Manila local elections, 2016

Manila mayoral election, 2016
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
 
Nominee Joseph Estrada Alfredo Lim Amado Bagatsing
Party PMP Liberal KABAKA
Running mate Maria Sheilah Lacuna-Pangan Benjamin Asilo Arnold Atienza
Popular vote 283,149 280,464 167,829
Percentage 38.54% 38.17% 22.84%
Mayor before election

Joseph Estrada
PMP

 Elected Mayor

Joseph Estrada
PMP

Manila held its local elections on Monday, May 9, 2016, as a part of the 2016 Philippine general election. Voters elected candidates for Mayor, Vice Mayor, 6 Congressmen, and the 36 councilors that will be members of the City Council. Incumbent Mayor and reelectionist Joseph Estrada won the elections, securing him to serve his second 3-year term as the Mayor of Manila. He won by a slim margin at only over than 2,000 votes against his closest rival, former Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim.[1][2] Dr. Maria Shielah “Honey” Lacuna-Pangan, daughter of former Manila Vice Mayor Danny Lacuna, Estrada’s running-mate, topped the vice mayoral race with 268,969 votes.[3]

Background

Incumbent mayor and former President Joseph "Erap" Estrada was first elected as mayor in 2013. He defeated then-incumbent mayor Alfredo Lim in a closely contested election, winning 53% of the vote to Lim's 47%.

Mayor Estrada announced in April 2015 that he is running for re-election. This is in total contrast to his May 9, 2012 pronouncement that he will only serve for one term should he be elected to the post back then, after which he would subsequently retire from politics.[4][5]

Unlike Estrada, his running mate in 2013, three-term incumbent vice mayor Isko Moreno is term limited as he served for three consecutive terms. He is running for the Senate.

Sources indicate that although Manila leaders identified with Estrada under the local Asenso Manileño party, Moreno included, are pushing for former Manila vice mayor Danilo Lacuna to be his running mate, Estrada is said to be seriously considering his current city administrator, Jojo Alcovendaz, to be his vice mayoral candidate under his party, despite the latter's San Juan City residence. However, the Estrada camp, upon further consultation, eventually chose former 4th District councilor and current city social services head Maria Sheilah "Honey" Lacuna-Pangan as his runningmate.[6]

On July 22, 2015, incumbent 5th district Rep. Amado Bagatsing launched his bid to be the next mayor of the city once governed by his father, former mayor Ramon Bagatsing, offering himself as an alternative while blaming the city’s "deterioration" on the incumbent and his predecessor. His running mate is the son of former mayor and current Buhay Party-list Representative Lito Atienza, current 5th District Councilor and 2007 Mayoral candidate Ali Atienza.[7] On October 12, 2015, Bagatsing made his bid official by filing his certificate of candidacy.[8]

On October 13, 2015, Alfredo Lim filed to run again for his old post. He is the official candidate of the ruling Liberal Party. His running mate is incumbent 1st district Rep. Benjamin Asilo.[9]

Campaign

Local campaign period started on March 26, 2016. Estrada, with runningmate Honey Lacuna, hold their proclamation rally at the Liwasang Bonifacio, while Lim, with runningmate Benjamin Asilo started their campaign at the Plaza Miranda, on March 28, 2016, 2 days after the official start of campaign for local candidates.

During the incumbent mayor's rally, Estrada formally endorsed his goddaughter, Grace Poe as his choice for president and Bongbong Marcos for vice president.[10] He picked Poe, over his co-partymate Jejomar Binay of the United Nationalist Alliance. He said that the Mayor's gratitude to the presidential candidate's father Fernando Poe, Jr., a candidate of the Philippine presidential election, 2004 but later lost, as one of the reasons why he made the decision to endorse Poe.[11]

Among his senatorial candidates that he will support are Joel Villanueva, Panfilo Lacson, Manny Pacquiao, Martin Romualdez, Getulio Napeñas, Neri Javier Colmenares, Sherwin Gatchalian, Richard J. Gordon, Juan Miguel Zubiri, Sergio Osmeña III, Francis Tolentino and Isko Moreno, the incumbent Vice Mayor of the city.[10] Major roads in Manila including the McArthur Bridge are closed down due to the said event.[12]

Lim's campaign started with his visit to the Islamic Center in Bgy. San Miguel, together with Liberal Party's presidential bet Mar Roxas. The two then went to Plaza Miranda for the former Mayor's proclamation rites which was attended by 5,000 supporters.[13] Roxas' runningmate Leni Robredo and President Benigno Aquino III also attended the rally.[14]

A day before the two rallies, Amado Bagatsing, together with his runningmate Ali Atienza kick-off their campaign at Tondo.

