Louis II, Count of Flanders

Louis II, Count of Flanders
Contemporary portrait
Spouse(s)	Margaret of Brabant
Issue Margaret III, Countess of Flanders
Noble family	House of Dampierre
Father	Louis I of Flanders
Mother	Margaret I of Burgundy
Born	25 October 1330 Male Castle, Flanders, France
Died	30 January 1384 (aged 53) Lille, Flanders

Flanders, double groat or botdrager, struck under Louis II, Count of Flanders

Louis II of Flanders (25 October 1346, Male – 30 January 1384, Lille), also known as Louis of Male, a member of the House of Dampierre, was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel from 1346 as well as Count of Artois and Burgundy from 1382 until his death.

Life

The son of Louis I of Flanders^[1] and Margaret I of Burgundy, daughter of king Philip V of France, he was baptised by Bishop Pierre Roger of Arras, the later Pope Clement VI. His father arranged his marriage with Margaret of Brabant, daughter of Duke John III, in the course of the rapprochement to the Imperial Duchy of Brabant.

When his father was killed at the Battle of Crécy against the troops of King Edward III of England in 1346,^[2] he inherited the French counties of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel (as Louis III). In the Anglo-French conflict, the Flanders guilds, depending on the English wool trade, forced Louis to recognize King Edward III as his overlord and arranged an engagement to the daughter of the English king, Isabella. Louis managed to avoid this by fleeing to the court of King Philip VI of France. In 1347 he married Margaret of Brabant, which sparked a revolt in Ghent. Nevertheless, while the Black Death devastated the county and after Louis came to terms with the English king and in 1349 he could return to Flanders to succeed his father.

In 1350 he gained credence by openly refusing to pay homage to the new Valois king John II of France. When his father-in-law Duke John III died without male heirs in 1355, he assumed the title of a Duke of Brabant and moved into the neighbouring duchy, but was unable to wrest it from his sister-in-law Duchess Joanna. Though Louis managed to defeat the Brabantian forces in the Battle of Scheut near Anderlecht (17 August 1356) and capture the cities of Mechelen, Brussels, Antwerp and Leuven, but he was unable to prevail against Joanna, backed by her husband Duke Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg and his mighty brother Emperor Charles IV. By the 1357 Peace of Ath he at least gained the rule over the small Lordship of Mechelen and the thriving city of Antwerp.

Louis tried to govern as a Realpolitiker and continued a policy of neutrality, which kept him in favor with both France and England during the continued conflicts of the Hundred Years' War, initiating a period of stability and relative affluence in Flanders. With regards to his internal policy, his main aim was to prevent the formation of a broad coalition against him, as happened against his father. Except for his last years, he was successful in preventing this.

In 1357 Count Louis II married his seven-year-old daughter Margaret to the minor Duke Philip I of Burgundy, who died from plague four years later. Sole heiress of her father's territories, she was a highly coveted bride courted by both Edmund of Langley, son of King Edward III of England, and Philip the Bold, son of King John II of France and Duke of Burgundy since 1363. After several years of tough bargaining, Count Louis II gave his consent to Philip and his brother King Charles V, in return he received the lordships of Romance Flanders (Lille, Douai, Orchies) and a payment of 200,000 livre tournois. The marriage of Margaret and Philip was celebrated at Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent on 19 June 1369.

Though a capable ruler, Louis' lavish lifestyle burdened his county's finances and caused increasing disturbances. However, even in his latter years he managed to get the support of the Bruges citizens against revolting Ghent. The latter years of his rule were nevertheless marked by civil strife. In 1379, he obtained aid from his son-in-law, Duke Philip II of Burgundy, to put down another Ghent revolt. The Flemings again rose in 1382 under Philip van Artevelde and expelled Count Louis from Flanders after the Battle of Beverhoutsveld; however, the influence of Philip procured a French army to relieve him, and the Flemings were decisively defeated at the Battle of Roosebeke. The citizens of Ghent continued to resist (with English aid) until after his death in 1384. His mother Margaret had died two years previously, leaving him the County of Artois and the Imperial Free County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté).

Family

In 1347, he married Margaret of Brabant (1323–1380), daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant.^[3] They had three children:

• Peter (died young)
• Charles (predeceased his father)
• Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (1348–1405) married 1)Philip I, Duke of Burgundy d.1361,^[4] 2)Philip the Bold^[3]

He also left several illegitimate sons, three of whom were killed at the Battle of Nicopolis.

Without any surviving sons, on his death, his extensive possessions in the Low Countries were inherited by his daughter Margaret.

Legacy

The main line of the House of Dampierre, originally only counts of Flanders, had through a clever marriage policy managed to inherit the counties of Nevers (1280) and Rethel (1328). Through Louis' mother, a daughter of King Philip V of France, the counties of Artois and Burgundy (the "Franche Comté") were added to this (1382).

Louis II arranged the marriage of his daughter and heir, Margret, to the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold, leading to the subsequent union of Flanders and Burgundy.^[5] This provided the core of the Burgundian Netherlands dominions ruled by the House of Valois-Burgundy, which were, together with the Duchy of Burgundy proper, to provide them with a power base to challenge the rule of their cousins, the Valois kings of France in the 15th century.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Louis II, Count of Flanders

16. Guy of Dampierre               8. Robert III of Flanders                       17. Matilda of Béthune               4. Louis I, Count of Nevers                             18. Odo, Count of Nevers               9. Yolande, Countess of Nevers                       19. Matilda II, Countess of Nevers               2. Louis I of Flanders                                   20. Manasses V, Count of Rethel               10. Hugh IV, Count of Rethel                       21. Elisabeth d'Ecry               5. Joan, Countess of Rethel                             22. Henry V de Grandpré               11. Isabelle de Grandpré                       23. Isabeau de Brienne               1. Louis II, Count of Flanders                                         24. Philip III of France               12. Philip IV of France                       25. Isabella of Aragon               6. Philip V of France                             26. Henry I of Navarre               13. Joan I of Navarre                       27. Blanche of Artois               3. Margaret I, Countess of Burgundy                                   28. Hugh III, Count of Burgundy               14. Otto IV, Count of Burgundy                       29. Adelaide I of Burgundy               7. Joan II, Countess of Burgundy                             30. Robert II, Count of Artois               15. Mahaut, Countess of Artois                       31. Amicie de Courtenay

References

1. (FR)Michelle Bubenicek, Quand les femmes gouvernent: droit et politique au XIVe siècle:Yolande de Flandre, Droit et politique au XIV siecle, (Ecole des Chartes, 2002), 54.
2. David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the Longbow, (Osprey, 2000), 13-14.
3. Wim Blockmans, Walter Prevenier, The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530, ed. Edward Peters, transl. Elizabeth Fackelman, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), 1.
4. David M Nicholas, Medieval Flanders, (Routledge, 1992), 225-226, 442.
5. Encyclopedia Britannica, article on Louis II de Male.