Mixed brigade
Mixed Brigades Brigadas Mixtas | |
---|---|
Standard of the 106 Mixed Brigade of the Popular Army of the Spanish Republic | |
Active | 1936–1939 |
Country | Spain |
Branch | Spanish Republican Armed Forces |
Type | Infantry brigade |
Role | Home Defence |
Part of | Spanish Republican Army divisions |
Engagements | Spanish Civil War |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders |
Enrique Líster José María Galán |
A mixed brigade (Spanish: brigada mixta) was a tactical military formation of the Spanish Republican Army following the coup of July 1936 and the onset of the Spanish Civil War. It was the basic military unit of the Republican People's Army after its war-dictated 1936 reorganization.[1]
History
The initial structure of this kind of brigade, approved in October 1936, was composed of four infantry battalions of five companies each, a mixed sapper battalion and a Service Corps company that included a medical corps group. Certain brigades had also a cavalry section. A division was composed of two or three mixed brigades.[2]
The mixed brigade was based on a model that would replace the columns (columnas) and militias of the pre-coup Spanish Republican Army.[3] The first six Mixed Brigades were created on 18 October 1936. The first was led by Communist colonel Enrique Líster,[4] the second by Jesús Martínez de Aragón, the third by José María Galán, the fourth by Eutiquiano Arellano, the fifth by Fernando Sabio and the sixth by Miguel Gallo Martínez.[5] By December 1936 there were fifteen brigades in full service (1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 11th and 12th International Brigades, 35th, 37th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 43rd, 44th, 50th and one unnumbered).[6] By the spring of 1937 there were forty active brigades and another fifteen were undergoing training; these brigades were swiftly placed in divisions.[7]
Mixed brigades were typically infantry units of the army. However, the 151 Brigada Mixta, among a few others, was a mixed brigade composed of Spanish Republican Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) led by Commander Pedro Muñoz Caro. Photographer Robert Capa took pictures of the 151 Brigada Mixta in the Battle of the Segre.[8]
All the units ended up being disbanded after the defeat of the Republican military and the subsequent dismantling of the Spanish Republican state by the Francoist regime. The final fate of some of the mixed brigades and their members is unknown.[9][10]
Mixed Brigades
The Mixed Brigades of the International Brigades are in Roman numerals.
1st to 100th
Number | Establishment date | Disbandment date | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
1st | 10 October 1936 | 9 February 1939 | From the Fifth Regiment. |
2nd | 13 October 1936 | February 1939 | Included railroad workers |
3rd | October 1936 | March 1939 (?)[11] | Carabineros unit.[12] |
4th | November 1936 | March 1939 | |
5th | October 1936 | 28 March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
6th | October 1936 | March 1939 | |
7th | 27 March 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
8th | 27 March 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
9th | 23 January 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Initially known as 1st Brigada Mixta Bis. |
10th | 21 December 1936 | 9 February 1939 | Initially known as 1st Brigada móvil choque. |
XI[13] | 22 February 1936 | February 1939 | |
XII[14] | 1 November 1936 | 9 February 1939 | |
XIII | 1 December 1936 | February 1939 | |
XIV | 1 December 1936 | 25 September 1938 | |
XIV Bis | November 1937 | February 1938 | Bifurcation of the XIV International Brigade.[15] |
XV[16] | 31 January 1937 | February 1939 | Lincoln Battalion part of this brigade |
16th | December 1936 | March 1939 | |
17th | December 1936 | 28 March 1939 | |
18th | November 1936 | 28 March 1939 | |
19th | December 1936 | 31 January 1939 | |
20th | November 1936 | March 1939 | |
21st | December 1936 | 17 January 1939 | |
22nd | November 1936 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Peire". |
23rd | October 1936 | January 1939 | |
24th | December 1936 | January 1939 | |
25th | November 1936 | March 1939 | |
26th | October 1936 | 28 March 1939 | |
27th | December 1936 | 28 March 1939 | |
28th | October 1936 | March 1939 | |
29th | October 1936 | 28 March 1939 | Former "Columna Cuevas". |
30th | 31 December 1936 | March 1939 | |
31st | 2 January 1937 | February 1939 | |
32nd | 31 December 1936 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Mangada". |
33rd | 6 January 1937 | 4 February 1939 | |
34th | 1 January 1937 | 27 March 1939 | Former "Columna Robledo". |
35th | 1 January 1937 | March 1939 | |
36th | 1 January 1937 | March 1939 | Took part in the 'Death Tunnel' events in Usera. |
37th | 31 December 1936 | February 1939 | |
38th | 31 December 1936 | February 1939 | Former "Columna Perea". |
39th | 26 November 1936 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Palacios". |
40th | 26 November 1936 | 27 March 1939 | Former "Columna Ortega". |
41st | 26 November 1936 | March 1939 | |
42nd | 1 January 1937 | March 1939 | Included the Elche Battatlion[17] |
43rd | 26 November 1936 | 27 March 1939 | Former "Columna Escobar". |
44th | 31 December 1936 | 27 March 1939 | |
45th | 31 December 1936 | 27 March 1939 | Former "Columna Burillo". |
46th | 31 December 1936 | March 1939 | |
47th | 31 December 1936 | March 1939 | |
48th | 28 March 1937 | March 1939 | |
49th | February 1937 | February 1939 | terminated after the bombing of Xàtiva. |
