3G MIMO

3G MIMO describes MIMO techniques which have been considered as 3G standard techniques.

MIMO, as the state of the art of Intelligent antenna (IA), improves the performance of radio systems by embedding electronics intelligence into the spatial processing unit. Spatial processing includes spatial precoding at the transmitter and spatial postcoding at the receiver, which are dual each other from information signal processing theoretic point of view. Intelligent antenna is technology which represents smart antenna, multiple antenna (MIMO), self-tracking directional antenna, cooperative virtual antenna and so on.

Technology

Spatial precoding of intelligent antenna includes spatial beamforming and spatial coding. In wireless communications, spatial precoding has been developing for high reliability, high rate and lower interference as shown in the following table.

Summary of 3G MIMO

The table summarizes the history of 3G MIMO techniques candidated for 3G standards. Although the table additionally contains the future part but the contents are not clearly filled out since the future is not precisely predictable.

Generation	3G	3G evolution	Beyond 3G	Future
Deployment	2003/4	2005~6/2007~8/2009~10	2012~2015	2015~2020
Standard	WCDMA	HSPA/HSPA+/LTE	IMT-Advanced	Beyond IMT-Adv
Total rate	384kbit/s	14/42/65~250Mbit/s	1Gbit/s	>10Gbit/s
Bandwidth	5 MHz	5 MHz/20 MHz	20~100 MHz	>100 MHz
Requirement Paradigm	High reliability (High quality)	High rate (High capacity)	Lower interference	High intelligence
Method	Spatial diversity	Spatial multiplexing	Spatial cancellation	Ambient intelligence
Spatial coding (SC)	Spatial diversity coding	Spatial multiplexing coding	Spatial cancellation coding	Ambient intelligence coding
Spatial beamforming (SB)	Single-stream beamforming	Multi-stream beamforming	Interference nulling beamforming	Ambient intelligence beamforming
Examples	SC: Alamouti coding, SB: TxAA	SC: BLAST coding, SB: SVD	SC: DPC, SB: MU-BF	Such as cooperative MIMO

IA in ad hoc networking

Main article: Wireless ad hoc network

IA technology enables client terminals, which have either multiple antennas or a self-tracking directional antenna, to communicate to each other with as high as possible signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR). Assume that there is a source terminal, a destination terminal, and some candidate interference terminals. Compared to conventional approaches, an advanced IA based terminal will perform spatial precoding (spatial beamforming and/or spatial coding) not only to enhance the signal power at the destination terminal but also to diminish the interfering power at interference terminals. As a human does, the advanced IA terminal is given to know that occurring high interference to other terminals will eventually degrade the performance of the associated wireless network.

Comparisons

Intelligent antenna (IA) vs. Cognitive radio (CR)

However, it requires intelligent multiple or cooperative antenna array. On the contrary, cognitive radio (CR) allows user terminals to sense the other service usage of spectrum beans to share the spectrum among users, which is so, cognitive spectrum sharing technology. The following table compares the different points between two approach for future wireless systems: Intelligent antenna (IA) vs. Cognitive radio (CR).

Point	Intelligence antenna (IA)	Cognitive radio (CR)
Interference processing	Cancellation by spatial pre/post-coding	Avoidance by spectrum sensing
Key cost	Multiple or cooperative antenna arrays	Spectrum sensing and multi-band RF
Solution	Intelligent spatial beamforming/coding tech	Cognitive spectrum management tech
Application	Ambient Spatial Reuse	Open Spectrum Sharing
Applied theory	Dirty paper and Wyner-Ziv coding (DP-WZ coding)	Software radio and cognition
Summary	Intelligent spectrum reuse technology	Cognitive spectrum sharing technology

Fundamental concepts and theories

Intelligence is a property of mind that includes many related abilities.
Cooperation is the practice of social elements working in common, instead of working individually.
Cognition can be interpreted as understanding and responding to the world.
Ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to artificial environments that responses to the movement of people, the paradigm of which builds upon Ubiquitous computing.
Wireless ubiquitous computing (WUC) is post-desktop computing where information processing is integrated into anytime and anywhere human activities.
Game theory is a mathematical theory that studies the strategic interaction between players, which are usually organized into a friend group and an enemy group.

Principal Issues of Research

The following items list the issues of the multiple antenna research aims to improve the performance of radio communications.

Principal Definitions

Definitions

Here are the definition of principal keywords to clarify the objective and the operations of intelligent antenna.

Terminology	Definition
Intelligent antenna	Antenna technology that uses some sort of electronic intelligence to enhance wireless system performance. Electronic intelligence is implemented by spatial pre/post-coding techniques such as spatial information coding and spatial signal beamforming. Notice that smart antenna has been more widely used to represent the similar meaning.
Smart antenna	In the narrow sense, antenna technology that employs array antennas with beamforming techniques to enhance wireless system performance. In the wide sense, equivalent terminology to intelligent antenna.
MIMO	Wide sense and well-known: MIMO is the state of the art of IA and SA. Narrow sense: Antenna systems that employ multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver.

