Murex

Murex Temporal range: Cretaceous - Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Apertural view of the shell of Venus Comb Murex, Murex pecten, anterior end towards the bottom of the page
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Muricoidea
Family:	Muricidae
Subfamily:	Muricinae
Genus:	Murex Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text.
Synonyms[1]
Acupurpura Jousseaume, 1880 Aranea Perry, 1810 (Invalid: junior homonym of Aranea Linnaeus, 1758 [Arachnida]) Tubicauda Jousseaume, 1880

Murex is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".^[1]

The common name murex is still used for a large number of species in the family Muricidae which were originally given the Latin generic name Murex in the past, but have more recently been regrouped into different newer genera.

The word murex was used by Aristotle in reference to these kinds of snails, thus making it one of the oldest classical seashell names still in use by the scientific community.

Fossil records

This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: from 125.45 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world. There are about 25 extinct species.^[2]

Murex altispira

Fossil shell of Murex spinicosta from Pliocene of Italy

Distribution

Murex is solely an Indo-Pacific genus, as demonstrated by Ponder & Vokes (1988). The species from the western Atlantic that were formerly considered to belong in the genus Murex are now placed in the genus Haustellum.

Habitat

Most Murex species live in the intertidal or shallow subtidal zone, among rocks and corals.

Shell description

This genus includes many showy members, their elongate shells highly sculptured with spines or fronds. The inner surfaces of their ornate shells are often brightly colored.

Human use

Costly and labor-intensive dyes Tyrian purple (or royal purple) and Tekhelet were historically made by the ancient Phoenicians using mucus from the hypobranchial gland of two species commonly referred to as "murex", Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus, which are the older names for Haustellum brandaris (Bolinus brandaris) and the Hexaplex trunculus (Phyllonatus trunculus). This dye is a rare animal-produced organobromine compound, which the snails make using a specific bromoperoxidase enzyme that operates on dissolved bromide in sea water.^[3]

This dye was used in royal robes, other kinds of special ceremonial or ritual garments, or garments indicating high rank. It is hypothesised that the dye was the same dye as that which featured prominently in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, the clothing of the High Priest (or Kohen Gadol) officiating there; it is sometimes still used by Jews today in the ritual fringes (tzitzit) on four-cornered garments.^[4] A consensus has yet to be reached regarding the Biblical source of the "blue" dye.

Species

The genus Murex, as originally defined by Linnaeus, encompassed many taxa that are now placed elsewhere in the superfamily Muricoidea. During the 19th century, the definition of Murex was restricted by Lamarck and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae. Malacologists of the 19th century including Kiener, Reeve, Küster & Kobelt and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to Murex. This is the main reason why Murex has so many synonyms.

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), lists the following species and subspecies with accepted names within the genus Murex.^[5]

• Murex acanthostephes Watson, 1883^[6]
• Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841:^[7] Short-spined murex
• Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[8]
• Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988:^[9] Caltrop murex
• Murex balkeanus Vokes, 1967^[10]
• Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822
  • Murex brevispina brevispina Lamarck, 1822:^[11] Short-spined murex
  • Murex brevispina macgillivrayi Dohrn, 1862
  • Murex brevispina ornamentalis Ponder & Vokes, 1988
  • Murex brevispina senilis Jousseaume, 1874
• Murex buccinatus Voigt, 1834^[12]
• Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845^[13]
• Murex djarianensis Martin, 1895
  • Murex djarianensis poppei ^[14] (synonym : Murex (Murex) poppei Houart, 1979)
• Murex echinodes Houart, 2011
• Murex huangi Houart, 2010
• Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001^[15]
• Murex indicus Houart, 2011
• Murex megapex Neubert, 1998^[16]
• Murex ornamentalis Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[17]
• Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994 ^[18]
• Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994^[19]
• Murex somalicus Parth, 1990^[20]
• Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982^[21]
• Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868:^[22] Troschel's murex

Subgenus Murex (Murex) Linnaeus, 1758

• Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881):^[23] Carbonnier's murex
• Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884^[24]
• Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[25]
• Murex forskoehli Röding, 1798^[26]
• Murex kerslakae Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[27]
• Murex occa Sowerby, 1834:^[28] Harrowed murex
• Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786^[29] ': Venus comb murex
  • Murex pecten soelae
• Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[30]
• Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817:^[31] False venus comb, woodcock murex
• Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[32]
• Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988^[33]
• Murex spinastreptos Houart, 2010
• Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822^[34]
• Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822^[35]
• Murex trapa Roding, 1798:^[36] Rare-spined murex
• Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758:^[37] Caltrop murex
  • Murex tribulus spicatus
  • Murex tribulus tenuirostrum
  • Murex tribulus tenuirostrum africanus
  • Murex tribulus ternispina

Subgenus Murex (Promurex) Ponder & Vokes, 1988

• Murex antelmei Viader, 1938^[38]
• Murex protocrassus Houart, 1990^[39]

Species mentioned as species in current use in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database (OBIS) 

• Murex singaporensis A.Adams, 1853 ^[40]