Mayoralty and Vice Mayoralty Elections

Mayor

First term incumbent and former President Joseph Estrada, who was elected with 53% of the vote in 2013, is seeking another term. Former Senator and Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim, who Estrada defeated in 2013, is seeking a rematch. Also running is 5th district Rep. Amado Bagatsing.

Mayoralty Race in Manila during 2016 General Election
Manila Mayoralty Election
Party Candidate Votes %
PMP Joseph Estrada (incumbent) 283,149 38.54
Liberal Alfredo Lim 280,464 38.18
KABAKA Amado Bagatsing 167,829 22.85
Independent Onofre Abad 717 0.09
Independent Valeriano Reloj 621 0.08
Nacionalista Arnaldo "Dodos" Dela Cruz[15] 479 0.06
Independent Edmundo Fuerte 456 0.06
Independent Tranquilino Narca 275 0.03
Independent Wilfredo Yusi 223 0.03
PMM Francisco Pizzara 222 0.03
Independent Samuel Gabot 206 0.02
Total votes 734,613 100.00
PMP hold

Vice Mayor

Three-term incumbent Francisco "Isko Moreno" Domagoso, who was re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2013, is term-limited and is barred from running again for this post this election. His party's nominee is Maria Sheilah "Honey" Lacuna-Pangan. Facing her are three-term representatives Benjamin Asilo of the 1st District and Trisha Bonoan-David of the 4th District. Incumbent 5th District councilor and former 2007 mayoral candidate Ali Atienza is also running for the seat.

Manila Vice Mayoralty Election
Party Candidate Votes %
PMP Maria Sheilah "Honey" Lacuna-Pangan 268,969 37.91
UNA Arnold Atienza 221,037 31.15
Liberal Benjamin Asilo 137,388 19.36
Nacionalista Maria Theresa Bonoan-David 77,599 10.93
LDP Luis Reyes, Jr. 4,393 0.61
Total votes 709,386 100.00
PMP hold

District Representatives

1st District

The 1st district is composed of the western part of Tondo. Three-term Liberal Party incumbent Benjamin "Atong" Asilo, who was re-elected with 64% of the vote in 2013, is term-limited and will instead run for vice mayor; his brother, incumbent councilor Roberto Asilo, is his party's nominee.

Also running for this district are incumbent three-term councilors Ian "Banzai" Nieva and Ernesto Dionisio, Jr as well as Manny Lopez. Nieva is the son of the late Ernesto "Banzai" Nieva, who represented this district from 1998 to 2007.

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 1st District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
NPC Manuel Luis Lopez 55,627 28.1
Liberal Roberto Asilo 43,640 24.2
Asenso Manileño Ernesto Dionisio, Jr. 42,878 22.6
Nacionalista Erick Ian Nieva 15,223 <rappler. result>
Total votes 157,412 100.00
NPC gain from Liberal

2nd District

The city's 2nd District covers the eastern part of Tondo, a place known as Gagalangin. Carlo Lopez is the incumbent representative and has already serve two terms. He won on the 2010 local elections and was re-elected with 69% of the vote in 2013. He is running for his third and final term under the Liberal Party. He runs unopposed because his supposed opponent, Councilor Numero "Uno" Lim, was nominated by the party-list group Tanggol Maralita Inc. (TAMA).

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 2nd District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
Liberal Carlo Lopez (incumbent) 72,409 100.00
Total votes 72,409 100.00
Liberal hold

3rd District

The 3rd district is composed of Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas, and Santa Cruz. Zenaida "Naida" Angping, who was re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2013, is term-limited and is barred from running again this election. Her party nominated her husband, former representative Harry Angping who represented this district from 1998 to 2004.

