Loongson

Loongson
Marketed by Loongson Technology, Jiangsu Lemote Tech Co., Ltd, Dawning Information Industry, and others
Designed by Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Lemote Tech Co., Ltd
Common manufacturer(s)
Max. CPU clock rate 200 MHz to 1.5 GHz
Min. feature size 180 nm to 28 nm
Instruction set MIPS64

Loongson (simplified Chinese: 龙芯; traditional Chinese: 龍芯; pinyin: Lóngxīn; literally: "Dragon Core")[1] is a family of general-purpose MIPS64 CPUs developed at the Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in China. The chief architect is Professor Hu Weiwu. It was formerly called Godson.

Loongson is the result of a public–private partnership. BLX IC Design Corporation was founded in 2002 by ICT and Jiangsu Zhongyi Group. Based in Beijing, BLX focuses on designing the 64-bit Loongson general-purpose and embedded processors, together with developing software tools and reference platforms.

STMicroelectronics fabricates and markets Loongson chips for BLX, which is fabless.

MIPS patent issues

The current Loongson instruction set is a MIPS64, but the internal microarchitecture is independently developed by ICT. Early implementations of the family lacked four instructions patented by MIPS Technologies to avoid legal issues.[2][3]

In 2007, a deal was reached by MIPS Technologies and ICT. STMicroelectronics bought a MIPS license for Loongson, and thus the processor can be promoted as MIPS-based or MIPS-compatible instead of MIPS-like.[4][5][6]

In June 2009, ICT licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures directly from MIPS Technologies.[7]

In August 2011, Loongson Technology Corp. Ltd. licensed the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures from MIPS Technologies, Inc. for continued development of MIPS-based Loongson CPU cores.[8][9]

Architecture revisions

Loongson 1

The first revision of the Loongson architecture, the Loongson1 (Godson-232 core) is a pure 32-bit CPU running at a clock speed of 266 MHz. It is fabricated with 0.18 micron CMOS process, has 8 KB of data cache, 8 KB of instruction cache and a 64-bit floating-point unit, capable of 200 double-precision MFLOPS.[10] It is intended for embedded applications, such as point of sale (POS) systems, where a high performance 64-bit architecture is not needed.

Loongson 2

The Loongson 2 adds 64-bit ability to the Loongson architecture. Initially running at 500 MHz, later revisions to Godson 2E were produced that run up to 1 GHz. The Godson 2F, released to market in early 2008, ran at 1.2 GHz.

Loongson 2E

Loongson 2E

Loongson 2F


Godson-2G

Godson-2H

Loongson 3

The 65 nm Loongson 3 (Godson-3) is able to run at a clock speed near 1 GHz, with 4 CPU cores (~15 W) first and 8 cores later (40 W). In April 2010, Loongson 3A was released with DDR2/3 DRAM support.

Loongson 3B

Loongson-3B

There are two versions of the Loongson-3B (Godson-3B), the first[11] featuring a 32 nm 6-core processor, and the second version[12] having a 28 nm 8-core processor. Each version can be clocked from 1.2 GHz to 1.5 GHz. Loongson-3B has exceptional energy efficiency in terms of performance per watt - executing 192 GFLOPS using 40 watts. Each CPU core has 64 KB L1 cache and 128 KB L2 cache. All the cores share a common 8 MB L3 cache, which helps to reduce the cache miss rate.

