Fairey Battle

Battle
Fairey Battle trainer
Role Light bomber
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Fairey Aviation Company
Designer Marcel Lobelle
First flight 10 March 1936
Introduction June 1937
Retired 1949
Status 5 remain in museums
Primary users Royal Air Force
Belgian Air Force
Royal Australian Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force
Free Polish Air Force
Produced 1937–1940
Number built 2,185


The Fairey Battle was a British single-engine light bomber designed and manufactured by the Fairey Aviation Company. It was developed during the mid-1930s for the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a monoplane successor to the earlier Hawker Hart and Hind biplanes. The Battle was powered by the same Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engine that provided various contemporary British fighters[N 1] high performance; however, the Battle was weighed down with a three-man crew and a bomb load. Despite being a great improvement on the aircraft that preceded it, by the time it saw action, the Battle was relatively slow, limited in terms of range and was quickly found to be highly vulnerable to both anti-aircraft fire and hostile fighters, possessing only two defensive .303 in machine guns.[1]

The Fairey Battle participated in direct combat missions during early stages of the Second World War. During the "Phoney War", the type achieved the distinction of attaining the first aerial victory of an RAF aircraft in the conflict. However, by May 1940, the Battle had suffered heavy losses, frequently in excess of 50 per cent of sortied aircraft per mission. By the end of 1940, the type had been entirely withdrawn from active combat service, instead being mainly relegated to use by training units overseas. For an aircraft which had been viewed to possess a high level of pre-war promise, the Battle quickly became one of the most disappointing aircraft in RAF service.[1]

Development

Origins

In April 1933, the British Air Ministry issued Specification P.27/32 which sought a two-seat single-engine monoplane day bomber to replace the Hawker Hart and Hind biplane bombers then in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF).[2] A requirement of the prospective aircraft was to be capable of carrying 1,000lb of bombs over a distance of 1,000 miles while flying at a speed of 200 MPH.[2] According to aviation author Tony Buttler, during the early 1930s, Britain had principally envisioned that any future war would see France as its enemy and thus the distance to enable the bomber to reach Paris was a factor in determining the necessary range that was sought.[3] According to aerospace publication Air International, a key motivational factor in the Air Ministry's development of Specification P.27/32 had been for the corresponding aircraft to act as an insurance policy in the event that heavier bombers were banned by the 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference.[4]

The Fairey Aviation Company were keen to produce a design to meet the demands of Specification P.27/32 and commenced work upon such a design.[2] The Belgian aeronautical engineer Marcel Lobelle served as the aircraft's principal designer. One of the early decisions made by Lobelle on the project was the use of the newly developed Rolls-Royce Merlin I engine, which had been selected due to its favourable power and compact frontal area.[2] The Merlin engine was quickly paired to a de Havilland Propellers-built three-bladed variable-pitch propeller unit. The choice of engine enabled the designing of the aircraft to possess exceptionally clean lines and a subsequently generous speed performance.[2] The resulting design was an all-metal single-engine aircraft, which adopted a low-mounted cantilever monoplane wing and was equipped with a retractable tail wheel undercarriage.[5]

A total of four companies decided to formally respond to Specification P.27/32, these being the Fairey, Hawker Aircraft, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, and Bristol Aeroplane Company.[2] Of the submissions made, the Air Ministry selected Armstrong Whitworth and Fairey to produce prototypes to demonstrate their designs. On 10 March 1936, the first Fairey prototype, K4303, equipped with a Merlin I engine capable of generating 1,030 hp, performed its maiden flight at Hayes, Middlesex.[2][6] The prototype was promptly transferred to RAF Martlesham Heath, Woodbridge, Suffolk for service trials, during which it attained a maximum speed of 257 MPH and reportedly achieved a performance in advance of any contemporary day bomber.[2]