His opponents are three-term incumbent City Councilor John Marvin "Yul Servo" Nieto and former Councilor Ramon Morales. Morales also ran in this district in 2013 and lost receiving only 36% of the vote.

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 3rd District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño John Marvin "Yul Servo" Nieto 46,353 44.93
Nacionalista Harry Angping 38,636 37.44
Liberal Ramon Morales 17,021 16.50
PGP Ricardo Lee 689 0.67
Independent Edgardo "Jojo" Ruiz 472 0.46
Total votes 103,183 100.00
PMP gain from NPC

4th District

The 4th district is composed of Sampaloc. Ma. Theresa "Trisha" Bonoan-David, who ran unopposed in 2013, is term-limited and is barred from running again this election. Her party nominated her sister, Annie.

Other candidates for this district are three-term councilor Edward Maceda, two-term councilor Don Juan "DJ" Bagatsing, one-term councilor Science Reyes, and former Ateneo basketball player Jobe Nkemakolam.

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 4th District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño Edward Maceda 46,349 41.53
KABAKA Don Juan Bagatsing 23,750 21.28
NPC Science Reyes 23,707 21.25
Nacionalista Rosemary "Annie" Leilani Bonoan 16,525 14.81
Lakas Jobe Sherwin Nkemakolam 1,263 1.13
Total votes 111,594 100.00
PMP gain from NUP

5th District

The 5th district is composed of Ermita, Malate, Paco (excluding Zone 90), Intramuros, Port Area, and San Andres Bukid (including the Manila South Cemetery). Amado Bagatsing, who was re-elected with 89% of the vote in 2013, is term-limited and is barred from running again this election and will instead run for Mayor. His party's nominee is his daughter Cristal.

Her opponents are former representatives Joey Hizon and Mary Ann Susano as well as incumbent three-term councilor Josie Siscar. Joey Hizon represented this district from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, Mary Ann Susano represented Quezon City's 2nd Congressional District from 2004 to 2010.

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 5th District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
KABAKA Amanda Christina Bagatsing 48,380 37.40
PMP Joey Hizon 34,952 27.02
NPC Mary Ann Susano 27,083 20.93
Liberal Josefina Siscar 16,420 12.69
LDP Jupakar Arabani 1,882 1.45
PMM Mario Cayabyab 655 0.51
Total votes 129,372 100%
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname hold

6th District

The 6th district is composed of Paco (Zone 90), Pandacan, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Santa Mesa. Two-term incumbent Sandy Ocampo, who won re-election in 2013 with 51% of the vote, is seeking a third term. She is co-nominated by NUP and local party KABAKA while Benny Abante is also co-nominated by Asenso Manileño Party.

This is the third straight election in which the two candidates are facing each other with Ocampo winning the first two by narrow margins.

2016 Philippine House of Representatives election in the 6th District of Manila
Party Candidate Votes %
Liberal Rosenda Ann "Sandy" Ocampo (incumbent) 56,844 53.41
Asenso Manileño Benny M. Abante 48,260 45.35
PGP Richard Bautista 695 0.65
Independent Jose Castillo 623 0.59
Total votes 106,422 100.00
Liberal hold

City Council

1st District

Incumbent councilors Dennis Alcoreza, Ernesto Dionisio Jr., and Erick Ian Nieva are term-limited and cannot seek re-election. Meanwhile, councilors Irma Alfonso and Roberto Asilo, who are not term-limited, chose not to seek re-election. Of the six councilors representing this district, only Niño dela Cruz is seeking re-election.

