Mixosaurus
| Mixosaurus Temporal range: Mid Triassic | |
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| Dorsal View of fossil showing top of skull | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Sauropsida |
| Order: | Ichthyosauria |
| Family: | Mixosauridae |
| Genus: | Mixosaurus Baur, 1887 |
| Species | |
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Mixosaurus is an extinct genus of Middle Triassic ichthyosaur.[1] It was the most common genus of Triassic ichtyosaurus: its fossils have been found all over the world, including China, Timor, Indonesia, Italy, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Canada, as well as Alaska and Nevada in the US.[2] It was named in 1887 by George H. Baur. The name means "Mixed Lizard", and was chosen because it appears to have been a transitional form between the eel-shaped Ichthyosaurs such as Cymbospondylus and the later dolphin-shaped ichthyosaurs, such as Ichthyosaurus. Baur named Mixosaurus as a new genus because its forefin was sufficiently different from that of Ichthyosaurus.[2]
Description
Mixosaurus was a small to medium-sized ichthyosaur, not growing more than 2 meters in total length with small species not growing more than 1 meter. It possessed a long tail with a low fin, suggesting it could have been a slow swimmer, but also possessed a dorsal fin for stability in the water. The paddle-like limbs were made up of five toes each, unlike the three toes found in later Ichthyosaurs. Noteworthy, however, is that each toe had more individual bones than is usual in reptiles, and the front limbs were longer than the back limbs, both adaptations typical of later ichthyosaurs. The jaws were narrow, with several sharp teeth, that would have been ideal for catching fish.[3] They had relatively large skulls compared to their bodies, unlike the basal ichthyosaurs, but resembled fish-shaped ichthyosaurs that appeared later. They had around 50 vertebrae in front of the pelvic girdle, around twice as many as terrestrial diapsids.[4] Recent studies suggest that genus Mixosaurus may have lived near shore or in a shelf-like habitat as it possesses more compact spongy bone within its long bones than other Ichthyosaurs.[5]
Species
There are 3 species of Mixosaurus currently recognised, Mixosaurus cornalianus, Mixosaurus panxianesis and Mixosaurus kuhnschnyderi [6] They share many similar characteristics throughout the cranial and post cranial with the main differences morphology occurring in the dental region. Examples of the dental variation are the extent of the dental groove in the upper jaw, the shape and size of the teeth and the number of rows of teeth [2]
Mixosaurus cornalianus
Many specimens of Mixosaurus cornalianus have been found from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the Tessin areas on the border of Italy and Switzerland.
Mixosaurus cornalianus is the only Triassic ichthyosaur for which completely articulated skeletons have been found. Many specimens have been collected but Mixosaurus cornalianus is not well studied, this is because all of the known specimens have been compressed during the preservation process.
Mixosaurus cornalianus has a sagittal crest associated with the expansion of the upper temporal fenestra. This indicates that it had exceptionally strong jaw muscles.[2]
Mixosaurus panxianensis
Mixosaurus panxianensis was discovered in the Middle Triassic of the Guizhou Province, China. The specimens have been found in the Guanling Formation, which consists of thinly bedded bituminous limestones and marls.
The specimens found have important Mixosaurid characteristics such as a long sagittal crest along the top of the skull but is seen as a different species because there is no external contact between the jugal and the quadratojugal.
Articulated skeletons have been found and the centra of the vertebrae are higher than they are long. This is evidence for its transitional position between basal early Triassic ichthyosaurs and more derived Jurassic and Cretaceous species; who have disc shaped circular centra of the vertebrae.[6]
Classification
In recent years the taxonomy and phylogeny of Mixosaurid Ichthyosaurs has been a controversial topic. Most recently, Mixosauridae has been separated into Mixosaurinae and the sister group Phalarondontinae. Mixosauridae containing M. cornalianus, M. kuhnschnyderi and M. panxianensis, Phalarodon contains P. fraasi, P. callawayi and P. atavus.
Mixosaurids are characterised by a relatively short and wide humerus and Phalarodon are characterised by the lack of a dental groove in the upper jaw. Phalarodon fossils are found in every major Mixosaur locality.
Mixosaurid species declared as nomen dubium, meaning the description was insufficient to fully classify them as a species, are M. maotaiensis, M. helveticus, M. timorensis, M. major, M. timorensis, M.nordenskioeldii.[6][7][8]
It was suggested that Tholodus schmidi should be included in Mixosauridae but only dental material has been found so it is difficult to assign it to a genus.[6]
Cladogram based on Motani (1999),[9] Maisch and Matzke (2000),[10] and Jiang, Schmitz, Hao & Sun (2006),[11] with clade and generic names following Maisch (2010):[1]
| Mixosauria |
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See also
References
- 1 2 Michael W. Maisch (2010). "Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 3: 151–214.
- 1 2 3 4 Motani, R.; et al. (1999). "The skull and Taxonomy of Mixosaurus (Ichthyoptergia)". Journal of Paleontology. 73: 924–935.
- ↑ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 79. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ↑ Motani, R.; et al. (1996). "Eel like swimming in the earliest ichthyosaurs". Nature. 382: 347–388. doi:10.1038/382347a0.
- ↑ Houssaye, Alexandra; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Kolb, Christian; Fisher, Valentin; Sander, P. Martin (April 2014). "A New Look at Ichthyosaur Long Bone Microanatomy and Histology: Implications for Their Adaption to an Aquatic Life". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): 1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095637.
- 1 2 3 4 Jiang, D.; et al. (2006). "A new mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26: 60–69. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[60:anmift]2.0.co;2.
- ↑ Schmitz.; et al. (2010). "The taxonomic status of Mixosaurus nordenskioeldii". Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 25: 983–985. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0983:ttsomn]2.0.co;2.
- ↑ Prof. Dr. H.D Sues, ed. (2003). Handbook of Paeoherpetology, Part 8, Ichthyopterygia. Munchen: Friedrich Pfeil. p. 175.
- ↑ Motani, R. (1999). "Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19: 472–495. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160.
- ↑ Michael W. Maisch and Andreas T. Matzke (2000). "The Ichthyosauria" (PDF). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde: Serie B. 298: 159.
- ↑ Da-Yong Jiang, Lars Schmitz, Wei-Cheng Hao, and Yuan-Lin Sun (2006). "A new mixosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (1): 60–69. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[60:ANMIFT]2.0.CO;2.