Even prior to the first flight of the prototype, some members of the Air Staff had concluded that both the specified range and bomb load, to which the aircraft had been designed to, were insufficient to enable its viable use in a prospective conflict with a re-emergent Germany.[2] Despite these performance concerns, there was also considerable pressure for the Battle to be rapidly placed into mass production in order that it could contribute to a wider increase of the RAF's frontline combat aircraft strength in line with similar strides being made during the 1930s by the German Luftwaffe. As such, the initial production order placed for the type, for the manufacture of 155 aircraft built as per the requirements of Specification P.23/35, which had received the name Battle, had been issued in advance of the first flight of the prototype.[2]

Production

Mechanics of No. 226 Squadron RAF overhaul the engines of their Battles in a hangar at Reims, France

In 1936, further orders were placed for Fairey to built addition Battles to Specification P.14/36.[7] In June 1937, the first production Battle, K7558, conducted its maiden flight.[2] K7558 was later used to perform a series of official handling and performance trials in advance to the wider introduction of the type to operational service. During these trials, it demonstrated the Battle's ability to conduct missions of a 1,000 mile range while under a full bomb load.[2] The first 136 Fairey-built Battles were powered by the Merlin I; this was also the first order to be placed for the soon-popular Merlin engine.[2] By the end of 1937, 85 Battles had been completed and a number of RAF squadrons had been reequipped, or were otherwise in the process of re-equipping, with the type.[7]

As the RAF embarked on what became a substantial pre-war expansion programme, the Battle was promptly recognised as being a priority production target. Accordingly, there was at one point a total of 2,419 aircraft were on order for the service.[8][9] In June 1937, the first aircraft was completed at Hayes; however, all subsequent aircraft were manufactured at Fairey's newly completed factory at Heaton Chapel, Stockport.[5] Completed aircraft were promptly dispatched for testing at the company's facility adjacent to RAF Ringway, Manchester. A total of 1,156 aircraft were produced by Fairey.[8][9]

Subsequently, as part of government-led wartime production planning, a shadow factory operated by the Austin Motor Company at Cofton Hackett, Longbridge, also produced the type, manufacturing a total of 1,029 aircraft to Specification P.32/36. On 22 July 1938, the first Austin-built Battle, L4935, conducted its maiden flight.[10] At this point, concerns that the aircraft was obsolete had become widespread; however, due to the difficulties associated of getting other aircraft types into production and the labour setup having already been established and running, stop-gap orders were maintained and production continued at a steady rate through to late 1940.[10]

A further 16-to-18 were built under licence by Avions Fairey at Goselies, Belgium for service with the Belgian Air Force. The Belgian Battles were delivered early in 1938 and were differentiated from British-built examples by having a longer radiator cowling and a smoother camouflage finish.[8][9] Overall, total production of the Battle during its entire manufacturing life was 2,185 machines; in September 1940, all production activity came to a close and the final assembly lines were shuttered.[8][11]

A number of Battles which had been originally completed as bombers were later converted to serve in different roles, such as target tugs and trainer aircraft.[9]

Design

Ground crew unloading 250-lb GP bombs in front of a Battle, circa 1939-1940

The Fairey Battle was a single-engine monoplane light bomber, powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. Production aircraft were progressively powered by various models of the Merlin engine, such as the Merlin I, II, III and V.[12] The Battle had a relatively clean design, having adopted a slim oval-shaped fuselage which was manufactured in two separate sections.[2] The forward section, in front of the cockpit, relied mainly upon a steel tubular structure to support the weight of the nose-mounted engine; the rear section was of a metal monocoque structure comprised hoop frames and Z-section stringers which was built on jigs.[13] The structure of the aircraft involved several innovations and firsts for Fairey, it had the distinction of being the company's first low-wing monoplane; it also was the first implementation of a light-alloy stressed-skin construction to be produced by the firm.[2]

The wing of the Battle used a two-part construction, the center section being integral with the fuselage.[14] The internal structure of the wings relied upon steel spars which varied in dimension towards the wing tips; the ailerons, elevators, and rudder all were metal-framed with fabric coverings, while the split trailing edge flaps were entirely composed of metal.[14]