50th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
51st | 14 March 1937 | March 1939 | |
52nd | January 1937 | March 1939 | |
53rd | January 1937 | March 1939 | |
54th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
55th | 1 March 1937 | March 1939 | |
56th | January 1937 | February 1939 | |
57th | 1 January 1937 | March 1939 | |
58th | January 1937 | March 1939 | |
59th | January 1937 | 9 February 1937 | |
60th | January 1937 | 4 February 1939 | Former "Columna Rosal". |
61st | January 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Rosal". |
62nd | December 1936 | January 1939 (?) | |
63rd | December 1936 | March 1939 | |
64th | December 1936 | March 1939 | |
65th | December 1936 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
66th | December 1936 | March 1939 | |
67th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
68th | January 1937 | February 1939 | |
69th | December 1936 | March 1939 | |
70th | 15 January 1937 | March 1939 | |
71st | January 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
72nd | January 1937 | February 1939 | Re-established after surviving the Battle of Bielsa.[18] |
73rd | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
74th | January 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
75th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
76th | April 1937 | March 1939 | |
77th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
78th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
79th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
80th | February 1937 | March 1939 | |
81st | March 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Iberia". |
82nd | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
83rd | March 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Hierro". |
84th | March 1937 | January 1938 | Terminated after the "Mora de Rubielos events". Re-established on 19 April 1938 Took part in the Battle of the Ebro. Disappeared during the Catalonia Campaign. |
85th | March 1937 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
86th | March 1937 | 28 March 1939 | Originally Brigada móvil Puertollano in December 1936. Reorganized as International Brigade.[19] |
87th | March 1937 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
88th | March 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
89th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
90th | May 1937 | March 1939 | |
91st | March 1937 | March 1939 | Destroyed in the Battle of Mérida pocket (1938) Later re-established. |
92nd | March 1937 | March 1939 | Originally known as 75th Brigada Mixta. |
93rd | January 1937 | February 1939 (?) | Originally known as 53rd Brigada Mixta. |
94th | March 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Originally established upon the former "Columna Iberia". Terminated in September 1937 after the Battle of Brunete. Reason: ineptitude during combat. Re-established with Infantería de Marina forces. |
95th | June 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Originally established with Anarchist militias. Terminated following the Battle of Brunete. Reason: ineptitude during combat. Re-established with Infantería de Marina forces. |
96th | June 1937 | March 1939 | |
97th | June 1937 | March 1939 (?) | |
98th | 1 June 1937 | March 1939 | |
99th | 12 June 1937 | March 1939 | |
100th | June 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Shock troops of the 11th Division. |
101st to 200th
Number | Establishment date | Disbandment date | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
101st | May 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Shock troops of the 46th Division. |
102nd | March 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Formed from the remainders of the "72nd Mixed Brigade". |
103rd | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
104th | March 1937 | February 1939 | |
105th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
106th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
107th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
108th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
109th | Spring 1937 | March 1939 | Annihilated in the Battle of Mérida pocket (1938). |
110th | March 1937 | March 1937 | |
111th | 17 March 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
112th | April 1937 | 28 March 1939 | |
113th | March 1937 | 27 March 1939 | |
114th | March 1937 | 26 March 1939 | |
115th | March 1937 | March 1939 | |
116th | 28 April 1937 | March 1939 | |
117th | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Fell apart in Catalonia. |
118th | 28 April 1937 | March 1939 | |
119th | 28 April 1937 | February 1939 | Former "Columna Durruti". |
120th | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Former "Columna Durruti". |
121st | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Former "Columna Durruti". |
122nd | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Disbanded after the Battle of the Ebro. |
123rd | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Disbanded after the Battle of the Ebro. |
124th | 28 April 1937 | January 1939 | Disbanded after the Battle of the Ebro. |
125th | 28 April 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Ascaso". |
126th | 28 April 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Ascaso". |
127th | 28 April 1937 | 27 March 1939 | Former "Columna Ascaso". |
128th | 28 April 1937 | October 1937 | Disbanded and re-established more than once. |
CXXIX | 8 February 1938 | 28 March 1939 | It lost its International Battalions in October 1938.[20] |
130th | 28 April 1937 | 9 February 1939 | Re-established after escaping the Bielsa pocket.[21] |