Loongson-3B desktop Mini-ITX board

Recently, ICT has launched a Loongson-3B-based six-core desktop solution. Technical specifications:

This desktop solution uses an optimized version of Fedora 13, with a lot of software ported and available, such as Kingsoft (WPS) office suite. The manufacturer states that the user experience of the desktop solution has been significantly improved over its Loongson-3A based predecessor. Results of a benchmark test, conducted in April 2014, are available[13]

Hardware-assisted x86 emulation

The Loongson 3 adds over 200 new instructions over Loongson 2. Their addition has the specific benefit of speeding up Intel x86 CPU emulation at a cost of 5% of the total die area. The new instructions help with emulation performance, for example QEMU (the only known example). The new instructions reduce the impact of executing x86/CISC-style instructions in the MIPS pipeline. With added improvements in QEMU from ICT, Loongson-3 achieves an average of 70% the performance of executing native binaries when running x86 binaries from nine benchmarks.[14]

Supported software

Unlike processors from Intel, Advanced Micro Devices or VIA Technologies, Loongson does not directly support the x86 instruction set. The processor's main operating system is Linux, while in theory any OS with MIPS support should also work. For example, Windows CE was ported to a Loongson-based system with minimal effort.[15] In 2010, Lemote ported an Android distribution to the Loongson platform.[16]

Many operating systems work on Loongson:[17]

Linux

BSD

Compiler support

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the main compiler for software development on the Loongson platform.[37][38]

ICT also ported Open64 to the Loongson II platform.[39]

User applications

Open source applications on Linux Platform can be ported with little effort. Most common open source applications (including OpenOffice.org, Mozilla Firefox, Pidgin, and MPlayer) and applications written for the Java platform are supported.[40] For .NET applications, an unofficial port of the Mono Common Language Runtime is available online.[41]

Godson microprocessor specifications

Name / Generation Model Frequency
[MHz]		 Architecture
version		 Year Cores Process
[nm]		 Transistors
[millions]		 Die size
[mm2]		 Power
[W]		 Voltage
[V]		 L1 Dcache
[k]		 L1 Icache
[k]		 L2 cache
[k]		 Performance
[ SPECCPU2000]
Godson-1 (embedded CPU) 1 266MIPS32200211804?1?88none19/25
1A 300MIPS322011?11302271.411616none
1B 266MIPS322011113013.328<0.588none
1C 300MIPS322013113011.128.3<0.51616none
Godson-2 (singleCore) 2B 250MIPS-III 64-bit20031180????3232none52/58
2C[42] 450MIPS-III 64-bit2004118013.541.5??6464none159/114
STLS2E 1000MIPS-III 64-bit2006190473671.26464512503/503
STLS2F 1200MIPS-III 64-bit2007190514351.26464512
L2G 900–1000MIPS64201016510060<41.1?64641024?
L2H? 1000MIPS64201116541.1?6464512?
Godson-3 (multiCore) L3A/L2GQ 1000MIPS642009+465425+174.5<151.164×464×44096568/788[43]
L3B 1050MIPS642011?865582.6?299.8?<50?64×8?64×8?4096?
L3B2000 1000MIPS642015440????64×4?64×4??762/1125
L3C? 1500+MIPS642012?1628685?20?????
Godson-T (manyCore) Godson-T[44] 1000MIPS32?6428?????32×6416×64256×16?
Name / Generation Model Frequency
[MHz]		 Architecture
version		 Year Cores Process
[nm]		 Transistors
[millions]		 Die size
[mm2]		 Power
[W]		 Voltage
[V]		 L1 Dcache
[k]		 L1 Icache
[k]		 L2 cache
[k]		 Performance
[ SPECCPU2000]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Loongson-based systems

Lemote FuLoong and YeeLoong with a Loongson 2F microprocessor
Lemote's Fulong MiniPC on top of a CD-ROM drive as reference

In March 2006, a €100 Loongson II computer design called Longmeng (Dragon Dream) was announced by Lemote.

In June 2006 at Computex'2006, YellowSheepRiver announced the Municator YSR-639,[45] a small form factor computer based on the 400 MHz Loongson 2.

Currently, Loongson boxes that come with a 667 MHz Godson 2E processor or an 800 MHz Godson 2F processor are sold in China at CNY 1599 (US$200) or CNY 1800 respectively without monitor, mouse, or keyboard.

As of July 2008, two manufacturers have announced Loongson 2F products for sale outside China.