The Battle was furnished with a single cockpit to accommodate a crew of three, these typically being a pilot, observer/navigator and radio operator/air gunner.[14] The pilot and gunner were seated in a tandem arrangement in the cockpit, the pilot being located in the forwards position while the gunner was in the rear position where he could use the fixed .303 Browning machine gun; provisions for an alternative Vickers K machine gun were also present. The observers position, who served as the bomb aimer, was situated directly beneath the pilot's seat; sighting was performed in the prone position through a sliding panel in the floor of the fuselage using the Mk. VII Course Setting Bomb Sight.[14] Complete with a continuous glazed canopy, the cockpit of the Battle had several similarities to that of a large fighter rather than a bomber.[15]

Ground crew pushing a Battle on the ground

The armament and crew of the aircraft were similar to the Bristol Blenheim bomber: three crew, 1,000 lbs bombload and two machine guns, although the Battle was a single-engine bomber with less horsepower available.[16] The Battle had a standard payload of four 250 lb (110 kg) bombs which was carried in cells contained within the internal space of the wings; an additional 500 lb (230 kg) of bombs could be carried on underwing racks.[16] The bombs were mounted on hydraulic jacks and were normally released via purpose-built trap doors; during a dive bombing attack profile, they were instead lowered below the surface of the wing.[14]

The Battle was a robust aircraft which was frequently described as being easy to fly, even for relatively inexperienced pilots.[17] The pilot was provided with overall good external visibility and the cockpit was considered to be roomy and comfortable for the era; however, the task of simultaneously deploying the flaps and the retractable undercarriage, which included a safety catch, has been highlighted as posing considerable complication.[17] Climate control within the cockpit was also reportedly a less-than-desirable state of affairs.[7]

By the time that the Battle was entering service in 1937, the Battle had already been rendered obsolete by the rapid advances in aircraft technology were being made at the time. Specifically, the performance and capabilities of fighter aircraft had increased to outstrip the modest performance gains that the light bomber had achieved over its biplane antecedents.[18] In terms of a self defence capability, the Battle had been armed only with a single Browning machine gun and a trainable Vickers K in the rear position; in service, these proved to be desperately inadequate.[5] Moreover, it lacked other common defensive features of the era, such as an armoured cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks.[19]

Operational history

Introduction

A Fairey Battle, K7650/63-M, of No. 63 Squadron, RAF Benson, November 1939. No. 63 was the first operational squadron to be equipped with the type
RAF No. 218 Squadron Fairey Battles over France, circa 1940

In June 1937, No. 63 Squadron, based at RAF Upwood, Cambridgeshire, became the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Fairey Battle.[20] On 20 May 1937, the delivery of the first Battle to No. 63 occurred; following further deliveries, the squadron was initially assigned to perform development trials. The type holds the distinction of being the first operational aircraft powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine to enter service, beating the debut of the Hawker Hurricane fighter by a matter of months.

By May 1939, there were a total of 17 RAF squadrons that had been equipped with the Battle. While many of these were frontline combat squadrons, some, under the No. 2 Group, were assigned to a non-mobilising training role; on the eve of the outbreak of war, these squadrons were re-assigned to operate under No. 6 Training Group or alternatively served as reserve squadrons.[10]

Wartime bomber service

The Battle was obsolete by the start of the Second World War, but remained a front-line RAF bomber owing to a lack of a suitable replacement. On 2 September 1939, during the "Phoney War", 10 Battle squadrons were deployed to pre-selected airfields France to form a portion of the vanguard of the British Advanced Air Striking Force, which was independent of the similarly-tasked Army-led British Expeditionary Force.[10] Once the Battles arrived, the aircraft were dispersed and efforts were made to camouflage or otherwise obscure their presence; the envisioned purpose of their deployment had been that, in the event of German commencement of bombing attacks, the Battles based in France could launch retaliatory raids upon Germany, specifically in the Ruhr valley region, and would benefit from their closer range than otherwise possible from the British mainland.[21]