Former councilors Rolando Sy, Jesus Fajardo Sr., Ernesto Dionisio Sr., Arlene Koa, Moises Lim, Martin Isidro Jr., and Abraham Cabochan are each trying to regain a seat in the council.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 1st district
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño Ernesto "Dionix" Dionisio, Sr. 87,218 10.40
Nacionalista Moises "Bobby" Lim 68,448 8.16
Asenso Manileño Martin Isidro, Jr. 62,704 7.48
Asenso Manileño Jesus "Taga" Fajardo 59,472 7.09
Liberal Niño dela Cruz 50,831 6.06
Liberal Peter Ong 50,480 6.02
PGP Diosdado "Boroboy" Santiago 46,428 5.54
Asenso Manileño Ava Cristina "Ava Alfonso" Juson 44,941 5.36
KABAKA Jose "Tito Joveth" Asayo 40,618 4.84
Lakas Mina "Banzai" Nieva 37,227 4.44
KABAKA Rosalino Garcia 33,269 3.97
Liberal Rolando "Nagmamahal" Sy 32,356 3.86
KABAKA Arlene Koa 32,324 3.85
Liberal Alexander Dionisio 30,852 3.68
KABAKA Edgardo Solis 22,694 2.70
Lakas Randy Sy 21,024 2.50
KABAKA Victor "Toto" Baldisimo 20,995 2.50
Asenso Manileño Abraham "Baby" Cabochan 17,610 2.10
Liberal Jonas Arriza Humady 12,261 1.46
KABAKA Ligfinia "Teacher Beth" Lorenzo 9,863 1.17
Asenso Manileño Edna "Puti" Ramos 8,725 1.04
Liberal Jeniffer "Jade" Daquiz 8,712 1.03
PGP Michael "Mike/Nash" de Leon 6,680 0.79
Lakas Francisca Villanueva 6,639 0.79
Liberal Rafael "Dok" Manicad 5,831 0.69
PGP Ferdinand Sandoval 5,465 0.65
Lakas Jose Brendo Macapaz 5,131 0.61
Independent Juan Rafael "Raffy Jimenez" Crespo 2,872 0.34
Lakas Cresenciano "Kuya Boy" Gabuten, Jr. 2,586 0.30
Bangon Pilipinas Allan Navoa 1,977 0.23
KABAKA Eduardo Lanuza 1,747 0.20
Total votes 173,640 100.00

2nd District

Incumbent councilors Marlon Lacson and Numero Lim are term-limited and cannot seek re-election. Councilors Ruben Buenaventura, Rodolfo Lacsamana, Ramon Robles, and Rolando Valeriano are all seeking another term.

Among those vying for a seat in the council are former councilors Edward Tan and Nelissa Beltran.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 2nd district
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño Rolando "Rolan CRV" Valeriano 53,986 10.95
Asenso Manileño Ruben "Dr. J" Buenaventura 49,450 10.03
Asenso Manileño Ramon Robles 49,218 9.98
PMP Rodolfo "Ninong" Lacsamana 47,524 9.64
Asenso Manileño Edward Tan 47,156 9.56
Asenso Manileño Macky Lacson 38,570 7.82
NPC Darwin "Awi" Sia 36,418 7.38
Asenso Manileño Babyluck "Algebra" Lim 35,543 7.21
PGP Nelissa Beltran 31,828 6.45
NPC Nancy Valencia 26,258 5.32
NPC Fernando "Bok" Lopez 19,060 3.86
Liberal Ruben "RP" Bunag 14,618 2.96
Liberal JC "Brad Bolong" Sy 12,769 2.59
PGP Ariel Fernandez 7,354 1.49
Nacionalista Rommel Miranda 4,493 0.91
Liberal Jules delos Reyes 3,486 0.70
Liberal Maria Corazon Panlilio 3,482 0.70
Liberal Michael "Tuts" Velasco 2,886 2.58
KBL Alex Lao 2,739 0.55
Lakas Ned Ordenes 2,104 0.42
Bangon Pilipinas Pedro Buluran, Jr. 2,033 0.41
Bangon Pilipinas Pedro Garcia 1,913 0.38
Total votes 103,565 100.00

