Longbridge plant

Longbridge plant

Longbridge in 2006
Built 1895 (1895)
Location Longbridge, Birmingham, England
Industry Automotive
Products
Employees
  • About 400 (2008–2016)[1]
  • 0 (2005–2008)
  • 10,000 (2000–2005)
Architect Herbert Austin
Style Manufacturing, Industrial Centre / Plant
Area 69 acres (28 ha)[2] (Remaining)
Address SAIC China MG Motor, Lowhill Lane, Longbridge, Birmingham B31 2BQ
Owner(s)

The Longbridge plant is an industrial complex situated in the Longbridge area of Birmingham, United Kingdom. It is currently owned by SAIC Motor and is a manufacturing and research and development facility for its MG Motor subsidiary.[3][4]

Opened in 1905, by the late 1960s Longbridge employed around 25,000 workers.[5][6] A wide variety of products have been produced at the site during its history, although the core product has been cars, most notably the original two-door Mini. During the Second World War the main plant produced munitions and tank parts, while the nearby East Works of Austin Aero Ltd at Cofton Hackett produced several types of aeroplane such as the Short Stirling and the Hawker Hurricane.

Originally a printing factory built on green fields the site has had a variety of private owners, as well as a period of state ownership. Since the collapse of MG Rover in 2005 part of the site has been redeveloped for commercial and residential usage.[7] The remaining 69 acres of the site are leased by SAIC.

History of Longbridge car industry

Foundation

White and Pike: 1895–1901

The original site and factory development was undertaken by Birmingham-based copper plate printers White and Pike Ltd. Looking to consolidate a number of small sites around Birmingham, and diversify into new areas, they chose a series of 20 agricultural fields[8] in Northfield eight miles to the south of the city on the Bristol Road at Longbridge.[9] The site was bounded by: Lickey Road; Lowhill Lane; the Midland Railway's main Birmingham to Gloucester mainline; and the Halesowen Joint Railway with the Great Western Railway. The purchase also included Cofton Hill, which rose 70 feet (21 m) above its surroundings. Designed by Stark & Rowntree of Glasgow and constructed by James Moffatt & Sons of Camp Hill, the factory was built at a cost of £105,000, opening in the first quarter of 1895. Unfortunately the venture failed, and the site was repossessed by the bank in 1901.[8]

Austin: 1906–1914

Main article: Austin Motor Company

Herbert Austin, who was born in Buckinghamshire and raised in Yorkshire, escaped his intended railway engineering apprenticeship and learnt his trade under an uncle in Melbourne, Australia. He returned to England in 1893 as manager of an Australian company relocating to Birmingham. In 1901, with the Vickers brothers, he founded and ran The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company, which became Britain's largest car manufacturer.[10]

In 1905 he fell out with the Vickers brothers[10] and, looking to found his own motor car company, Herbert Austin undertook numerous exploratory rides around Birmingham in his Wolseley 7.5 h.p..[11] On 4 November 1905, he found the derelict printing works,[11] owned by a financier, E A Olivieri. Friends came forward with financial help, and with additional invoice financing from Frank Kayser of Kayser, Ellison and Company, and William Harvey du Cros of the Dunlop Rubber Company,[12] enabled Austin to buy the site and an additional 8 acres (3.2 ha) from Olivieri for £7,500 on 22 January 1906.[8]

"Coming down the alley all aboard"
The first Austin, a 25-30, sets out for the Lickey Hills on its first trial run. Herbert Austin at the wheel. Saturday 7 April 1906

Austin and his initial workforce of The Austin Motor Company Limited had in fact moved into the derelict buildings before this date, as Austin was so focused on showing his new car at the British Motor Show, to be held in November 1906 at Olympia, London. On paper the first Austin was described as a 25-30 h.p. high-class touring car with a four-speed gearbox and a chain-driven transmission. Each car had a material and quality guarantee and the first car was produced at the end of March 1906, at a price of £650.[8] Some 50 hands were employed during the first year and they produced about a dozen cars.[9]

By 1908, there were 1,000 workers at a factory which covered 4 acres (1.6 ha); a night shift was introduced to help create adequate supply to meet the rising demand for products.[8] By September 1912 workshops covered more than 8 acres, output was running at 1,000 cars a year and employee numbers were 1800. Austin built their own bodies and their coachbuilding department was one of the largest in the country. They built their own artillery wood wheels and made the hubs for wire-spoked and pressed steel wheels.[9] In February 1914, the Company was floated as a public company and £250,000 of new preference shares were issued to the public and listed on the stock exchanges.[13]

The new funding paid for the construction of additional workshops and the transition of the plant from mechanical drive with its great shafts and belts to electric drive. Two 4-cylinder vertical gas engines of 200 horsepower (150 kW) each,[13] designed by the Anderson Foundry Co. of Glasgow, coupled to three-phase alternators built by Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget of Sweden provided the electricity.[8]

World War I

The Longbridge plant was part of a significant rapid mobilisation process which took place across Europe on the outbreak of World War I. Machines that had been used to build Austin cars were employed to produce munitions, and all the resources of the factory were harnessed to serve the armed forces.