Initial wartime missions were to perform aerial reconnaissance of the Siegfried Line during daylight, resulting in occasional skirmishes and losses.[22] On 20 September 1939, a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 was shot down by Battle gunner Sgt. F. Letchard during a patrol near Aachen; this occasion is recognised as being the RAF's first aerial victory of the war.[23][22] Nonetheless, the Battle was hopelessly outclassed by Luftwaffe fighters, being almost 100 mph (160 km/h) slower than the contemporary Bf 109 at 14,000 ft (4,300 m). That same day, three Battles were engaged by German fighters, resulting in two Battles being lost.[22]

During the winter of 1939-1940, the Advanced Air Striking Force underwent restructuring; some of the Battle-equipped squadrons were returned to the UK while their place was taken by Bristol Blenheim-equipped squadrons instead.[22] The activities of the Advanced Air Striking Force were principally restricted to training exercises during this time.[22]

Upon the commencement of the Battle of France in May 1940, Battles were called upon to perform unescorted, low-level tactical attacks against the advancing German army; this use of the type placed the aircraft at risk of attack from Luftwaffe fighters and within easy range of light anti-aircraft guns.[22] In the first of two sorties carried out by Battles on 10 May 1940, three out of eight aircraft were lost, while a further 10 out of 24 were shot down in the second sortie, giving a total of 13 lost in that day's attacks, with the remainder suffering damage. Despite bombing from as low as 250 ft (76 m), their attacks were recorded as having had little impact on the German columns.[24] During the following day, nine Belgian Air Force Battles attacked bridges over the Albert Canal on the River Meuse, losing six aircraft,[25][9] and in another RAF sortie that day against a German column, only one Battle out of eight survived.[26]

The air gunner of a Battle mans the aircraft's defensive weapon, a single pintle-mounted rapid firing Vickers K machine gun, France, 1940
The bomb aimer position in the Battle was in the aircraft's floor. Note the CSBS Mk. VII equipment

On 12 May, a formation of five Battles of 12 Squadron attacked two road bridges over the Albert Canal; four of these aircraft were destroyed while the final aircraft crash-landing upon its return to its base.[27][28] Two Victoria Crosses were awarded posthumously for the action, to Flying Officer Donald Garland and air observer/navigator sergeant Thomas Gray of Battle serial P2204 coded PH-K, for pressing home the attack in spite of the heavy defensive fire.[29] The third crew member, rear gunner Leading Aircraftsman Lawrence Reynolds, did not share the award. Both fighters and flak had proved lethal for the Battles. Although Garland's Battle managed to destroy one span of the bridge,[30] the German army quickly erected a pontoon bridge to replace it.

Wreckage of a Battle shot down by the Wehrmacht, France, May 1940

On 14 May 1940, in a desperate attempt to stop German forces crossing the Meuse, the Advanced Air Striking Force launched an "all-out" attack by all available bombers against the German bridgehead and pontoon bridges at Sedan. The light bombers were attacked by swarms of opposing fighters and were devastated. Out of a strike force of 63 Battles and eight Bristol Blenheims, 40 (including 35 Battles) were lost.[31][32] After these abortive raids, the Battle was switched to mainly night attacks, resulting in much lower losses.[33]

A similar situation befell the German Luftwaffe during the early days of the Battle of Britain, when the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber suffered equivalent losses in a similar role. With the exception of a few successful twin-engine designs such as the de Havilland Mosquito, Bristol Beaufighter and Douglas A-20, low-level attack missions passed into the hands of single-engine, fighter-bomber aircraft, such as the Hawker Hurricane, Hawker Typhoon and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt.