Reference Web Sites

The following items list the web sites related to the multiple antenna research.

MARS, Bell Laboratories — http://mars.bell-labs.com/
- Multiple Antenna Research and Solutions (MARS) is a research group on multiple antenna and space time coding
Lucent — http://www.cdg.org/news/events/CDMASeminar/cdg_tech_forum_02/3_lucent_ia_blast_final_release.pdf
- The goal of intelligent antennas is to achieve higher capacity noting that advanced solutions provide higher capacity than basic solutions.

Types	Antenna configuration	Basic solution	Advanced solution
Diversity	d > wavelength	Rx: MRC, MMSE, etc., Tx: STTD, CLTD	BLAST (spatial multiplexing)
Phased Array	d < wavelength	Switched beams	Steered beams

IMEC — http://www.imec.be/wireless/mimo/
- Multiple antenna systems are the key to the high-capacity wireless universe. Indeed, they allow increasing the rate, improving the robustness, or accommodating more users in the cell.
Georgia Institute of Technology — http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~mai/tutorial_sa_def.htm
- A smart antenna is an array of antenna elements connected to a digital signal processor
IEC — http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart_ant/index.html, http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/acrobat/smart_ant.pdf
- A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal-processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment.
- Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) — Among the most sophisticated utilizations of smart antenna technology is SDMA, which employs advanced processing techniques to, in effect, locate and track fixed or mobile terminals, adaptively steering transmission signals toward users and away from interferers.
SearchMobileComputing.com — http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,sid40_gci1026138,00.html
- A smart antenna is a digital wireless communications antenna system that takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both.
- MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
Smart Antennas Research Group, Stanford Univ. — http://www.stanford.edu/group/sarg/
- Our research goal is to advance the state-of-the-art in the applications of multiple antennas and space-time signal processing in mobile wireless networks, and to improve network performance and economics.
CDG — http://www.cdg.org/technology/cdma_technology/smart_antennas/index.asp, http://www.cdmatech.com/products/how_mimo_works.jsp
- Smart antennas provide greater capacity and performance benefits than standard antennas because they can be used to customize and fine-tune antenna coverage patterns that match the traffic conditions in a wireless network or that are better suited for complex radio frequency (RF) environments.
- MIMO employs multiple, spatially separated antennas (at both TX and RX) to take advantage of these "virtual wires" and transfer more data.
Nortel — http://www2.nortel.com/go/solution_content.jsp?segId=0&catId=0&parId=0&prod_id=61701
- MIMO is an antenna technology that is used both in transmission and receiver equipment for wireless radio communication.
- MIMO is the only advanced antenna technology that simultaneously offers high bandwidth, improved range, and high mobility at a lower cost.
Visant Strategies — http://www.visantstrategies.com/market_research/mimo_intelligent_antenna.html, http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c21454
- Intelligent antennas are antenna systems that use some sort of computational or electronic resource to enhance system performance.
- According to the amounts of intelligence employed, antenna diversity represents the simplest form in the progressive complexity chain, followed by basic beamforming, which is the process of narrowing radiated energy, which is then followed by the more complex space-time processing and finally by MIMO.
Magnetic Sciences — http://www.magneticsciences.com/SatelliteTrackingUnits.html
- Satellite tracking systems and self-steering antennas are used aboard ships, vehicles, or aircraft to maintain contact with satellites.

References

Dr. Erik Dahlman, LTE, 3G Long Term Evolution
"The WINNER II Air Interface: Refined Spatial-Temporal Processing Solutions" (PDF). WINNER II. 30 Nov 2006.

External links

http://www.wireless-world-research.org/fileadmin/sites/default/files/about_the_forum/WG/WG4/Briefings/WWRF-WG4_SmartAntennas_briefing.pdf

Cellular network standards

List of mobile phone generations

0G (radio telephones)

AMPS family	AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-3, ANSI/TIA/EIA-553) N-AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-91) TACS ETACS

Other	NMT C-450 Hicap Mobitex DataTAC

GSM/3GPP family	GSM CSD HSCSD

3GPP2 family	cdmaOne (TIA/EIA/IS-95 and ANSI-J-STD 008)

AMPS family	D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

Other	CDPD iDEN PDC PHS

2G transitional
(2.5G, 2.75G)

GSM/3GPP family	GPRS EDGE/EGPRS (UWC-136)

3GPP2 family	CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS-2000) CDMA2000 1X Advanced

Other	WiDEN

3G (IMT-2000)

3GPP family	UMTS UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA

3GPP2 family	CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 (TIA/IS-856)

3G transitional
(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)

3GPP family	HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family	CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) EV-DO Revision B (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) EV-DO Revision C

IEEE family	Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Flash-OFDM iBurst IEEE 802.20

4G
(IMT Advanced)

3GPP family	LTE Advanced (E-UTRA) LTE Advanced Pro (4.5G Pro) LTE Advanced (pre-5G) (4.9G)

IEEE family	WiMAX (IEEE 802.16m)

Proposed

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