As the demand for weapons and equipment of every kind continued to increase, the factory was expanded. The area between the existing buildings and the Midland Railway mainline were built on. The expansion also enabled the 1915 construction of Longbridge railway station within the boundaries of the works, allowing the Midland Railway to run workers trains direct from Birmingham New Street.[8]

By 1917 the factory site trebled in size, and possessed its own flying ground at Cofton Hackett, south of the main works, which was operated by the newly formed Austin Aero Company. The employees, many of whom were women, rose to over 22,000 during the peak years.

Between 1914 and 1918, over 8,000,000 shells were produced along with 650 guns, 2,000 aeroplanes, 2,500 aero engines and 2,000 trucks.[14] In recognition of this, Herbert Austin was knighted in 1917.

North works: 1917

With the need to expand capacity, the company bought Longbridge farm. Located north of the existing site, it became known as Longbridge North works, bounded again by the railways, Bristol Road and Longbridge Lane. After the farm buildings had been demolished and the River Rea placed in a covered culvert, the company began development in June 1916:[8]

1919

The works and plant had grown to over ten times their prewar size, no peace-time products were being made. The Armistice terminated the war suddenly, contracts were cancelled at very short notice.

Major wartime additions to plant included a large steel-foundry, a very large sheet metal pressings shop and a very large and complete hardening and heat-treatment shop.[15]

The interwar years

Before the end of the war, plans were announced for concentrating on the production of a 20 h.p. car when peace returned. In addition the engine used for the 20 h.p. model was adapted for an Austin tractor, running on Kerosene, which won many agricultural awards between 1919 and 1921. A 13-ton truck was also produced, using the same engine.

For a short time Austin Aero Company's post-war programme also included a range of aeroplanes. The Austin Greyhound 2-seater fighter was one, and the Austin Ball single-seater another. Then there was a single-seater biplane with folding wings, which sold at £500, and a fourth called the Austin Whippet.

After 1921 Austin became interested in smaller vehicles, including a 12 h.p. car and the tiny, and still familiar, Austin 7. In many ways the car was a miniature version, scaled down with the characteristic simplicity of Lord Austin's products.

World War II

On the outbreak of World War II the factory was mobilised again. The manufacturing of cars was largely abandoned and the machines were turned to the production of armour-piercing ammunition for the QF 2-pounder, QF 6-pounder and QF 17-pounder anti-tank guns, steel boxes, jerricans, mines, depth charges and helmets.

Longbridge also produced parts for tanks, while aircraft were produced at the Austin Aero shadow factory at nearby Cofton Hackett. Fairey Battle light bombers, Mercury and Pegasus aero engines were produced, along with the Short Stirling four-engined heavy bomber and Hawker Hurricane fighter. Nearly 3,000 aircraft were built, along with 36,000 suspension units.

Bren guns and mortars were manufactured in West Works, in the area later known as West 4 Upper.

Trentham buildings, Number 2 paint shop, was still referred to as the Beaufighter line by some people during the 1970s.

The building known as the Flight Shed in Cofton Lane was where the airframes received their final quality check and wings were fitted to Hurricane fighters. Lancaster wings were fitted as the aircraft left the shed. Hurricanes were lifted up the raised airfield on a motorised skid. The skids were still there at the rear of the Flight Shed during the 1980s. Lancaster bombers were transported by road to RAF Elmdon for flight testing.

Having such a concentration of wartime production meant that the area was a prime target for bombers. Erdington was made famous for being the first part of England to be bombed by the Germans, who had presumably been trying to hit Longbridge.

After the war

Photo taken at Longbridge in 1948
Austin A40 Sports, ca 1951, final assembly at Longbridge with bodies manufactured at West Bromwich by Jensen Motors

After the war, Leonard Lord took over as chairman. He laid plans for a rapid expansion, new models, and overseas marketing. In June 1946, the millionth Austin was produced. It was painted in a matt cream and signed by the Chairman and the work-people at a special celebration.

