Midlife crisis

A midlife crisis is a transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle aged individuals. It is a psychological and behavioral observation that commonly occurs with individuals between the ages 40-65. Its observations differ in a diverse manner for each individual. While some individuals may experience feelings of depression, remorse, and anxiety, others may experience feelings such as the desire to achieve youthfulness or make drastic changes to their current lifestyle or atmosphere.

Crisis vs. stressors

Academic research since the 1980s rejects the notion of mid-life crisis as a phase that most adults go through. Personality type and a history of psychological crisis are believed to predispose some people to this "traditional" midlife crisis.[1][2] People going through this suffer a variety of symptoms and exhibit a disparate range of behaviors.

It is important to understand the difference between a mid-life crisis and a mid-life stressor. Mid-life is the time from years 45–60[3][4][5] where a person is often evaluating his or her own life. However, many mid-life stressors are often labeled as a mid-life crisis. Day-to-day stressors are likely to add up and be thought of as a crisis, but in reality, it is simply an "overload".[1] Both women and men often experience multiple stressors because of their simultaneous roles as wives/husbands, mothers/fathers, employees, daughters/sons, etc.

Many middle-aged adults experience major life events that can cause a period of psychological stress or depression, such as the death of a loved one, or a career setback. However, those events could have happened earlier or later in life, making them a "crisis," but not necessarily a mid-life one. In the same study, 15% of middle-aged adults experienced this type of midlife turmoil. Being of a lower educational status is related to feeling stressors to a greater degree than those of a higher education level during midlife

Studies indicate that some cultures may be more sensitive to this phenomenon than others; one study found that there is little evidence that people undergo midlife crises in Japanese and Indian cultures, raising the question of whether a mid-life crisis is mainly a cultural construct. The authors hypothesized that the "culture of youth" in Western societies accounts for the popularity of the mid-life crisis concept there.

Researchers have found that mid-life is often a time for reflection and reassessment, but this is not always accompanied by the psychological upheaval popularly associated with "mid-life crisis."[6] Those who made career or jobs changes early in life were less likely to experience a crisis in midlife.[7][8]

Occurrence

For individuals the condition is most common from the ages of 45 through 60[3][5][9] and the average age at onset of a self-described midlife crisis was 45. Mid-life crises last about 3–10 years in men and 2–5 years in women. A mid-life crisis could be caused by aging itself, or aging in combination with changes, problems, or regrets over:

Mid-life crisis can affect men and women differently because their stressors differ. An American cultural stereotype of a man going through a midlife crisis may include the purchase of a luxury item such as an exotic car, or seeking intimacy with a younger woman. Some men seek younger women who are able to procreate, not necessarily with an intention to produce offspring, but psychologists refer to this as a human instinct.[10] A man's midlife crises is more likely to be caused by work issues. A woman's crisis by personal evaluations of their roles. Even though there are differences between why men and women go through a midlife crisis, the emotions they both encounter can be intense.

One of the main characteristics of a mid-life crisis perspective, is one assumes that their mid-life is about to be eventful, usually in a negative way, and potentially stressful. Psychologist Oliver Robinson's research characterizes each decade of life by describing frequent occurrences or situations particular to those age periods. He describes that a crisis can begin in your early 20's, when a person usually tries to map out their whole life. Moreover, the later age period, between 50 and 60, may be a time of illness or even the thought of death. Such a deadline may convince a middle-aged person that their life needs to be lived as expected.[8]

Individuals experiencing a mid-life crisis may feel:[11]

Treatment and prevention

Physical changes that commonly occur during these years are weight gain, wrinkles, sagging skin, hair loss, graying hair and hormone fluctuations.[13] A vision change known as presbyopia, may occur during middle age, the eye’s lens loses flexibility and focusing requires holding reading material closer, or farther away. Glasses may now be required or a change in prescription.[14][15] Regular exercise and maintenance of a nutritious diet may help to sustain one's physical and mental health during these years of transition.