Species brought into synonymy 

• Murex aedonius Watson, 1896:^[41] synonym of Coralliophila aedonia (Watson, 1885)
• Murex afer Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Afer afer (Gmelin, 1791)
• Murex alocatus: synonym of Pterymarchia barclayana (H. Adams, 1873)
• Murex antillarum : Antilles murex: synonym of Siratus articulatus (Reeve, 1845)
• Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945:^[42] synonym of Chicoreus (Triplex) spectrum (Reeve, 1846)
• Murex bellus Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vokesimurex bellus (Reeve, 1845)
• Murex brandaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Bolinus brandaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex canaliculatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Busycotypus canaliculatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex capitellum Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum capitellum (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
• Murex corneus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex coronatus Born, 1778: synonym of Pseudovertagus aluco (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex edwardsii:^[43] synonym of Ocinebrina edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826)
• Murex garciai Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex garciai (Petuch, 1987)
• Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849:^[44] synonym of Chicocenebra gubbi (Reeve, 1849)
• Murex inconspicuus G.B. Sowerby II, 1841: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
• Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779:^[45] synonym of Cumia reticulata
• Murex jickelii Tapparone Canefri, 1875: synonym of Naquetia jickelii (Tapparone Canefri, 1875)
• Murex lindajoycae Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex lindajoycae (Petuch, 1987)
• Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791:^[46] synonym of Fusinus maroccensis
• Murex monodon Sowerby, 1825:^[47] synonym of Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi (Röding, 1798)
• Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791:^[48] synonym of Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791)
• Murex peritus Hinds, 1844a:^[49] synonym of Favartia (Favartia) perita (Hinds, 1844)
• Murex pistacia Reeve, 1845: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
• Murex purpuroides Dunker:^[50] synonym of Vaughtia purpuroides (Reeve, 1845)
• Murex recurvirostris:^[51] synonym of Vokesimurex recurvirostrum (Broderip, 1833)
• Murex rota Sowerby:^[52] synonym of Homalocantha anatomica (Perry, 1811)
• Murex rubidus:^[53] synonym of Vokesimurex rubidus (F.C. Baker, 1897)
• Murex serratospinosus Dunker, 1883: synonym of Vokesimurex mindanaoensis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1841)
• Murex subaciculatus Locard, 1886: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
• Murex taxus Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Clavatula taxea (Röding, 1798)
• † Murex textilis Brocchi, 1814:^[54] synonym of † Rimosodaphnella textilis (Brocchi, 1814)
• Murex triqueter:^[55] synonym of Naquetia triqueter (Born, 1778)
• Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758:^[56] synonym of Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex turbinellus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833:^[57] synonym of Favartia (Favartia) vittata (Broderip, 1833)

References

1. Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1758. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138196 on 2011-04-09
2. Fossilworks
3. Jannun R., Nuwayhid N. and Coe E. (1981) Biological bromination – bromoperoxidase activity in the Murex sea-snail. FASEB. J. 40, 1774.
4. Tekhelet - Biblical Blue Dye for Tzitzit
5. WoRMS : Murex 23 December 2010
6. Murex acanthostephes Watson, 1883.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
7. ^Houart, R. (2009). Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 on 2010-08-06
8. Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
9. Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
10. Murex balkeanus Vokes, 1967.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
11. WoRMS (2010).| Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) 9 April 2011
12. Murex buccinatus Voigt, 1834.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
13. Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
14. Houart, R. (2009). Murex djarianensis poppei Houart, 1979. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977 on 2010-08-06
15. Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
16. Murex megapex Neubert, 1998.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
17. Murex ornamentalis Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
18. Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
19. Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
20. Murex somalicus Parth, 1990.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
21. Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
22. Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
23. Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881).  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
24. Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
25. Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
26. Murex forskoehli Röding, 1798.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
27. Murex kerslakae Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
28. Murex occa Sowerby, 1834.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
29. Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
30. Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
31. Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
32. Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
33. Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
34. Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
35. Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
36. Murex trapa Roding, 1798.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
37. Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
38. Murex antelmei Viader, 1938.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
39. Murex protocrassus Houart, 1990.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
40. Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database : Murex (Murex) singaporensis
41. Murex aedonius Watson, 1896.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
42. Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
43. Murex edwardsi .  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
44. Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
45. Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
46. Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
47. Murex monodon Sowerby, 1841.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
48. Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
49. Murex peritus Hinds, 1844a.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
50. Murex purpuroides Dunker.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
51. Murex recurvirostris .  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
52. Murex rota Sowerby.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
53. Murex rubidus .  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
54. Murex textilis Gabb, 1873.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
55. Murex triqueter .  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
56. Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
57. Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833.  Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.

• Merle, D., Garrigues, B. & Pointier, J.-P. 2011. Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, Hackenheim. ISBN 978-3-939767-32-9.
• Ponder, W.F. & E.H. Vokes. 1988. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific fossil and Recent species of Murex s.s. and Haustellum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 8. 160 pp.

External links

• Aristotle, 350 B.C.E. A history of animals