On 15 June 1940, the last remaining aircraft of the Advanced Air Striking Force returned to Britain. In six weeks almost 200 Battles had been lost, with 99 lost between 10 and 16 May.[34] After the return from France, for a short period of time, the RAF continued to rely on the light bomber. Reforming No. 1 Group and later equipping four new Polish squadrons with the type, it continued to be deployed in operations against shipping massed in the Channel ports for Operation Sealion. Their last combat sortie was mounted on the night of 15/16 October 1940 by No. 301 (Polish) Squadron in a raid on Boulogne, and Nos 12 and 142 Squadrons bombing Calais. Shortly afterwards Battle squadrons of No. 1 Group were re-equipped with Vickers Wellington medium bombers.[35] Battles were operated into 1941 by 88 and 226 Squadrons in Northern Ireland and 98 Squadron in Iceland, for coastal patrol work.[36]

Meanwhile, the South African Air Force had been supplied with some Battles. In August 1940, No. 11 Squadron took possession of at least four, which were flown north to be operated in the Italian East Africa (Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea) campaign. They conducted bombing and reconnaissance operations. Whereas in France the RAF's Battles had encountered modern German fighters in large numbers, the South Africans faced a smaller number of Italian biplane fighters (Fiat CR.32 and CR.42s), which enabled the aircrews to contribute more effectively to the campaign; but not without several losses, especially when surprised above some predictable targets (air bases, ports etc.), since Italian biplanes dived as fast as possible over the bombers, trying to shoot them down in the first pass.[37][38]

The last combat operations carried out by Fairey Battles were during the Italian and German invasion of Greece, from the end of 1940 until April 1941. A few Fairey Battles of the RAF and about a dozen belonging to the RHAF – serial numbers starting from B274 – participated in secondary bombing roles against enemy infantry. Most of them were destroyed on the ground by Luftwaffe air attacks on the airfields of Tanagra and Tatoi north of Athens between end of March and mid April 1941. No significant contribution of this type was reported during this period, although some hits were recorded by the Greek Air Force.

Prior to the Second World War, in spring 1939, the Polish government had placed an order for 100 Battle bombers, but none of these had not been delivered before the outbreak of war. The first 22 aircraft were sent in early September 1939 on two ships to Constanta in Romania, to be received there by the Polish crews, but the ships were ordered back while in Istanbul, due to the inevitable fall of Poland. They were next offered to Turkey.[39]

Some sources state that the Fairey Battle was licence-produced in Denmark for the Danish Air Force before the German invasion in 1940, but no such plane is known to have been completed.[40]

Trainer role

While found to be inadequate as a bomber aircraft in the Second World War, the Fairey Battle found a new niche in its later service life. As the Fairey Battle T, for which it was furnished with a dual-cockpit arrangement in place of the standard long canopy, the type served as a trainer aircraft. The Battle T was equipped with dual-controls in the cockpit and optionally featured a Bristol-built Type I gun turret when employed as a bombing/gunnery training.[41][42] As the winch-equipped Fairey Battle TT target tug, it was used as a target-towing aircraft to support airborne gunnery training exercises. Furthermore, Battles were not only used in this role by the RAF, several overseas operators opted to acquire the type as a training platform.[43]

In August 1939, the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) received its first batch of eight Battles at RCAF Station Borden, Ontario, Canada.[41] A total of 802 Battles were eventually delivered from England, serving in various roles and configurations, including dual-control trainers, target-tugs, and gunnery trainers for both the Bombing and Gunnery schools of the Commonwealth Air Training Plan.[42] Canadian use of the Battle declined as more advanced aircraft, such as the Bristol Bolingbroke and North American Harvard, were introduced; the type remained in RCAF service until shortly after the end of hostilities in 1945.[41]

The Battle served as a trainer with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), which allocated it the prefix A22.[44] On 30 April 1040, the first four RAAF Battles were delivered to No. 1 Aircraft Depot; on 29 June 1940, the first assembled aircraft, P5239, conducted its first flight. Deliveries occurred at a steady pace until the last Battle was received on 7 December 1943.[45] These aircraft were a mix of bomber, target tug, and dual-control trainer variants; they were mainly used by Bombing and Gunnery schools until 1945; the last aircraft were phased out in 1949.[45]

Following an initial evaluation using a handful of aircraft, the South African Air Force (SAAF) purchased a number of Battles; operated in the Western Desert and East Africa, SAAF Battles were used into early 1942.[29] Battles were also sold to the Turkish Air Force, who were reportedly pleased by the type's maneuverability.[43] The type remained in RAF service in secondary roles until 1949.