Significant changes made early in life may prevent one from having a mid-life crisis. An example supporting such a theory can be derived from the research conducted by Dr.Susan Krauss Whitbourne. People who changed jobs before their midlife years had a greater sense of generativity when they reached mid-life. They also experienced a greater sense of motivation to deviate from stagnation and a desire to help the younger generation thrive. This is a psychological stage proposed by Erik Erikson that describes a normal stage adults go through during their mid-life years.[16]

Theoretical basis

The notion of the mid-life crisis began with followers of Sigmund Freud, who thought that during middle age everyone’s thoughts were driven by the fear of impending death.[17] Although mid-life crisis has lately received more attention in popular culture than serious research, there are some theoretical constructs supporting the notion. Jungian theory holds that mid-life is key to individuation, a process of self-actualization and self-awareness that contains many potential paradoxes.[18] Although Carl Jung did not describe midlife crisis per se, the mid-life integration of thinking, sensation, feeling, and intuition that he describes could, it seems, lead to confusion about one's life and goals.

Erik Erikson's life stage of generativity versus stagnation also coincides with the idea of a mid-life crisis. Erikson believed that in this stage adults begin to understand the pressure of being committed to improving the lives of generations to come. In this stage a person realizes the inevitability of mortality and the virtue of this stage is the creating of a better world for future generations in order for the human race to grow. Stagnation is the lack of psychological movement or growth. Instead of helping the community a person is barely able to help their own family. Those who experience stagnation do not invest in the growth of themselves or others.[19]

Some psychologists believe men's mid-life crisis is a psychological reaction to the imminent menopause and end of reproductive career of their spouses.[20] Their genes may be influencing men to be more attracted to reproductive women, and less attached to their non-reproductive spouses.

Criticism

Some people have challenged the existence of mid-life crises altogether. One study found that 23% of participants had what they called a "midlife crisis," but in digging deeper, only one-third of those—8% of the total—said the crisis was associated with realizations about aging."[1]

The balance (15% of those surveyed) had experienced major life experiences or transitions such as divorce or loss of a job in middle age and described them as "midlife crisis." While there is no doubt these events can be traumatic—the associated grief reactions can be indistinguishable from depression".[1]

Costa and McCrae (1980) found little evidence for an increase in neuroticism in midlife While they did find that some people were likely to experience such crises, these individuals were likely to experience crises in their 20s and 30s, and these experiences were not unique to midlife. Robinson, Rosenberg, and Farrell (1999) re-interviewed (500) men. Looking back over their midlife period, it became evident that while not necessarily entailing crisis, it was a time for re-evaluation.

Wrapping up their review of men's mid-life crisis, Alwin and Levenson wrote that "... Given the bulk of the data, it is likely that, for most men, mid-life is a time of achievement and satisfaction. For a certain proportion of men, however, the passage is not at all smooth." They found a similar pattern when they reviewed research on what are commonly thought to be triggers for women's mid-life crisis: menopause, children leaving home, the "sandwich" of caring for both parents and children. Most women navigated those periods without a traumatic psychological "crisis."

The enduring popularity of the mid-life crisis concept may be explained by another finding by Robinson et al. As Alwin and Levenson summarize: "... younger men, now middle-aged Baby Boomers, used the term "midlife crisis" to describe nearly any setback, either in their career or family life."

