Sylt

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List auf Sylt

Coordinates: 55°0′N 8°26′E / 55.000°N 8.433°E / 55.000; 8.433Coordinates: 55°0′N 8°26′E / 55.000°N 8.433°E / 55.000; 8.433
Country Germany
State Schleswig-Holstein
District Nordfriesland
Municipal assoc. Landschaft Sylt
Government
 • Mayor Wolfgang Strenger
Area
 • Total 18.47 km2 (7.13 sq mi)
Population (2015-12-31)[1]
 • Total 1,531
 • Density 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 25992
Dialling codes 04651
Vehicle registration NF
Website www.amtlandschaftsylt.de

List auf Sylt (known as List until 31 December 2008[2]) is the northernmost municipality in Germany, located on the North Sea island of Sylt close to Denmark in the district of Nordfriesland in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Etymology

List derived from the Middle Low German Liste (ledge, bar or edge).[3]:230

History

List was originally a Danish settlement. It was first mentioned in 1292 (Lystum). The original village was destroyed by the great flood of 1364. The settlement was rebuilt further east from the previous location. In the mid-15th century, a church named St. Jürgen was mentioned. In a treaty of 1460, Schleswig and Holstein were linked to the Danish crown, but List remained part of the royal enclaves, small areas of the Kingdom of Denmark situated within the Duchy of Schleswig, but directly controlled by the Danish king.[4]

From the 16th century, the people of List mostly made a living from Oyster farming, raising sheep and collecting and selling gull eggs. At the time, List was an important protective anchorage. In 1644, a Swedish-Dutch fleet of 26 ships commanded by Admiral Thijssen was attacked in the Lister Tief and defeated by Danish ships commanded by king Christian IV of Denmark. The anchorage north of today's town was named Königshafen to honour this event.[3]:231[4]

After the Danish-German war of 1864, List became part of Prussia. In 1908, List had 13 houses and 70 inhabitants.[3]:231

The plebiscite of 1920 drew the border just north of List, with the next island (Rømø) being returned to Denmark.

In World War I, List became a naval air base. The first fortifications were constructed in 1914, followed by a hangar for naval planes.[4] In 1927, a station of the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule opened in List. This served both to train civilian pilots (for Lufthansa) as well as providing training for military purposes, officially forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.[4]

Much of today's town was built in the 1930s, when the Nazis expanded the military installation and added housing.[5] The current church St. Jürgen was built.[4] The population increased from 449 in 1933 to 3,000 by 1939, excluding military personnel.[3]:231

After the end of World War II, the small town of List had to house around 2,000 displaced Germans, including 15 families from Heligoland, occupied by the British. The hangar was dismantled an transported to Kiel, where it became the Ostseehalle. In 1955, the Bundeswehr was established and the military returned to List.[3]:231

More recently, the military presence was withdrawn from the area, shifting the focus of List's economy more and more towards the tourist industry.[5] The Marineversorgungsschule closed at the end of 2006, ending the long period in which the military had been a major influence and the town's largest employer.[4]

Geography

List is the northernmost municipality of Germany, located at the northern tip of the island of Sylt. The village is surrounded by dunes and heath, most of them protected nature reserves. Nearby is the only shifting sand dune in Germany.[5]

7/8ths of the area is private property owned by a group of 30 descendants of the original landowners, first mentioned in 1608.[5]

Subdivisions

List has the Ortsteile Klappholtal, Mellhörn, Möwenberg, Süderheidertal and Westerheide.[3]:230

Demographics

Out of roughly 2,700 inhabitants, only around 1,600 are permanent residents, the remainder being owners of secondary homes.[5]

Economy

The economy is dominated by tourism.[5] List has been a designated Nordseebad since 1946. List is the location of the only commercial oyster farm in Germany.[3]:231

Attractions

The Erlebniszentrum Naturgewalten, opened in 2009, features an exhibit on the powers of sea, wind and sand that have shaped the island as well as on local flora and fauna.[6]

Government

Until 2004, List was amtsfrei but since then has been part of the Amt Landschaft Sylt, a collective administrative body.[5] The Bürgermeister (mayor) of List is Wolfgang Strenger.[7]

Infrastructure

Transport

There is a ferry from List to the Danish island of Rømø, active since 1963. One single road leads south to the island's main town of Westerland.

List was connected to the rest of Sylt by the Sylter Nordbahn ( a narrow gauge railway) from 1908 to 1970, when it was discontinued.

There are two lighthouses in the area, List West and Leuchtturm List Ost. These are the two northernmost lighthouses in Germany.[8][9]

Education

List has two kindergarten: one German, one Danish.[5]

List hosts a facility of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research that studies the Wadden Sea.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ "Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2015] (XLS-file)". Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (in German).
  2. ↑ Destatis: Gebietsänderungen von Januar bis September 2015, retrieved 31 August 2015
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kunz, Harry; Steensen, Thomas (2014). Taschenlexikon Sylt (German). Wachholtz. ISBN 978-3-529-05525-6.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Geschichtliches (German)". Kurverwaltung List. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Die Gemeinde List (Sylt) (German)". Amt Landschaft Sylt. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  6. ↑ "Erlebniszentrum (German)". Kurverwaltung List. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  7. ↑ "Ansprechpartner Gemeinde List(Sylt) (German)". Amt Landschaft Sylt. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  8. ↑ "List West (German)". WSA Tönning. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  9. ↑ "List Ost(German)". WSA Tönning. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

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