Engine testbed

Technicians performing work upon the engine of a Battle, circa 1939-1940

While the Battle was no longer viable as a frontline combat aircraft, its benign handling characteristics meant that it was an ideal platform for testing engines, and it was used in this rôle to evaluate engines up to 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) including the Rolls-Royce Exe, Fairey Prince (H-16) and Napier Dagger.[45] These trials were often conducted to support the development of other aircraft, such as the Fairey Spearfish, as well as the suitability of the individual engines.[45]

As part of a study of potential alternative engines in the event of supply interruptions of the Merlin engine, which normally powered the type, be encountered, a single Canadian Battle, R7439, was re-engined by Fairchild Aircraft with a Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engine. R7439 was the sole aircraft to be equipped with this powerplant.[41]

In 1939, one Battle, K9370, underwent extensive modifications in order to test the Fairey Monarch 2,000+ hp (1,490+ kW) engine; in addition to the engine itself, K9370 was furnished with electrically-controlled three-bladed contra-rotating propellers and a large ventral radiator.[45] According to Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1946–47, the aircraft was shipped to the U.S.A. after 86 hours test time in December 1941. Testing continued for a time at Wright Airfield, Liberty County, Georgia.[45]

Two aircraft, K9270 and L5286, acted as flying testbeds for the Napier Sabre engine.[45] Modifications included the adoption of a fixed undercarriage, large ventral radiator, and an auxiliary intake. The two Sabre-equipped Battles accumulated roughly 700 flight hours.[45]

Variants

Fairey Day Bomber
Prototype (K4303).
Battle Mk I
Three-seat light bomber version. This was the first production version, which was powered by a 1,030 hp (770 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin I inline piston engine.
Battle Mk II
Three-seat light bomber version. Powered by a 1,030 hp (770 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin II inline piston engine.
Battle Mk V
Three-seat light bomber version. Powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin V inline piston engine.
Battle T
After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft.
Battle IT
After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft with a turret installed in the rear.
Battle IIT
In October 1940, a sole RCAF Battle Mk I was converted into a prototype for a future series, powered by an 840 hp Wright Cyclone R-1820-G38. The Battle IIT was conceived as a stopgap conversion in the likelihood that supplies of RR Merlins were unavailable.[46]
Battle TT
After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into target tug aircraft; 100 built.
Battle TT.Mk I
Target tug version. This was the last production version; 226 built.

Operators

A Battle, K9204, of No. 142 Squadron, in a camouflaged 'hide' at Berry-au-Bac, France
Multiple Battles during construction

In addition to the units listed, a many Battles were operated by training schools, particularly for bombing and gunnery training.

 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 India
 Ireland
 Greece
 Poland
 South Africa
 Turkey
 United Kingdom

Accidents and incidents

On 2 August 1940, Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, a racing motorist, aviator and prolific collector of veteran cars and aircraft was killed when Fairey Battle L4971 of No. 12 Operational Training Unit RAF Benson crashed into a hill during a solo night flying exercise.[51]

On 23 September 1940,Fairey Battle K9480 on a training flight, crashed on to a house, killing the Polish pilot and five civilians from one family in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. [52] [53] [54] [55]

Surviving aircraft

Media related to Fairey Battle museum aircraft at Wikimedia Commons

Battle R3950 under restoration at the Royal Military Museum, Brussels, 2006.

Five examples of the Fairey Battle are held by various museums, none in flying condition.

Specifications (Mk.II)

Orthographic projection of the Battle
A class of Czech airmen receiving a practical lecture on the engine controls of a Battle
Officers of No. 103 Squadron lined up in front of a Battle at Betheniville, France

Data from Fairey Aircraft since 1915,[59] The Fairey Battle[9]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

External video
Compilation of period footage of Battles taking off and during flights
Video of a Fairey Battle under restoration
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire were powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin.