131st | 28 April 1937 | 9 February 1939 | |
132nd | 11 June 1937 | 28 March 1939 | Former "Columna Macià-Companys". |
133rd | May 1937 | January 1939 | |
134th | May 1937 | 26 January 1939 | |
135th | May 1937 | February 1939 | |
136th | 1 May 1937 | February 1939 | |
137th | 1 May 1937 | February 1939 | |
138th | 1 May 1937 | March 1939 | |
139th | 1 May 1937 | February 1939 | |
140th | 1 May 1937 | February 1939 | |
141st | May 1937 | February 1939 | |
142nd | May 1937 | 12 February 1939 | |
143rd | May 1937 | 16 January 1939 | Annihilated in Gayá |
144th | May 1937 | January 1939 | |
145th | May 1937 | January 1939 | |
146th | May 1937 | 23 January 1939 | |
147th | 1 May 1937 | March 1939 | Former "Columna Maroto". |
148th | 9 May 1937 | March 1939 | |
149th | May 1937 | February 1939 | |
150th | 11 June 1937 | March 1939 | |
CL[22] | 27 May 1937 | 4 August 1937 | Disbanded after the debacle at Brunete. |
151st | June 1937 | January 1939 | Formed with Infantería de Marina troops. |
152nd | June 1937 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
153rd | June 1937 | 26 January 1939 (?) | |
154th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 1st Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
155th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 2nd Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
156th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 3rd Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
157th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 4th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
158th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 5th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
159th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 6th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
160th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 7th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
161st | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 8th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
162nd | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 9th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
163rd | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 13th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
164th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 11th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
165th | January 1938 | March 1939 | Former 12th Basque Brigade; re-established as guerrilla unit. |
166th | 6 August 1937 | October 1937 | Former 1st Santander Brigade. |
167th | 6 August 1937 | 21 August 1937 | Former 2nd Santander Brigade. |
168th | 6 August 1937 | 21 August 1937 | Former 3rd Santander Brigade. |
169th | 6 August 1937 | September 1937 | Former 8th Santander Brigade. |
170th | 6 August 1937 | 21 August 1937 | Former 4th Santander Brigade. |
171st | 6 August 1937 | 21 August 1937 | Former 5th Santander Brigade. |
172nd | 6 August 1937 | 21 August 1937 | Former 6th Santander Brigade. |
173rd | 6 August 1937 | 25 August 1937 | Former 7th Santander Brigade. |
174th | 30 April 1938 | January 1939 (?) | Former 9th Santander Brigade. |
175th | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 10th Santander Brigade. |
176th | 30 April 1938 | February 1939 | Former 11th Santander Brigade. |
177th | 30 April 1938 | January 1939 (?) | Former 12th Santander Brigade. |
177th | 30 April 1938 | 2 January 1939 (?) | Former 14th Santander Brigade. |
179th | 19 April 1938 | February 1939 | Carabineros unit.[23] |
180th | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 16th Asturian Brigade. |
181st | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | |
182nd | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Fate unknown |
183rd | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 3rd Asturian Brigade. |
184th | 6 August 1937 | 21 October 1937 | Former 10th Asturian Brigade. |
185th | 6 August 1937 | September 1937 | Former 15th Asturian Brigade. |
186th | 6 August 1937 | October 1937 | Former 13th Asturian Brigade. |
187th | 6 August 1937 | October 1937 | Former 14th Asturian Brigade. |
188th | 6 August 1937 | October 1937 | Former 17th Asturian Brigade. |
189th | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 1st Asturian Brigade. |
190th | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 2nd Asturian Brigade. |
191st | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Formed from remainders of the 4th Basque Brigade and the 8th Santander Brigade. |
192nd | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 5th Asturian Brigade. |
193rd | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | Former 6th Asturian Brigade. |
194th | 22 May 1938 | March 1939 | Former 4th Asturian Brigade. |
195th | 22 May 1938 | March 1939 | Former 7th Asturian Brigade. |
196th | 22 May 1938 | January 1939 | Fell apart in Catalonia.[24] |
197th | 22 May 1938 | March 1939 | |
198th | 30 April 1938 | January 1939 | Fell apart in Catalonia along with the 196th and 199th |
199th | 30 April 1938 | January 1939 | Fell apart in Catalonia along with the 196th and 198th |
200th | May 1938 | 28 March 1939 | Ordered to retreat from the front in January 1939.[25] |
201st to 246th
Number | Establishment date | Disbandment date | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
201st | 30 April 1938 | 28 March 1939 | |
202nd | 30 April 1938 | 29 March 1939 | |
203rd | May 1938 | March 1939 | |
204th | 30 April 1938 | March 1939 | |
205th | May 1938 | March 1939 | |
206th[26] | May 1938 | March 1939 | |
