Monadofilosa

Monadofilosa
Cercomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Rhizaria
Phylum:	Cercozoa
Subphylum:	Filosa
Superclass:	Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith, 1997

Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa.^[1] (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and Reticulofilosa.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists.

Classification

Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose amoeboids, and the cercomonads.

It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea.^[2]

It has also been described as Sarcomonadea (Cercomonas, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion), Thecofilosea (Cryptodifflugia, Cryothecomonas), Spongomonadea (Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron), and Imbricatea (Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus, Euglypha, Trinema, Paulinella).^[3]

• The testaceans live both in marine and freshwater habitats, and in mosses. Members include Lecythium, Pseudodifflugia, Euglypha (a euglyphid), and Paulinella chromatophora.
• Cercomonads are flagellates that glide on their posterior cilium and/or generate filopodia. Members of this group contain Cryothecomonas, Thaumatomonas, which is covered with siliceous scales, and Cercomonas, which is nake. Cercomonas contains several species that show exhibit amoeboid movement, such as the testate amoeba Cyphoderia, and the flagellate Cryothecomonas.

Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum.

Sainouron has been grouped in Monadofilosa.^[4]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009,^[5] Howe et al. 2011^[6] and Bass et al. 2016.^[7]

Metromonadea Metopiida Metromonadida Cercomonadida Glissomonadida Pansomonadida Sainourida Ventrifilosa Thecofilosea Tectosia Tectofilosida Phaeodaria Eodarida Opaloconchida Eothecia Cryomonadida Matazida Botuliformidae Ebriida Silicofilosea Placoperla Perlatia Perlofilida Spongomonadida Placofila Rotosphaerida Thaumatomonadida Placonuda Discocelida Discomonadida Euglyphida Nudisarca Variglissida Marimonadida

Taxonomy

• Infraphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012 [Eoglissa Cavalier-Smiths 2012]
  • Family ?Katabiidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
  • Order ?Pseudodimorphida
  • Order Cercomonadida Poche 1913 emend. Karpov et al. 2006
  • Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007
    • Order Metromonadida Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Cavalier-Smith & Oates 2012
    • Order Metopiida Cavalier-Smith 2003
  • Superclass Glissomonadida-Sainourida
    • Order Pseudosporida Hibberd 1983 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Order Dimorphida Siemensma 1991 [Endonucleoplastiales]
    • Order Glissomonadida Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 emend. Hess et al. 2013
    • Order Pansomonadida Vickerman 2005
    • Order Sainourida [Sainouroidea Cavalier-Smith et al. 2009]
  • Superclass Ventrifilosa
    • Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011 [Tripylea Hertwig 1879]
      • Order ?Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 [Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993; Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988; Hemimastigidea]}
      • Order ?Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011
      • Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Family ?Botuliformidae
        • Order Matazida Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Order Ebriida Poche [Ebriidea Lemmermann 1901 emend. Deflandre 1936; Ebiophyta; Ebriacea Lemmermann 1901; Ebriophyceae Loeblich 1970; Ebriales Honigsberg 1964; Stereotestales]
        • Order Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Cryothecomonadea; Cryothecomonadida]
      • Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Order Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003
        • Infraclass Phaeodaria Haeckel 1879 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012
          • Order Eodarida Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith 2012
    • Class Silicofilosea Adl et al. 2005 emend. Adl et al. 2012 [Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011]
      • Subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990
        • Superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Zoelucasida Cavalier-Smith 2014
          • Order Rotosphaerida Rainer 1968
          • Order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987
      • Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith 2012
        • Order ?Discocelida Cavalier-Smith 1997
        • Order ?Discomonadida
        • Superorder Euglyphia
          • Order Euglyphida Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 [Euglyphina Bovee 1985]
        • Superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith 2012
          • Order Variglissida
          • Order Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011 [Auranticordida]

References

1. Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3-4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.
2. Wylezich C, Meisterfeld R, Meisterfeld S, Schlegel M (2002). "Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions reveal a monophyletic lineage of euglyphid testate amoebae (Order Euglyphida)". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49 (2): 108–18. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00352.x. PMID 12043958.
3. "www.nies.go.jp". Retrieved 2009-06-26.
4. Cavalier-Smith T, Lewis R, Chao EE, Oates B, Bass D (October 2008). "Morphology and phylogeny of Sainouron acronematica sp. n. and the ultrastructural unity of Cercozoa". Protist. 159 (4): 591–620. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.04.002. PMID 18583188.
5. Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499.
6. Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162: 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002
7. Bass, et al. (2016). "Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates, including Guttulinopsis, Rosculus and Helkesimastix, characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal-associated protists". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1604–1619. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13235.

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