Austin collaborated with Jensen Motors to manufacture the Austin A40 Sports, an aluminium bodied four passenger convertible — with bodies manufactured by Jensen at their West Bromwich plant and transferred to Longbridge for final assembly. Later Austin collaborated with the Donald Healey Motor Company on the Healey 100.

In 1952 Austin was amalgamated with Morris Motors LImited and became BMC.

Harold Wilson's industrial planners arranged for BMC to be amalgamated into British Leyland in 1968.

Nationalisation

See also: British Leyland

The British Leyland company ran into financial difficulties and was refinanced by the government in 1975. The government thus became the dominant shareholder, but unlike most nationalised industries, British Leyland (later called BL) remained a public company.

Derek Robinson, or "Red Robbo" as he was dubbed by the media, became synonymous with the strikes that crippled production at the Longbridge plant in Birmingham in the 1970s. Between 1978 and 1979, the then government-owned British Leyland attributed 523 disputes to Robinson, the factory convenor at Longbridge. However, Robinson's responsibility for these incidents, most of which were brief stoppages led by individual shop stewards, has been overstated.[16] He was eventually sacked amid intense press attacks. Many of the votes for strikes were cast in Cofton Park opposite Q-Gate.

Expansion work at Longbridge was completed in 1979 to allow a new assembly line for the forthcoming new supermini car, which was launched in 1980 as the Austin Metro. The Metro was in production virtually unchanged for 10 years, becoming one of the most popular cars ever to be produced at the plant. The major part of the expansion was the erection of "New West Works" where the body shells were assembled, with extensive robotic input - a first for British Leyland. The shells were then carried on an enclosed conveyor over the Bristol Road to the Car Assembly Buildings (CAB) in South Works, where the cars were assembled and tested. This arrangement endured until car production at Longbridge ceased in 2005. Indeed, the overhead conveyor bridge was one of the first features to go when demolition of the plant began.

Privatisation and subsequent liquidation

See also: Rover Group and MG Rover
Offices at the plant.
The 'Learning Centre'.

By the 1980s BL had been severely rationalised, and many businesses and other factories within its empire had either been closed or sold off. It had also entered into a collaborative deal with the Japanese firm Honda, which gave BL a new lease of life and Honda entry into the UK market.

The Austin Metro, which had been launched in 1980 and ran until 1990 when it was relaunched as an updated model under the Rover marque, was easily the most successful product to be produced at Longbridge in the final quarter of the 20th century.

In 1988 the Longbridge plant, along with the rest of Austin Rover, was sold to British Aerospace, who renamed it as the Rover Group in 1989.

1989 saw the launch of a new Longbridge-built model, the second generation Rover 200 (the original version had been launched in 1984). The 200 Series was sold as a hatchback, coupe and cabriolet, and also formed the basis of the Rover 400 saloon and estate. It was consistently one of the most popular small family cars in Britain throughout its production life, and remained a common sight on British roads for well over a decade after its demise. The 200 and 400 were replaced by all-new models in 1995, this time being completely separate model ranges, with the new Rover 400 being derived from the Honda Civic.

In 1994 BMW, fearful of their small size in a progressively globalised car market, bought Rover Group and the Longbridge plant passed into the hands of BMW. However, continuing heavy losses alarmed BMW shareholders and in 2000 Rover Cars and the Longbridge factory were sold to the Phoenix Consortium, who renamed it MG Rover Group, in a management buyout for the token sum of £10.

At the time many financial commentators claimed that the plant was not modern enough and that the company would surely run out of money within a few years. In April 2005, this happened; the Phoenix Consortium put the MG Rover group into administration, leaving more than 6,000 workers without jobs. Another factor in MG Rover's meltdown was the fact that it had not launched an all-new model since the Rover 75 more than six years earlier. In contrast, the likes of Ford and Vauxhall, and indeed most other Western European mass market carmakers, had replaced most if not all of their model ranges since the late 1990s.

Nanjing and SAIC ownership

Longbridge gates in 2006.

The Chinese automobile company Nanjing acquired the remaining assets of MG Rover, including the lease to the Longbridge plant, three months after it went into receivership. In August 2008 MG TF production restarted, some three years after the collapse of MG Rover, using only part of the old Austin Works, Austin's original South Works. Most of the rest has been demolished and is to be redeveloped for housing and industry, with a new local centre, south of Longbridge Lane.

