Nicolas Gisin

Nicolas Gisin
photo: Mireille Gisin 2014
Born	29 May 1952 Geneva, Switzerland
Residence	Switzerland
Nationality	Swiss
Fields	Physicist
Institutions	University of Geneva
Known for	Quantum nonlocality Long distance quantum communication Quantum cryptography and teleportation Foundations of quantum physics

Nicolas Gisin (born 1952) is a Swiss physicist and professor at the University of Geneva working on quantum information and communication, as well as on the foundations of quantum mechanics. His work includes both experimental and theoretical physics. He has done significant work on the fields of experimental quantum cryptography and long distance quantum communication in standard telecom optical fibres. As a theoretician, Gisin brought deep insights into quantum mechanics. He is also the first to develop quantum information technology to such a level that it was for the first time possible to take it out of the lab and into the commercial world: he co-founded IDQuantique, a spin-off company which quickly developed into one of the world leaders in the field of quantum information and communication technologies.

Biography

Nicolas Gisin was born in Geneva-Switzerland on May 29, 1952. After several years in software and optical communication industries, he joined the Group of Applied Physics at the University of Geneva in 1994 where he started the activities in optics. Since 2000 he is Director of the Department of Applied Physics.,^[1] leading a large group of research in Quantum Information and Communication. Europe recognized his leadership by awarding him two successive ERC Advanced Grants.^[2][3] In 2009 he received the first biennial John Stewart Bell Prize.^[4] In 2011 he received the prize of the Geneva City.^[5] In 2014 Switzerland recognized his impact by awarding him the Swiss Science prize sponsored by the Foundation Marcel Benoist^[6] and delivered by the National Government. Gisin published a popular book in which he explains without mathematics, but also without hiding the difficult concepts, modern quantum physics and some of its fascinating applications. His book, entitle “Quantum Chance” has been translated from French into English, German, Chinese, Korean and Russian. His main hobby is field-hockey. He played at the top Swiss level and was president of Servette HC from 2000 to 2015, bringing his club to become the largest in Switzerland. In 2010 his club was awarded the title of the “Club of the year” by the European Hockey Federation.^[7][8] In 2014 the first team won the Swiss championship for the first time in the century long history of the club.

Research

• The era of long distance quantum communication was effectively started by Nicolas Gisin’s experiment of 1995.^[9][10][11] in which a quantum cryptographic signal was transmitted at a distance of 23 km over a commercial optical fibre under Lake Geneva. Next, he co-invented the so-called Plug-&-Play and Coherent One Way configurations for quantum key distribution thanks to which world records distances of 67 km ^[12] and 307 km ^[13] could be demonstrated.
• In 1997, Nicolas Gisin and his group demonstrated Bell inequality violations at a distance of over 10 km.^[14][15] This was the first time when quantum non-locality was demonstrated outside the lab; the distance was increased by about three orders of magnitude with respect to all previous experiments. The picture of Lake Geneva with the marking of the 10 km optical fibre over which the photons travelled between the two villages of Bernex and Bellevue is one of the iconic images of the 1990s. This was followed by further experiments, ever strengthening the conclusion by excluding more and more sophisticated alternative models to quantum theory.^{[16][17][18][19][20]} In 2012, with colleagues, he proved that any possible explanation of quantum correlation based on some hidden influences possibly propagating at superluminal-but-finite speeds (in a preferred reference frame) would activate signaling.^[21][22] This theoretical tour de force strengthened the tension between quantum non-locality and relativity to its utter most extreme.
• In the early 2000s he was first in demonstrating quantum teleportation over long distances.^[23][24] In the latter experiment the receiving photon was already hundreds of meters away when the Bell state measurement that triggers the teleportation process was performed.
• The previous breakthroughs would not have been possible without single-photon detectors compatible with telecommunication optical fibres. When Gisin entered the field such detectors did not exist. Today, thanks to Gisin and his group at the University of Geneva,^[25] single-photon detectors at telecom wavelengths are commercially available, with IDQ the uncontestable world leader.
• In 2001, with a student and two members of his University group, he founded ID Quantique (now IDQ, www.idquantique.com), a spin-off company which quickly developed into the world leader in the field of quantum information and communication technologies. Our information based society rests on the possibility to communicate in confidence. This requires lots of random numbers and ways to distribute them among distant partners. IDQ is exploiting the quantum information technologies developed by Nicolas Gisin for providing solutions to precisely these needs. Several banks and other institutions, in several countries and continents, have now adopted this ultra-secure cryptographic technology.
• Nicolas Gisin’s work pushed optical fibre quantum communication almost to its limits. To go further one needs quantum memories and repeaters. His group invented an original quantum memory protocol using rare earth doped crystals ^[26] and used it to demonstrate the first solid state quantum memory.^[27] Recently they entangled, first a photon with such a crystal,^[28] next two such crystals ^[29] and finally teleportated a photonic qubit into a solid-state quantum memory over a distance of 25 km.^[30]
• Gisin’s demonstration ^[29] of heralded entanglement between two macroscopic cm-long crystals is mind-boggling. How large can entangled objects be? And What does “macroscopic” mean? Nicolas Gisin addressed this deep question, providing original insights ^[31][32][22,23] and performing a demonstration of entanglement between two optical modes in two spatially separated optical fibers, one of the mode being populated by about 500 photons.^[33]
• In 1964 John Bell discovered that nature is non-local, that is, actions in one location instantaneously have an effect in a distant region, in apparent contradiction of Einstein’s relativity according to which no signals can propagate faster than light. What Bell discovered is that non-local (i.e. seemingly instantaneous) effects can nevertheless exist under the cover of quantum uncertainties. It is hard to overestimate the importance of this discovery for the entire physics. Arguably, it is probably on a par with Einstein discovery of relativity itself. Yet for almost three decades, with a few notable exceptions, Bell’s discovery remained virtually unnoticed. Everything changed however with the work of Nicolas Gisin [25]. Up to that moment it was known that non-locality arises in one extremely particular situation. Nicolas Gisin, however, showed that non-locality is generic: (almost) all pure quantum states generate non-locality. Gisin theorem ^[34] therefore puts non-locality at the core of physics.
• Schrödinger’s equation is a basic law of nature. Yet one may envisage that at a certain moment in the future novel discoveries may lead to its modification. The most natural such modification is introduction of non-linear terms. Another “Gisin theorem” states however that all deterministic nonlinear modifications of the Schrödinger equation necessarily activate quantum non-locality, leading to true violations of relativity.^[35][36]
• One of the most important characteristic of quantum information is the no-cloning theorem. Nicolas Gisin derived a bound on the fidelity of approximate quantum cloning from the relativistic no-signaling constraint.^[37]
• Nicolas Gisin contributed to relating non-locality to the security of quantum key distribution.^[38][39][40] This opened an entirely new field of research known as Device Independent Quantum Information Processing (DI-QIP).
• In 1984 Nicolas Gisin’s proposed stochastic Schrödinger equations ^[41] and his subsequent work together with Ian Percival is now widely used in the study of the dynamics of open quantum systems. ^[42]
• Before becoming a quantum engineer, Nicolas Gisin worked as a classical telecommunication engineer, first in industry, next at the University. In particular he invented a technique to measure Polarization Mode Dispersion (PDM) in optical fibers.^[43][44] This turned out to be an extremely important parameter of telecom fibers whose importance was initially underestimated. The technique was adopted as an international standard and was transferred to industry (first to a spin-off, next to the Canadian company EXFO). Still today it is the most used technique to characterize PMD. Being both a classical and quantum engineer, he applied the abstract concepts of quantum weak values to the field of classical telecommunication networks. ^[45]