As of November 2008 the new 8.9" netbook from the Chinese manufacturer Lemote that replaced mengloong, Yeeloong (Portable Dragon),[50] running Debian, is available[51] in Europe from the Dutch company Tekmote Electronics.

Loongson 3A laptop

Loongson insiders[52] revealed a new model based on the Loongson 3A quad-core laptop has been developed and is expected to launch in August 2011. With a similar design to the MacBook Pro[53] from Apple Inc., it will carry a Linux operating system by default.

In September 2011, Lemote announced the Yeeloong-8133 13.3" laptop featuring 900 MHz, quad-core Loongson-3A/2GQ CPU.[54]

Supercomputers

On 26 December 2007, China revealed its first Loongson based supercomputer with performance 1 teraFLOPS of peak performance, and about 350 GFLOPS measured by LINPACK in Hefei, designated as KD-50-I.[55] This supercomputer was designed by a joint team led by Chen Guoliang at the computer science technology department of the University of Science and Technology of China and ICT (the secondary contractor). KD-50-I is the first Chinese built supercomputer to utilize domestic Chinese CPUs, with a total of more than 336 Loongson-2F CPUs, and nodes are interconnected by Ethernet. The size of the computer was roughly equivalent to a household refrigerator and the cost was less than RMB 800,000 (approximately USD 120,000, EUR 80,000).[56]

On 20 April 2010, USTC announced successful development of Loongson 3A based KD-60-1. The new supercomputer is a cluster of standard blade servers with a total of over 80 quad-core Loongson processors, providing theoretical peak performance of 1 TFLOPS and reduces power consumption by 56% compared to the KD-50-I system that has similar performance.[57]

On 26 December 2012, USTC announced successful development of Loongson 3B based KD-90-1. The new supercomputer is a cluster of standard blade servers with a total of over 10 octo-core Loongson processors, providing theoretical peak performance of 1 TFLOPS, and reduces power consumption by 62% compared to the KD-60 system that has similar performance.[58]

Dawning 6000

The high-performance Dawning 6000, which has a projected speed of over one quadrillion operations per second, will incorporate the Loongson processor as its core. Dawning 6000 is currently jointly developed by the Institute of Computing Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Dawning Information Industry Company. Li Guojie, chairman of Dawning Information Industry Company and director and academician of the Institute of Computing Technology, said research and development of the Dawning 6000 is expected to be completed in two years. By then, Chinese-made high-performance computers will be expected to achieve two major breakthroughs: first, the adoption of domestic-made central processing units (CPUs); second, the existing cluster-based system structure of high-performance computers will be changed once the computing speed reaches one quadrillion operations per second.

TopStar ATX

Topstar has also released a pair of Mini-ATX based motherboards, the TEB-6040M and TEB-5040.

Major events

Development of the first Loongson chip was started in 2001.

On 25 June 2008, Hu Weiwu (chief designer of Loongson processors) gave a keynote speech at ISCA 2008, held in Beijing. The topic of the speech was "Research and Development of Godson processors".[59]

