Modu Chanyu

Modu Chanyu
Hunnu Chanyu
Reign 209–174 BC
Predecessor Touman
Successor Laoshang
Born c. 234 BC
Modern-day Mongolia
Died 174 BC
Dynasty Maodun
Father Touman

Modu Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 冒顿单于; traditional Chinese: 冒頓單于; pinyin: Màodùn Chányú, Mongolian: Модунь, Modun; Баатар, Baatar), sometimes also transcribed as Maodun) who was born in circa 234 BC and died in 174 BC, was the fourth known Xiongnu ruler and the founder of the Xiongnu Empire. He became the Xiongnu ruler after he ordered the execution of his father Touman in 209 BC.[1][2]

Modu ruled from 209 BC to 174 BC. He was a military leader under his father Touman, and later the Chanyu and king of the Xiongnu, centered in modern-day Mongolia.[3] Once he had secured the throne, he established a powerful Xiongnu Empire by successfully unifying the tribes of the Mongolian steppes and hence posed an imminent threat to the Chinese Qin Dynasty. His Xiongnu Empire was one of the largest of his time – the eastern border stretched as far as the Liao River, the western borders of the empire reached the Pamir Mountains, whilst the northern border reached Lake Baikal.[4]

He was succeeded by his son Laoshang Chanyu.

Name

Several scholars have suggested the reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciation of Mòdùn (冒頓) is IPA: [mək-twən].[5] His name is also written as Motun in some sources. Ultimately, the Old Chinese pronunciation might have represented the pronunciation of the foreign word *baγtur, a relative of the later attested Central Eurasian culture word baγatur ‘hero’.[5] The etymology of this word is uncertain, although the first syllable is very likely the Iranian word *baγ ‘god, lord’, which is an element in the titles of many later Central Eurasian people.[5] Clauson claims the word to be an original Xiongnu name/title.[6]

Origins and rise to power

According to Sima Qian, Modu was a gifted child but his father Touman wanted the son of another of his wives to succeed him.[2] To eliminate Modu as a competitor to his chosen heir, Touman sent the young Modu to the Yuezhi people as a hostage; then he attacked the Yuezhi in the hopes that they would kill Modu as retribution.[2] Modu was able to escape this fate by stealing a fast horse and returned to the Xiongnu, who welcomed him as a hero.[2] In reward for this show of bravery, his father appointed him the commander of 10,000 horsemen.[2]

Due to his reputation for bravery, Modu began to gather a group of extremely loyal warriors.[1] To be sure of their loyalty, Modu ordered each of the warriors to shoot his favorite horse. Those who refused were executed.[1] He later repeated this test of loyalty, but with one of his favorite wives, and once again executed those who hesitated to obey his order. After he was sure of the loyalty of his remaining warriors, he ordered them to shoot at his father, killing him in a shower of arrows. With none of his followers failing to shoot at his command and the elimination of his father, Modu proclaimed himself Chanyu of the Xiongnu.

After his self-proclaimed ascension to the title of Chanyu, Modu began to eliminate those who would prove a threat to his newly acquired power. Thus, he proceeded to execute his rival half-brother, his step-mother, and other Xiongnu officials who refused to support his rule.[2] After coming to power in 209 BC, Modu began to act on his ambitions to become the sole ruler over the Central Asian steppes, finding substantial success through both military strength and clever strategy.[2]

The rise of the Xiongnu Empire

Domain and influence of the Xiongnu under Modu at the start of his rule.

First he marched on the Donghu, the Xiongnu’s eastern neighbours, and brought them under his rule in 208 BC. After his Donghu campaign (the Donghu split into Xianbei and Wuhuan); he defeated the Dingling and other peoples living in Northern Mongolia, and finally he brought the Yuezhi under his rule in 203 BC. After these conquests, all Xiongnu lords submitted to him.[1]

With these victories, he was able to gain control of the important trade routes, which later supplied the Xiongnu with a large income. In 200 BC, Modu fought a three-year campaign with the Han Dynasty of China, and decisively defeated the Han Emperor Gao (personal name Liu Bang); when Liu Bang advanced against him, Modu (with 40,000 soldiers) lured the Han army into a trap, ambushed the emperor, reputedly with 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, and encircled them for seven days at the Battle of Baideng. The emperor was cut off from supplies and reinforcements.[2] The siege was only relieved when the Han royal court sent spies to bribe Modu's wife. The result of this campaign resulted in Han China resorting to the humiliating "marriage alliance" strategy with the Xiongnu for the next seventy years.[2] From the Chinese perspective though, it was a case of a "poor 'partridge' delivered over to the 'wild bird of Mongolia'."[7]

After his Chinese campaign, Modu forced the Yuezhi and the Wusun to become vassals of the Xiongnu.[1]

Despite the violent circumstances by which Modu came to power, the Xiongnu leadership passed on with relatively few problems for 150 years after the beginning of his rule.[2]

Later legends

Christopher I. Beckwith has pointed out that the story of the young Modu resembles a widespread class of folk tales in which a young hero is abandoned, goes on a quest, proves his worth, gains a group of trusted companions, returns to his home country, slays a powerful figure and becomes a king.[8]

The name of Maodun has been associated with Oghuz Khagan, an epic ancestor of the Turkic people. The reason for that is a striking similarity of the Oghuz Khagan biography in the Turko manuscripts (Rashid al-Din, Hondemir, Abulgazi) with the Maodun biography in the Chinese sources (feud between the father and son and murder of the former, the direction and sequence of conquests, etc.), which was first noticed by N.Ya. Bichurin (Compilation of reports, pp. 56–57).[9][10]

Another suggestion connects it with the name of the Magyar (Mad'ar) royal tribe of the Hungarians (匈牙利) and with their distant relatives the Mators, now extinct.[11] He has been linked with the Dulo known from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans[12] and this, in the form *Duh-klah Tuqi, with the Hungarian/Magyar Gyula (D'ula) clan.[13] It has been suggested that his name, as Bixtun or Beztur, appears in the genealogy as the ancestor of Attila the Hun.

Memorial

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77064-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Barfield, Thomas (1989). The Perilous Frontier. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-043-2.
  3. ↑ "Bambooweb Dictionary: Huns". Bambooweb. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  4. ↑ "Batur Tengriqut". Baike Baidu. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Beckwith 2009, p. 387
  6. ↑ Clauson, Gerard: An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1972. Entry: Bagatur
  7. ↑ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  8. ↑ Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road, 2009, Chapter One.
  9. ↑ Bichurin N.Ya., "Compilation of reports on peoples inhabiting Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, pp. 56–57
  10. ↑ Taskin V.S., "Materials on history of Sünnu", transl., 1968, Vol. 1, p. 129
  11. ↑ E. Helismki – Die Matorische Sprache, 1997, Studia Uralo-Altaica 41, pg. 64.
  12. ↑ O. Pritsak: Die bulgarische Fürstenliste und die Sprache der Proto-Bulgaren, Wiesbaden, 1955.
  13. ↑ O. Pritsak, 1955.
  14. ↑ "History of Turkish Land Forces". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2016.</ref Nihal Atsız, "Türk Karaordusunun Kuruluşu Meselesi", Ötüken, Sayı: 4 (1973)
  15. ↑ "Modun Shanyu". Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2016.

Sources

Preceded by
Touman		 Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire
209–174 BC 		Succeeded by
Laoshang Chanyu

External links

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