The Loop (CTA)

The Loop
The southeastern corner of The Loop
Overview
Type	Rapid transit
System	Chicago "L"
Status	Operational
Locale	Chicago, Illinois, USA
Stations	8
Services	Orange Line      Green Line      Purple Line weekday rush hours only      Brown Line      Pink Line
Daily ridership	74,651 (average weekday 2012)
Operation
Opened	1895–1897
Operator(s)	Chicago Transit Authority
Character	Elevated
Technical
Track length	1.79 miles (2.9 km)
Number of tracks	2
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Minimum radius	90 feet (27 m)
Electrification	Third rail, 600v DC
Route map  Diagram    Clark/Lake Fifth / Lake State / Lake Randolph / Wells Randolph / Wabash Washington / Wells Madison / Wells Madison / Wabash Adams / Wabash Quincy LaSalle / Van Buren Library Dearborn/Van Buren

The Loop (historically Union Loop, or commonly Loop) is the 1.79-mile (2.88 km) long circuit of elevated railroad that forms the hub of the Chicago "L" system in Chicago, Illinois. As of 2012, the branch has served 74,651 passengers every weekday.^[1] The Loop is so named because the railroad loops around a rectangle formed by Lake Street (north side), Wabash Avenue (east), Van Buren Street (south), and Wells Street (west). The railroad loop has given its name to Chicago's downtown, which is known as the Loop. Numerous accounts assert that the use of this term predates the elevated railroad, deriving from the multiple cable car turntables, or loops, that terminated in the district, and especially those of two lines that shared a loop, constructed in 1882, bounded by Madison, Wabash, State, and Lake.^[2] However, transportation historian Bruce Moffat has concluded that "The Loop" was not used as a proper noun until after Charles Yerkes' 1895–97 construction of the elevated structure.^[3]

Operations

Chicago Transit Authority control tower 18 guides Chicago 'L' trains north and southbound Purple and Brown lines intersecting with east and westbound Pink and Green lines and the Orange line above the Wells and Lake street intersection in the loop.

A Brown Line train departing from Madison/Wabash

Northward view from the Adams/Wabash station at night

Loop Elevated, with CNA Center and Old Colony Building

An Orange Line train approaches Quincy on the Wells Street portion of the Loop in 2008.

A street level view of the elevated trains

The Loop includes eight stations: Clark/Lake and State/Lake are on the northern leg; Randolph/Wabash and Adams/Wabash are on the eastern side; Library and LaSalle/Van Buren are on the southern leg; and Quincy and Washington/Wells are on the western side. In 2011 20,896,612 passengers entered the 'L' via these stations.

Five of the eight 'L' lines use the Loop tracks. Two of the remaining three lines, Blue Line and Red Line, run underground through the center of the loop, connecting to Loop stations. The Yellow Line is the only CTA line that does not run on or connect to the loop. The Purple Line Express (weekday rush hours only) and the Brown Line enter from the north at the northwestern corner. The Purple Line Express makes a full circuit in the clockwise direction while the Brown Line makes a full circuit traveling counterclockwise. The Orange Line enters from the south at the southeastern corner and the Pink Line enters from the west at the northwestern corner; both making a full clockwise circuit. Following the completion of a full circuit in their directions, trains of these four lines return to their terminals making stops in the reverse order they made when heading to the Loop. The Green Line runs in both directions but does not make a full circuit, using only the north and eastern sides of the Loop to move between the Lake Street branch and the South Side Elevated.

Two towers control entry to and exit from the Loop. Tower 12 stands at the southeastern corner. Tower 18 stands watch over the three-quarter union located at the northwestern corner, which at one time was billed as the busiest railroad interlocking in the world.^[4] The current Tower 18 was placed into service on September 7, 1969 after being relocated diagonally across the junction from the original 19th century tower.^[4]

History

Prior to construction of the Union Loop, Chicago's three elevated railway lines—the South Side Elevated Railroad, the Lake Street Elevated Railroad, and the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad—each had their own terminal on the edges of downtown Chicago. Charles Tyson Yerkes masterminded the linking of these railroads.^[5] The Union Loop was constructed in separate sections: the Lake Street 'L' was extended along the north side in 1895; the Union Elevated Railroad opened the east side along Wabash Avenue in 1896 and the west side along Wells Street in 1897; and the Union Consolidated Elevated Railroad opened the south side along Van Buren Street in 1897. Originally there were 12 stations, with three stations on each side. The construction of the west-leg of the Union Loop over Wells Street required the removal of the southern platform of the Fifth/Lake station. The addition of the Northwestern Elevated Railroad caused the removal of the rest of the station as the remaining platform sat across the new road's entry point.^[6] This left 11 stations, two on the north leg of the loop and three on each other leg.