2010 January, Jiangsu province plans to buy 1.5 million Loongson PCs.[60]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 龍芯處理器英文品牌定名Loongson
  2. ↑ China's Microprocessor Dilemma(subscription required)
  3. ↑ http://www.linleygroup.com/newsletters/newsletter_detail.php?num=4264
  4. ↑ MIPS Technologies Licenses MIPS64 Architecture to STMicroelectronics Archived 19 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ China’s Institute of Computing Technology and STMicroelectronics announce their cooperation on the Loongson processors Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ Godson-3 Emulates x86
  7. ↑ China’s Institute of Computing Technology Licenses Industry-Standard MIPS Architectures Archived 7 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Loongson Licenses MIPS32® and MIPS64® Architectures for Embedded and Computing Applications Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=andnpz5dILv0
  10. ↑ cpu-museum.de Forum: Godson-1 and 2 Microprocessor Chips, 2005-Apr-20
  11. ↑ "1st version: 32nm 6-core processor".
  12. ↑ "2nd version: 28nm 8-core processor".
  13. ↑ "Results of benchmark test of Loongson-3B six-core desktop solution".
  14. ↑ "Godson-3: A Scalable Multicore RISC Processor with x86 Emulation". IEEE. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  15. ↑ 福瓏電腦WinCE 5.0 圖片 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ Company puts Android on laptop with China-backed chips
  17. ↑ "linux-loongson/community (社区版龙芯Linux)". dev.lemote.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014.
  18. ↑ "MIPS Insider - Imagination Developers". Developer.mips.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  19. ↑ / (2014-01-21). "Home 路 paul99/v8m-rb Wiki 路 GitHub". Github.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  20. ↑ Arch Linux for Loongson
  21. ↑ Archloong
  22. ↑ Arch Linux for Lemote Desktop Environment Installation and Configuration
  23. ↑ Arch Linux for Loongson - Heiher's Blog Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Arch Linux for Loongson Mirror Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ "CLFS Trac". Cross-lfs.org. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  26. ↑ DebianYeeloong - Debian Wiki
  27. ↑ "MIPS Port". Debian. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  28. ↑ DebianYeeloong/HowTo/Install - Debian Wiki
  29. ↑ "Architectures/MIPS". FedoraProject. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  30. ↑ "Gentoo Linux Projects - Gentoo Linux MIPS Development". Gentoo.org. 2012-03-29. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  31. ↑ "gNewSense metad - gNewSense GNU/Linux". Wiki.gnewsense.org. 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  32. ↑ "MIPS Installation - Parabola GNU/Linux-Libre Wiki".
  33. ↑ README
  34. ↑ "kfreebsd-yeeloong in Launchpad". Launchpad.net. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  35. ↑ "NetBSD/evbmips on Loongson MIPS64 CPUs". The NetBSD Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
  36. ↑ "OpenBSD/loongson". Openbsd.org. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  37. ↑ MIPS LS2 Scheduling and tuning
  38. ↑ "GCC 4.6 Release Series Changes, New Features, and Fixes". Free Software Foundation (FSF). 25 March 2011.
  39. ↑ Open64 on MIPS: porting and enhancing Open64 for Loongson II
  40. ↑ Archived 3 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ↑ Little-endian MIPS support -- first draft
  42. ↑ "cpu". Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.
  43. ↑ "L3A SPEC2000 ratio and rate scores".
  44. ↑ "Godson-T Architecture". Archived from the original on 13 April 2013.
  45. ↑ "LinuxDevices article about the Municator". Archived from the original on 23 April 2006.
  46. ↑ "Jisus subnotebook's Announcement". Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. (LinuxDevices, 8 April 2008)
  47. ↑ Gdium subnotebook's Announcement Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (4 June 2008)
  48. ↑ Gdium in a fair at Berlin Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ OLPH Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ "Yeelong Specs". Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. (LinuxDevices, 22 Octobjer 2008)
  51. ↑ Yeelong 8.9" netbook at tekmote.nl for 335.50€
  52. ↑ 2011 Godson and the open source community development forum (Shanghai Station) extend the campus of Shanghai University Loongson 3A Mini-ITX motherboards & laptops introduced, configuration, spy photos
  53. ↑ Loongson 3A Laptop Prototype Photos
  54. ↑ "Lemote Announced Yeeloong-8133 Laptop". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011.
  55. ↑ KD-50-I Home page Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ 中国“龙芯2F”国产万亿次高性能计算机研制成功
  57. ↑ 中国“龙芯3A”国产万亿次高性能计算机研制成功
  58. ↑ 中国“龙芯3B”国产万亿次高性能计算机研制成功
  59. ↑ Main program of ISCA 2008 Archived 20 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ↑ Soon Loongson in 1.5 million computers
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