Citations

  1. 1 2 Ethell 1995, p. 177.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Moyes 1967, p. 3.
  3. ↑ Buttler 2004, p. 65.
  4. ↑ Air International March 1981, p. 127.
  5. 1 2 3 Orbis 1985, p. 1693.
  6. ↑ Mason 1994, p. 285.
  7. 1 2 3 Moyes 1967, p. 5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Moyes 1971, p. 120.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moyes 1967, p. 12.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Moyes 1967, p. 6.
  11. ↑ Matricardi 2006, p. 249.
  12. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 6, 12.
  13. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 3-4.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Moyes 1967, p. 4.
  15. ↑ "Fairey Battle – Designed for Mass Production." Flight , 19 August 1937, pp. 189–192.
  16. 1 2 Air International March 1981, p. 128.
  17. 1 2 Moyes 1967, pp. 4-5.
  18. ↑ Taylor 1969, p. 358.
  19. ↑ Boyne 1994, p. 52.
  20. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 5-6.
  21. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 6-7.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moyes 1967, p. 7.
  23. ↑ "RAF Timeline 1939." Royal Air Force. Retrieved: 24 July 2008.
  24. ↑ Richards 1953, pp. 113–114.
  25. ↑ Garcia 2001, pp. 67—68.
  26. ↑ Richards 1953, p. 115.
  27. ↑ Richards 1995, pp. 59–60.
  28. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 7-8.
  29. 1 2 Moyes 1967, p. 8.
  30. ↑ Richards 1953, pp. 116–118.
  31. ↑ Richards 1953, p. 120.
  32. ↑ March 1998, p. 105.
  33. ↑ Richards 1995, p. 61.
  34. ↑ Gifford 2004, p. 24.
  35. ↑ Moyes 1971, p. 115.
  36. ↑ Moyes 1968, p. 79.
  37. ↑ Gustavsson, Håkan (2007), "Sergente Maggiore Athos Tieghi", Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War, Håkan Gustafson, retrieved 20 August 2011
  38. ↑ Gustavsson, Håkan."Capitano Ugo Drago." Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War (surfcity.kund.dalnet) 2007. retrieved: 20 August 2011.
  39. ↑ Morgała, Andrzej (2003): Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1924–1939 (Military Aircraft in Poland 1924–1939). Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09319-9, p.319 (in Polish)
  40. ↑ Morten Hein, Danish military aviation in relation to the Second World War, Rathbone Museum, retrieved 2 August 2014
  41. 1 2 3 4 Moyes 1967, p. 9.
  42. 1 2 3 Molson et al. 1988, p. 149.
  43. 1 2 Moyes 1967, pp. 8-9.
  44. ↑ Moyes 1967, pp. 9-10.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Moyes 1967, p. 10.
  46. ↑ Willis 2009, p. 60.
  47. ↑ "A22 Fairey Battle". RAAF Museum Point Cook. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  48. ↑ ADF-Serials RAAF A22 Fairey Battle
  49. 1 2 Harrison Aeroplane June 2016, p. 98.
  50. ↑ Harrison Aeroplane June 2016, p. 99.
  51. ↑ "The History of Shuttleworth." Shuttleworth Collection. Retrieved: 20 August 2011.
  52. ↑ "Photograph of house hit by Fairey Battle K9480". Picture the Past. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  53. ↑ "Our Lucky Escape". WW2 People's War. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  54. ↑ "Fairey Battle K9840". Midlands Air Crash Research. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  55. ↑ "Memory of Polish airman is kept alive". Hucknall and Bulwell Dispatch. Johnson Press. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  56. ↑ Giltay, Pascal. "Fairey Battle R3950 Project." Brussels Air Museum Fund. Retrieved: 25 March 2010.
  57. ↑ Miller, Catherine. "Glacier reveals 60-year secrets." BBC News, 11 August 2001. Retrieved: 17 July 2009.
  58. ↑ "Restoration of Fairey Battle." South Australian Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 28 March 2010.
  59. ↑ Taylor 1974, p. 283.

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