Awards

• Prize Dina Surdin, awarded by the Fondation Louis de Broglie, Paris, for his PhD thesis (1982)
• Product Performance Award, granted by Magazine PC Publishing for his work at the software company CPI (1988)
• Chosen by the American Physical Society to illustrate their ten posters on the Physics of the 20th century: his long distance quantum correlation experiment of 1998 illustrate the physics of the 1990 decade
• Selected by the MIT Technology Review as representative of one of the 10 technologies that should “change the world”! (2003)
• Descartes Prize for the European IST-QuCom project for “excellence in collaborative research” awarded by the European Commission (2004)
• Honoris Causa of the EPFL, Lausanne (2004)
• Prix Science de la Ville de Genève. Every 4 years the city of Geneva honours one Scientist living in Geneva. (2007)
• Fellow of the European Optical Society for “contribution to the foundation of quantum mechanics and its application” (2008)
• ERC Advanced Grant on “Quantum Correlations” (2008)
• John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (2009)
• ERC Advanced Grant on “Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals” (2013)
• Selected as a Thomson-Reuters Highly Cited Researcher (2014)
• Swiss Science Prize 2014 awarded by the foundation Marcel Benoist. This is the highest Swiss prize for all sciences, awarded once per year to a single person (2014)
• Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing award, QCMC’14 (2014)
• Volta Medal from the University of Pavia, Italy (2015)