MG Motor UK HQ - SAIC UK Technical & Design Centre.

The current production facilities at Longbridge have the capacity for employing not more than approximately 1,000 workers. More than half the factory site has been sold off and cleared, and the land restored to provide land for homes and businesses with a target of creating 10,000 jobs and 1450 homes.[17]

NAC (Nanjing Automotive Corporation) was acquired by Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) during late 2007 into 2008, resulting in the Longbridge site coming under the ownership of SAIC. The UK engineering function known as SMTC (SAIC Motor Technical Centre) UK was moved from its site in Leamington into the Longbridge during 2008. In 2010 the SMTC UK Technical Centre was unveiled showing the engineering areas and styling studio.[18]

During this time the engineers at Longbridge have worked on the MG 6 which is based on the Roewe 550 to make it ready for UK launch. MG Motors was created as the UK manufacturing company for SAIC and in April 2011 began manufacturing the MG 6 from semi-knocked-down (SKD) kits that come from the SAIC Lingang Plant China. The cars arrive from China, essentially complete, requiring only the fitting of engine and front suspension, nose trim and wheels at Longbridge which no longer has functional body welding/assembly or paint shops. Production of the MG TF was discontinued around this time; a mere 906 having been built at Longbridge since production restarted almost three years previously.[19] Production of the MG 3 super mini began at Longbridge in 2012, and by 2014 there were some 400 people working there, up from just over 200 people who were there when production restarted.[20]

The new MG GS SUV is due to be launched in May 2016, and body kits are arriving in a ready made format. The rear suspension as found on the VW Tiguan will be fitted in Longbridge as well as the engine and UK spec dashboard. Any factory extras such as HID headlights, will also be stored and fitted at the Longbridge plant. Various parts of the 4x4 system, including parts to the rear axle, will also be fitted in the UK. This is expected to be minor due to 4X4 demand expected for this vehicle.

On 23rd September 2016 MG announced that all car production had ceased at Longbridge and henceforth MG vehicles would be imported into the UK.

Shortly before MG Rover went into administration in 2005, The Chemical Brothers' video for their single Believe contained scenes filmed inside the Longbridge factory.[21]

Also, images from the Longbridge production line and from the Mini were used to introduce the United Kingdom's entry in the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest hosted at the city of Birmingham.[22]

There are constant references to the Longbridge plant – where some characters work – in the novel The Rotters' Club and its sequel The Closed Circle by Jonathan Coe.

Notes

  1. 1 2 Gammell, Caroline (13 April 2011). "First new MG for 16 years rolls off Birmingham production line". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  2. ↑ "Motoring Editor Ed Stephens test drives the new MG6". Birmingham Post. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  3. ↑ "Longbridge mass car production resumes with MG6". BBC News. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  4. ↑ "The Chinese MG: Made in Britain, but with parts shipped from East". London: Daily Mail. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  5. ↑ British Leyland
  6. ↑ "The politics of building cars". BBC News. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  7. ↑ "MG Rover link with £66m Bournville College". BBC News. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Longbridge plant". Austin Memories. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  9. 1 2 3 Motor-Cars, Cycles, And Tires. The Times, Wednesday, Oct 02, 1912; pg. 44; Issue 40019
  10. 1 2 Roy Church, ‘Austin, Herbert, Baron Austin (1866–1941)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  11. 1 2 Lambert, Chapter 6: The Austin Motor Company is formed
  12. ↑ "A Brief History of Austin and Longbridge: The Early Years". Birmingham City Council. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  13. 1 2 The Austin Motor Company (1914) Limited. The Times, Monday, Feb 09, 1914; pg. 13; Issue 40442.
  14. ↑ Sharratt, Barney (2000). Men and Motors of 'The Austin'. Haynes. ISBN 1 85960 671 7.
  15. ↑ The Austin Motor Company, Limited. The Times, Monday, Jan 26, 1920; pg. 18; Issue 42317
  16. ↑ Henderson, Frank (2009). Life on the track. Bookmarks. ISBN 1905192460.
  17. ↑ Longbridge Area Action Plan, adopted by Birmingham City Council and Bromsgrove District Council in April 2009
  18. ↑ "New £5m MG design studio unveiled at Longbridge site". BBC News. 15 June 2010.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_IkUysQASQ
  22. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzhTFL9gZ0s

References

Coordinates: 52°23′28″N 1°59′18″W / 52.39102°N 1.98820°W / 52.39102; -1.98820

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