3rd District

Incumbent councilors Joel Chua, Ernesto Isip Jr., and John Marvin "Yul Servo" Nieto are term-limited and cannot seek re-election. Meanwhile, councilors Bernardito Ang, Ma. Asuncion Fugoso, and Manuel Zarcal are all vying for another term.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 3rd district
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño Maria Asuncion "Re" Fugoso 67,663 12.86
Asenso Manileño Bernardito Ang 54,269 10.32
Asenso Manileño Manuel "Letlet" Zarcal 51,252 9.74
KABAKA Maile Atienza 50,279 9.56
Asenso Manileño Grace Chua 46,183 8.78
Asenso Manileño Terrence Alibarbar 38,993 7.41
NPC Chris "Attorney CB" Beltran 36,342 6.91
Liberal Joey Uy Jamisola 28,836 5.48
Liberal RJ Yuseco 22,789 4.33
Liberal Rizalindo "Major Saling" Morales 18,794 3.57
Liberal Marilou Chua 17,635 3.35
KABAKA William Lising 16,613 3.15
Asenso Manileño Alberto "Abet Tabako" Alonzo 15,929 3.02
KABAKA Maria Victoria "Binky" Barbers 14,641 2.78
Liberal Mar Reyes 13,123 2.49
KABAKA Philip Chua 10,085 1.91
Lakas Severino Reyes 6,989 1.32
Lakas Wilson Ng 4,054 0.77
Liberal Jesus Abejar 3,115 0.59
Ang Kapatiran Jerry Gomez 2,928 0.55
KBL Mohammad "Madz" Ameril 2,175 0.41
Lakas Rhady Siongco 1,947 0.37
Lakas Esmail Codarangan 1,209 0.22
Total votes 111,266 100.00

4th District

Incumbent councilors Edward Maceda and Jocelyn Quintos are term-limited and cannot seek re-election. Meanwhile, councilors Don Juan Bagatsing, and Science Reyes, who are not term-limited, chose not to seek re-election. Councilors Krystle Bacani and Anton Capistrano are both vying for a second term.

Among those gunning for a council seat are former councilors Luisito Chua, Eduardo "Wardee" Quintos XIV, and Victoriano Melendez. And also, Eduardo 'Bimbo' Quintos XVI would not run for councilor due to his disqualification case in the office.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 4th district
Party Candidate Votes %
Asenso Manileño Luisito Chua 65,107
Asenso Manileño Krystle Bacani 62,793
Nacionalista Anton Capistrano 47,559
Liberal Eduardo "Bimbo" Quintos XVI 46,829
Asenso Manileño Eduardo "Wardee" Quintos XIV 45,356
Asenso Manileño Joel Villanueva 45,329
Nacionalista Antonio Abana
KABAKA Augusto Antonio
Nacionalista Rodolfo Astorga
KABAKA Allan Dale Basco
Asenso Manileño Angelita Calalang
Liberal Jerome Chua
Liberal Virgilio Cornejo
Liberal Pedro Galero
Lakas Alexander Lim
UNA Francisco Mariazeta
Independent Zenaida Matias
KABAKA Victoriano Melendez
PGP Christopher Ortiz
Nationalist People's Coalition Marc Chester Regala
Nacionalista Ramoncito Reyes
Liberal Katrina Rigor
Independent Vicente Salgado
Liberal Joseph Silva
Lakas Zephyr Panganiban
Total votes ' '

5th District

Incumbent councilors Cristina Isip, Josefina Siscar, and Raymundo Yupangco are barred by term limits from seeking re-election. Meanwhile, councilor Arnold Atienza, who is not term-limited, chose not to seek another term. Councilors Joey Hizon III and Roberto Ortega Jr. are both vying for another term.