207th | May 1938 | March 1939 | |
208th | April 1938 | March 1939 | |
209th | August 1937 | March 1939 | |
210th | August 1937 | March 1939 | |
211th | August 1937 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
212th | 28 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
213th | 24 August 1937 | January 1939 (?) | |
214th | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
215th | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
216th | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
217th | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
218th | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | |
219th[27] | 24 August 1937 | 26 March 1939 | |
220th | 24 August 1937 | 26 March 1939 | |
221st | 24 August 1937 | March 1939 | Fate unknown |
222nd | Summer 1937 | March 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
223rd | Summer 1937 | March 1939 | Engaged in coastal defence.[28] |
224th | Summer 1937 | January 1939 (?) | Restructured in spring 1938.[29] |
225th | Summer 1937 | March 1939 | Coastal defence |
226th | Summer 1937 | 9 February 1939 | part of the 42nd Division |
227th | 22 April 1938 | 9 February 1939 | |
228th | December 1938 | January 1939 | Carabineros unit. |
229th | December 1938 | January 1939 (?) | |
230th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
231st | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
232nd | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
233rd | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
234th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
235th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
236th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
237th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
238th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
239th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
240th | February 1938 | Data lacking | Guerrilla unit. |
241st | December 1938 | Unknown | Did not see combat action before disbandment. |
242nd | December 1938 | February 1939 | |
243rd | December 1938 | Unknown | Did not see combat action before disbandment. |
244th | December 1938 | Unknown | Did not see combat action before disbandment. |
245th | December 1938 | February 1939 | |
246th | January 1939 | Unknown | Could not be fully established before the Eastern Region Army Group fell apart.[30] |
See also
- Spanish Republican Armed Forces
- Fifth Regiment
- Military organization
- International Brigades
- Si me quieres escribir
Bibliography
- Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999). Historia de las Brigadas Mixtas del Ejército Popular de la República. Madrid: Almena. ISBN 84-922644-7-0.
References
- ↑ Orden, circular, creando un Comisariado general de Guerra con la misión que se indica. (PDF). Año CCLXXV Tomo IV, Núm. 290. Gaceta de Madrid: diario oficial de la República. 16 October 1936. p. 355.
- ↑ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.526
- ↑ "Petrer 1936: las Quintas de la Guerra - Petreraldia.com - Noticias de actualidad de Petrer y su comarca". 13 June 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.529
- ↑ www.militar.org.ua. "Guerra Civil espanola - Las Brigadas Mixtas del Ejercito Popular de la Republica". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.526
- ↑ Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.530
- ↑ Robert Capa picture of the 151 Brigada Mixta at the Battle of the Segre
- ↑ "221 Brigada Mixta - Cátedra Pedro Ibarra, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ "Re: necesito ayuda datos de la brigada mixta 221 y 222 en castellon y valencia". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ Date uncertain
- ↑ "República - EPR - B.M.". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ Antony Beevor (2006); p. 167
- ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 528
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 37
- ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976), p. 639
- ↑ "¿...Y por qué no un blog...? : Fragmentos de metralla: el Batallón Elche en la red". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 892
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 114
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 41
- ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 892
- ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976); p. 1035
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 194
- ↑ This was a Central Zone brigade that was sent by sea to Catalonia along with the 198th and 199th Mixed Brigades in December 1938 in order to support the republican troops there. After disembarking in Barcelona it was incapable of reorganizing itself and fell apart in the middle of the chaos provoked by the retreat towards the French border.
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 204
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 208
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 219
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 222
- ↑ Suffered such heavy losses during the Aragon Offensive that it was no longer operational and was disbanded. Re-established anew on 19 April 1938.
- ↑ Carlos Engel Masoliver (1999); p. 228
External links
- SBHAC - Guía de Brigadas Mixtas
- The International Brigades in the Spanish War 1936-1939: Flags and Symbols
- Arab volunteers in the Spanish Mixed Brigades
- Las Brigadas Mixtas según Carlos Engel (1.999)
- Las Brigadas Mixtas según Mike Blacksmith
- La Evolución de las Brigadas Mixtas.
- Las Brigadas Mixtas según Ciutat y Rojo (1.974 y 1.967)
- Las Brigadas Mixtas según Alpert (1.977)