List of inorganic pigments
The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin.[1]
Purple pigments
Aluminum pigments
- Ultramarine violet: (PV15) Silicate of sodium and aluminum containing sulfur.
Copper pigments:
- Han Purple: BaCuSi2O6.
Cobalt pigments:
- Cobalt Violet: (PV14) cobaltous orthophosphate.
Manganese pigments:
- Manganese violet: NH4MnP2O7 (PV16) Manganic ammonium pyrophosphate[1]
Blue pigments
Aluminum pigments:
- Ultramarine (PB29): a complex naturally occurring pigment of sulfur-containing sodio-silicate (Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4)
Cobalt pigments:
- Cobalt Blue (PB28) and Cerulean Blue (PB35): cobalt(II) stannate
Copper pigments:
- Egyptian Blue: a synthetic pigment of calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10). Thought to be the first synthetically produced pigment.
- Han Blue: BaCuSi4O10
- Azurite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2)
Iron pigments:
- Prussian Blue (PB27): a synthetic pigment of ferric hexacyanoferrate (Fe7(CN)18). The dye Marking blue is made by mixing Prussian Blue and alcohol.
Manganese pigments:
- YInMn Blue: a synthetic pigment discovered by Dr. Mas Subramanian's lab at Oregon State University (YIn1-xMnxO3).[2]
Green pigments
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Green: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of Cadmium Yellow (CdS) and Viridian (Cr2O3)
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome green (PG17): chromic oxide (Cr2O3)
- Viridian (PG18): a dark green pigment of hydrated chromic oxide (Cr2O3•H2O)
Cobalt pigments:
- Cobalt green: also known as Rinman's green or Zinc green (CoZnO2)
Copper pigments:
- Malachite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
- Paris Green: cupric acetoarsenite (Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2)
- Scheele’s Green (also called Schloss Green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO3)
- Verdigris: various poorly soluble copper salts, notably cupric acetate (Cu(CH3CO2)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
Other pigments:
- Green earth: also known as terre verte and Verona green (K[(Al,FeIII),(FeII,Mg](AlSi3,Si4)O10(OH)2)
Yellow pigments
Arsenic pigments:
- Orpiment: natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide (As2S3),
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Yellow (PY37): cadmium sulfide (CdS), which also occurs as the mineral greenockite.
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome Yellow (PY34): lead chromate (PbCrO4), which also occurs as the mineral crocoite.
Cobalt pigments:
- Aureolin(also called Cobalt Yellow) (PY40): Potassium cobaltinitrite (K3Co(NO2)6).
Iron Pigments:
- Yellow Ochre (PY43): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3.H2O)
Lead pigments:
- Naples Yellow (PY41)
- Lead-tin-yellow: PbSnO4 or Pb(Sn,Si)O3
Titanium pigments:
- Titanium Yellow (PY53)
Tin Pigments:
- Mosaic gold: stannic sulfide (SnS2)
Orange pigments
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Orange (PO20): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium sulfoselenide.
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome Orange: a now obscure pigment composed of a mixture of lead chromate and lead(II) oxide. (PbCrO4 + PbO)
Red pigments
Arsenic pigments:
- Realgar: an arsenic sulfide mineral (As4S4)
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Red (PR108): cadmium selenide (CdSe)
Iron oxide pigments:
- Sanguine, Caput Mortuum, Indian Red, Venetian Red, Oxide Red (PR102)
- Red Ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe2O3
- Burnt Sienna (PBr7): a pigment produced by heating Raw Sienna.
Lead pigments:
- Minium (pigment): also known as red lead, lead tetroxide, Pb3O4
Mercury pigments:
- Vermilion (PR106): Synthetic and natural pigment: Occurs naturally in mineral cinnabar. Mercuric sulfide (HgS)
Brown pigments
Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)
- Raw Umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe2O3 + MnO2 + nH2O + Si + AlO3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as Burnt Umber and has more intense colors.
- Raw Sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.
Black pigments
Carbon pigments:
- Carbon Black (PBk7)
- Ivory Black (PBk9)
- Vine Black (PBk8)
- Lamp Black (PBk6)
Iron Pigments:
- Mars Black (Iron black) (PBk11) (C.I. No.77499) : Fe3O4
Manganese pigments:
- Manganese dioxide: blackish or brown in color, used since prehistoric times (MnO2)
Titanium pigments:
- Titanium Black () : Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
White pigments
Antimony pigments:
- Antimony White: Stibous Oxide (Sb2O3)
Barium pigments:
- Barium sulfate (PW5) : (BaSO4)
- Lithopone: BaSO4*ZnS
Lead pigments:
- Cremnitz White (PW1): basic Plumbous Carbonate ((PbCO3)2·Pb(OH)2)
Titanium pigments:
- Titanium White (PW6): Titanic Dioxide (TiO2)
Zinc pigments:
- Zinc White (PW4): Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Safety
A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium that are highly toxic. Some of these pigments have often been banned.[1]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Völz, Hans G. et al. "Pigments, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2.
- ↑ Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore. Andrew E. Smith, Hiroshi Mizoguchi, Kris Delaney, Nicola A. Spaldin, Arthur W. Sleight, and M. A. Subramanian J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, volume 131, pages 17084–17086, doi:10.1021/ja9080666
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