Among those seeking a council seat are former councilors Richard Ibay, Roderick Valbuena, and Arturo Valenzona. Three-term Buhay Party-list Rep. Irwin Tieng is also running for a council seat in this district.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 5th district
Party Candidate Votes %
KABAKA William Irwin Tieng 67,702
UNA Roberto Ortega, Jr. 63,904
UNA Laris Borromeo 62,216
UNA Joey "TJ" Hizon III 61,537
Asenso Manileño Ricardo "Boy" Isip, Jr. 49,830
UNA Cristina "Ting" Puzon-Yupangco 49,085
KABAKA Jose Abrito
Nacionalista Jaime Adriano
Liberal Abner Afuang
Liberal Mark Anthony Andaya
Lakas Rufino Cantil, Jr.
Liberal Jaime Co, Jr.
Liberal Ariel Dakis
NPC Geoffrey Dela Torre
Nacionalista Vincent Dinglasa
Nacionalista John Dizon
Lakas Eric Dolloso
UNA Paulino Ejercito
Asenso Manileño Bobby Espiritu
KABAKA Harry Huecas
UNA Richard Ibay
Nacionalista Wenifredo Limit
Liberal Dominador Mariano
NPC Fernando Perito
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname Erika Angela Platon
UNA Gina Ragasa-Veniegas
KABAKA Edward Ramirez
Liberal Felix Tobillo, Jr.
KABAKA Roderick Valbuena
Lakas Arturo Valenzona
Nacionalista Gladina Villar
NPC Marlon Villarojas
KABAKA Francis Villegas
Total votes ' '

6th District

Incumbent councilors Priscilla Marie Abante, Leilani Marie Lacuna, Joel Par, Elizabeth Rivera, Casimiro Sison, and Christian Paul Uy are all seeking another term.

Among those running for a council seat are former councilors Carlos Castañeda, Pablo Dario Ocampo, and Luciano Veloso. Castañeda served in the city council as the President of the Liga ng mga Barangay from 2004 to 2007 while Ocampo represented the 5th district from 1995 to 1998.

2016 Manila City Council election at the 6th district
Party Candidate Votes %
KABAKA Christian Paul "Joey" Uy 61,914 11.09
Asenso Manileño Priscilla Marie Abante 61,007 10.93
Asenso Manileño Elizabeth Rivera 59,840 10.72
Asenso Manileño Casimiro Sison 57,656 10.33
Asenso Manileño Carlos Castañeda 56,979 10.20
UNA Joel Par 56,418 10.10
Asenso Manileño Leilani Marie Lacuna 52,768 9.45
Liberal Luciano Veloso 50,555 9.05
PGP Pablo Dario "Chikee" Ocampo IV 43,211 7.74
Liberal Jeremiah Belgica 28,747 5.15
KABAKA Edward Quintos 9,719 1.74
Liberal Irene Rillo 5,421 0.97
Lakas Angel Agub 4,352 0.77
Lakas Jesus "Jessie Delgado" Porciuncula 3,559 0.63
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname Emmanuel Gonzales 2,531 0.45
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname Lardi Lardizabal 1,923 0.34
Template:KABAKA/meta/shortname Lynne Orqueza 1,499 0.26
Total votes 113,196 100.00

References

  1. ↑ "Erap wins close Manila mayoral race over Lim". Rappler. May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Erap Estrada wins 2nd term as Manila mayor". May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  3. ↑ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (May 10, 2016). "Estrada reelected Manila mayor". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  4. ↑ GMA News Online (2012-05-09). "Joseph Estrada to run for Manila mayor but for one term only". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
  5. ↑ PEP.ph (2015-04-15). "Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada announces reelection bid in 2016". PEP. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  6. ↑ Politiko (2015-10-09). "5 politikos compete for Manila vice mayor in 2016". Politiko. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  7. ↑ Inquirer.net (2015-07-23). "Eyeing mayoralty, Bagatsing hits Estrada, Lim for Manila woes". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
  8. ↑ Rappler (2015-10-12). "Bagatsing runs for Manila mayor, vows pro-business policies". Buena Bernal. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  9. ↑ Rappler (2015-10-13). "Alfredo Lim runs for Manila mayor again". Buena Bernal. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  10. 1 2 Elemia, Camille (March 28, 2016). "Erap endorses 'my goddaughter' Grace Poe for president". Rappler. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  11. ↑ Balagtas See, Aie (March 29, 2016). "Estrada: Gratitude to FPJ is why I endorse Grace Poe". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Road closures in Manila on March 28 for Erap proclamation rally". Rappler. March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Lim confident of regaining Manila City Hall". Journal. March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Metro Manila politicians launch bids". The Philippine Star. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  15. ↑ ‘Direk’ runs for mayor
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