Levenson researched the possible existence of a midlife crisis and its implications. Whereas Levenson (1978) found that 80% of middle-aged participants had a crisis, and Ciernia (1985) reported that 70% of men in midlife said they had a crisis (Shek, 1996) others could not replicate those findings including Shek (1996), Kruger (1994), McCrae and Costa (1990). The debate of whether or not there is a midlife crisis is being answered through recent research that attempts to balance such factors as response bias and experimenter effects in order to establish internal validity. The above mentioned research does not support Levenson's model of a single age in the middle years that is a designated time of transition and potential "crisis." Instead, changes in personality can occur throughout the adult years with no peak in general distress or psychosocial crisis.[21]

Many view mid-life as a negative, but in reality many experience this time positively. If looked at as a time of personal growth, the experience can be greatly beneficial and rewarding. If treated as a transitional phase,[6] psychologists believe the initial experience may be difficult and confusing but as time passes it becomes an experience of self growth and self-realization.[6][22][23]

Cognitively, those of this age period tested better than when they were 25. This refutes the presumption of women losing much of their cognitive abilities during menopause. Forgetting words, or numbers does not happen to the degree popular culture would suggest of menopausal women.

Monetary costs

Experiencing a midlife crisis can have a significant impact in terms of finances. These significant influences often differ between women and men. Individuals who are experiencing a midlife crisis are often noticeably fixated on their health because their bodies are aging. Many of these individuals, more often women than men, wish to modify and reshape their body image to appear younger. Women use anti-aging facial products marketed to remove the appearance of wrinkles, dark spots, and dry skin for example. Others opt for plastic surgery. Both men and women in midlife who are experiencing a midlife crisis do more things that are considered entertaining, such as clubbing or partying. They feel as if they should live every moment to its fullest potential because they feel as if their lives are rushing by. Men, more than women, are likely to purchase expensive cars, bicycles, or motorcycles for reasons, such as appearing youthful, being adventurous, or reaching for their utmost dreams.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Sliwinski, Martin J.; Almeida, David M.; Smyth, Joshua; Stawski, Robert S. (1 December 2009). "Intraindividual change and variability in daily stress processes: Findings from two measurement-burst diary studies". Psychol Aging. 24 (4): 828–840. doi:10.1037/a0017925. PMC 2857711Freely accessible. PMID 20025399 – via PubMed Central.
  2. ↑ Sheehy, Gail (1996). New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255619-4.
  3. 1 2 http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~language/course/research/paper9.pdf
  4. ↑ "New midlife crisis signs are marathons, getting a facelift or a tattoo". Mail Online. 30 May 2014.
  5. 1 2 http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/articles/Forbes_12.8.14.pdf
  6. 1 2 3 Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998),
  7. ↑ "The Male Midlife Crisis". Psych Central.com.
  8. 1 2 "PsycNET - Option to Buy".
  9. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2643854/Are-running-marathon-getting-facelift-tattoo-Youre-probably-grip-mid-life-crisis.html|title=New midlife crisis signs are marathons
  10. ↑ "Why do men go through midlife crisis?". Psychology Today.
  11. ↑ Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (13 February 2015). "Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry". Elsevier Health Sciences – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ Warning Signs of a Midlife Crisis - http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/694
  13. ↑ MedlinePlus. Minaker, K. L., Dugdale, D. C., III MD, & Zieve, D., MD. (2011).
  14. ↑ WebMD.com. (2014). Eye Health Center. Retrieved November 05, 2014 from http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/adult-middle-age
  15. ↑ Bates; M.D, W. H. Bates (1 January 2008). "Better Eyesight Without Glasses". Orient Paperbacks – via Google Books.
  16. ↑ "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
  17. ↑ Scientific American MIND Magazine February 2009 article titled "Ask the Brains: Is the Midlife Crisis a Myth?" by David Almeida, professor of human development and family studies at Pennsylvania State University
  18. ↑ "The Individuation Process".
  19. ↑ Newman, Barbara M.; Newman, Philip R. (2012). Development Through Life. Wadsworth. pp. 512–15.
  20. ↑ "Why Do Men Go Through a Midlife Crisis?". Psychology Today.
  21. ↑ Sheehy, Gail (1 January 1996). "New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time". Ballantine Books – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ Chandra, Prabha (June 2011). "Is midlife crisis for real?". Prevention India.
  23. ↑ Erikson, Erik H. (1968) Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/30/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.