The Loop was born in political scandal: upon completion, all the rail lines running downtown had to pay Yerkes's operation a fee, which raised fares for commuters; when Yerkes, after bribery of the state legislature, secured legislation by which he claimed a fifty-year franchise, the resulting furor drove him out of town and ushered in a short-lived era of "Progressive Reform" in Chicago.^[7]

Station listing

Chicago Transit Authority Chicago 'L' route map

Loop
Station	Location	Points of interest & Notes
Randolph/Wells	150 N. Wells St.	Closed July 17, 1995; partially demolished and replaced by Washington/Wells
Washington/Wells	100 N. Wells Street	Chicago City Hall, Civic Opera House, Chicago Mercantile Exchange Transfer for Metra trains via Ogilvie Transportation Center
Madison/Wells	1 N. Wells St.	Closed January 30, 1994; demolished and replaced by Washington/Wells
Quincy	220 S. Wells Street	Willis Tower Transfer for Metra and Amtrak trains via Union Station
LaSalle/Van Buren	121 W. Van Buren Street	Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Board Options Exchange Transfer for Metra trains via LaSalle Street Station
Dearborn/Van Buren	Dearborn Street and Van Buren Street	Closed 1949, replaced by Library-State/Van Buren on June 22, 1997.
Harold Washington Library – State / Van Buren	1 W. Van Buren Street	Harold Washington Library Transfer station for Blue and Red Lines.
State/Van Buren	400 S. State St.	Closed September 2, 1973, Replaced by Library – State / Van Buren on June 22, 1997.
Adams/Wabash	201 S. Wabash Avenue	Grant Park, Petrillo Music Shell, Buckingham Fountain, Art Institute of Chicago
Madison/Wabash	2 N. Wabash Avenue	Closed March 16, 2015, Former station between all Loop rail lines.
Washington/Wabash	TBD	Consolidation of Madison/Wabash and Randolph/Wabash scheduled to open in 2017. Future station between all Loop rail lines.
Randolph/Wabash	151 N. Wabash Avenue	Marshall Field's, Chicago Cultural Center, Millennium Park Transfer for Metra and South Shore trains via Millennium Station, scheduled to close in 2017.
State/Lake	200 N. State Street	Chicago Theatre, Gene Siskel Film Center, Harold Washington College Transfer station for Red Line
Clark/Lake	100 W. Lake Street, Chicago	James R. Thompson Center, Richard J. Daley Center Transfer station for Blue Line
Fifth/Lake	Wells Street and Lake Street	Closed December 17, 1899

See also

• 1977 Chicago Loop derailment
• Chicago Central Area Transit Plan
• Wells Street Terminal

References

1. "2012 Annual Ridership Report" (PDF). Chicago Transit Authority. transitchicago.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
2. Joe Thompson, Cable Car Lines in Chicago
3. Patrick T. Reardon. "It All Starts Downtown". Hartford Courant, July 26, 2004 (from the Chicago Tribune). Accessed 19 March 2009.
4. Garfield, Graham. "Tower 18". Chicago-L.org. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
5. Chicago-"L".org
6. http://chicago-l.org/stations/fifth-lake.html
7. Paul Barrett. "Chicago's Public Transportation Policy, 1900–1940s", 8 Ill. Hist. Teacher 25 (Illinois Historical preservation Agency, 2001).

External links

• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. IL-1, "Union Elevated Railroad, Union Loop"
• Loop Elevated at Chicago-L.org

Coordinates: 41°52′48″N 87°38′47″W / 41.88000°N 87.64639°W