References

1. Leader of the Group of Applied Physics
2. ERC Quantum Correlations
3. ERC Macroscopic Entanglement in Crystals
4. First John Stewart Bell Prize ceremony
5. Prix de la Ville de Genève
6. Video of the Marcel Benoist Prize Ceremony
7. EuroHockey Club Of The Year
8. Photos of the EuroHockey Club Of the Year
9. Experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using polarized photons in optical-fiber over more than 1 km, A. Muller, J. Bréguet and N. Gisin, Europhys. Lett. 23, 383 (1993).
10. Underwater quantum coding, A. Muller, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Nature 378, 449 (1995).
11. Quantum cryptography over 23 km in installed under-lake telecom fibre, A. Muller, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Europhys. Lett. 33, 335 (1996).
12. Quantum Key Distribution over 67 km with a plug&play system, D. Stucki, N. Gisin, O. Guinnard, G. Ribordy and H. Zbinden, New Journal of Physics, 4, 41 (2002).
13. Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre, B. Korzh et al., Nature Photonics Letter, 9, 163-168 (2015).
14. Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart, W. Tittel, J. Brendel, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Physical Review Letters 81, 3563 (1998).
15. Faster-than-light
16. Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons, W. Tittel,* J. Brendel, N. Gisin, and H. Zbinden, Phys. Rev. A 59, 4150-4163 (1999).
17. Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches, N. Gisin ), H. Zbinden, Phys. Lett. A 264, 103-107 (1999).
18. Experimental test of nonlocal quantum correlation in relativistic configurations, H. Zbinden, J. Brendel, N. Gisin and W. Tittel, Physical Review A 63, 022111 (2001).
19. Quantum correlations with spacelike separated beam splitters in motion: Experimental test of multisimultaneity, A. Stefanov, H. Zbinden, N. Gisin and A. Suarez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 120404 (2002).
20. Testing the speed of 'spooky action at a distance', D. Salart, A. Baas, C. Branciard, Cyril, N. Gisin and H. Zbinden, Nature 454, 861-864 (2008).
21. Quantum non-locality based on finite-speed causal influences leads to superluminal signalling, J-D. Bancal, S. Pironio, A. Acín, Y-C. Liang, V. Scarani and N. Gisin, Nature Physics 8, 867-870 (2012).
22. Quantum correlations in Newtonian space and time: arbitrarily fast communication or nonlocality, N. Gisin, in Quantum Theory: a two-time success story, Yakir Aharonov Festschrift, pp 185-204, Springer 2014
23. Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths, I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Nature 421, 509-513 (2003).
24. Quantum teleportation over the Swisscom telecommunication network, O. Landry, J.A.W. van Houwelingen, A. Beveratos, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24, 398-403 (2007).
25. Performance of InGaAsInP avalanche photodiodes as gated-mode photon counters, G. Ribordy, J.D. Gautier, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin, Applied Optics, 37, 2272 (1998).
26. Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs, M. Afzelius, Ch. Simon, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Physical Review A 79, 052329 (2009).
27. A solid-state light-matter interface at the single-photon level, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius, M. Staudt, Ch. Simon and N. Gisin, Nature, 456, 773-777 (2008).
28. Quantum storage of photonic entanglement in a crystal, Ch. Clausen, I. Usmani, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten and N. Gisin, Nature, 469, 508-511 (2011).
29. Heralded quantum entanglement between two crystals, I. Usmani, Ch. Clausen, F. Bussieres, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius and N. Gisin, Nature Photonics 6, 234-237 (2012).
30. Quantum teleportation from a telecom-wavelength photon to a solid-state quantum memory, F. Bussières, Ch. Clausen et al., Nature Photonics 8, 775-778 (2014).
31. The size of quantum superpositions as measured with “classical” detectors, Pavel Sekatski, Nicolas Sangouard, Nicolas Gisin, Physical Review A89, 012116 (2014).
32. How difficult it is to prove the quantumness of macroscopic states? P. Sekatski, N. Sangouard and N. Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 090403 (2014).
33. Displacement of entanglement back and forth between the micro and macro domains, Natalia Bruno, Anthony Martin, Pavel Sekatski, Nicolas Sangouard, Rob Thew and Nicolas Gisin, Nature Physics, 9, 545-548 (2013).
34. Bell inequality hold for all non-product states, N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 154, 201 (1991).
35. Stochastic quantum dynamics and relativity, N. Gisin, Helvetica Physica Acta 62, 363-371 (1989).
36. Relevant and irrelevant nonlinear Schrodinger equations, N. Gisin and M. Rigo, Phys. A, 28, 7375- 7390 (1995).
37. Quantum cloning without signalling, N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 242, 1 (1998).
38. From Bell's theorem to secure quantum key distribution, A. Acin, N. Gisin and L. Masanes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 120405 (2006).
39. Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio and V. Scarani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007).
40. Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks, S. Pironio, A. Acin, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar and V. Scarani, New Journal of Physics, 11, 1-25 (2009).
41. Quantum measurements and stochastic processes, N. Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1657 (1984).
42. The Quantum State Diffusion model applied to open systems, N. Gisin and I.C. Percival, J. Phys. A, 25, 5677-5691 (1992).
43. Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single mode fibers, N. Gisin, J.P. Von Der Weid and J.P. Pellaux, IEEE J. Lightwave Technology, 9, 821-827 (1991).
44. Polarization mode dispersion: Time domain versus Frequency domain, N. Gisin and J.P. Pellaux, Optics Commun., 89, 316-323 (1992).
45. Optical Telecom Networks as Weak Quantum Measurements with Post-selection, N. Brunner, A. Acin, D.Collins, N. Gisin et V. Scarani, Physical Review Letters, 91, 180402 (2003).

External links

• Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva.
• IDQ, ID-Quantique Cie.
• Quantum Chance, non-locality, teleportation and other quantum marvels, Springer 2014.
• Servette Field Hockey Club